Mendocino National Forest

Mendocino National Forest
IUCN Category VI (Managed Resource Protected Area)
Rattlesnake Creek
Map of the United States
Nearest city	Willows, California and Covelo, California
Coordinates	39°33′45″N 122°48′45″W / 39.5625°N 122.8125°W / 39.5625; -122.8125Coordinates: 39°33′45″N 122°48′45″W / 39.5625°N 122.8125°W / 39.5625; -122.8125
Area	913,306 acres (3,696 km2)
Established	1907
Governing body	U.S. Forest Service / Department of Agriculture

The Mendocino National Forest is located in the Coastal Mountain Range in northwestern California and comprises 913,306 acres (3,696 km²). It is the only national forest in the state of California without a major paved road entering it. There are a variety of recreational opportunities — camping, hiking, backpacking, boating, fishing, hunting, nature study, photography, and off-highway vehicle travel.

The forest lies in parts of six counties. In descending order of forestland area they are Lake, Glenn, Mendocino, Tehama, Trinity, and Colusa counties.^[1] Forest headquarters are located in Willows, California. There are local ranger district offices in Covelo, Upper Lake, and Willows.^[2]

Wilderness areas

The forest includes four wilderness areas:

• Snow Mountain Wilderness — 37,680 acres (152 km²)
• Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel Wilderness — 147,070 acres (595 km²)
• Yuki Wilderness - 53,887 acres (218.07 km²)
• Sanhedrin Wilderness - 10,571 acres (42.78 km²)

The latter two were signed into law on October 17, 2006. This legislation, entitled "Northern California Coastal Wild Heritage Wilderness Act," added areas to both the Yolla Bolly - Middle Eel Wilderness and Snow Mountain Wilderness, and established the two new wilderness areas in the Mendocino National Forest.

Rivers, Lakes, & Hot Springs

Rice Fork Eel River at Crabtree Hot Springs

Rivers include: Eel River, Rice Fork Eel River, Middle Fork Eel River, Black Butte River, and Stony Creek (Sacramento River).

Lake Pillsbury is the largest recreational lake in the forest at 2,280 acres (9.2 km²) and offers boat ramps, camping and resorts.

Letts Lake, southeast of Lake Pillsbury is 35 acres (140,000 m²) in size and has hiking trails, campgrounds and is close to trailheads into Snow Mountain Wilderness. Another recreational spot is Crabtree Hot Springs.

Other lakes include Plaskett Lakes in the middle of the forest, Howard, Hammerhorn, Square and Long Lakes near Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel Wilderness in the northern portion.

History

In 1902 the first surveys of public domain lands were conducted by Professor Lachie of the University of California, Berkeley, working under the direction of Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the United States Forest Service, to determine what land should be included in a forest reserve. In 1905 the U.S. Congress moved the reserves from the General Land Office in the Department of the Interior to the new Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. The Division of Forestry became the U.S. Forest Service.

President Theodore Roosevelt set aside the reserve (as authorized by the Forest Reserve Act of 1891)^[3] on February 6, 1907 as the Stony Creek Forest Reserve and one month later, the reserve was added to the national forest system as the Stony Creek National Forest.^[4]

Because of the difficulty of managing such a large tract of land, the northern portion was reassigned to Trinity National Forest, then the final boundaries of the new Stony Creek forest were drawn and was signed into law by executive order of the president on July 2, 1908 and renamed the California National Forest.

Yet another name

Sanhedrin Mountains of Mendocino National Forest

#71 Dry Creek Fire District truck at Lake Pillsbury.

"In order to avoid the confusion growing out of the state and a national forest therein having the same name" stated President Herbert Hoover when he signed an executive order renaming the forest to Mendocino National Forest on July 12, 1932.

The development of the forest increased to 81 offices, lookouts and guard stations until improvements in transportation and communications allowed some offices to be closed. Today there are three ranger districts, with some of the former guard stations now being utilized as "work centers" that are primarily staffed by fire crews. Two areas managed by the Mendocino National Forest are outside the contiguous boundaries and they are the Genetic Research Center in Chico, California, and the Lake Red Bluff Recreation Area in central California.^[5]

Genetic Research Center

Acquired by the Forest Service in 1974, it was originally a plant breeding research and plant introduction facility that was started in 1904 on a 209-acre (0.85 km²) site under the Agriculture Research Service. The center's research gradually changed to developing and producing genetically improved plant material for the reforestation program of the Pacific Southwest Region. Major work is done in the areas of biological, chemical, and clinical research on anti-cancer drugs derived from plants.^[6]

Wildfires

The infamous Rattlesnake Fire occurred here in 1953. One Forest Service employee and 14 volunteer firefighters perished. The circumstances of the tragedy resulted in major changes in firefighting strategy and training.^[7] The firefighters are memorialized at the Rattlesnake Fire Memorial overlooking Rattlesnake Canyon. Access to it can be found off of Forest Highway 7 on County Road 307/Alder Springs Road.

The Trough Fire burned almost 25,000 acres (100 km²) of the Mendocino National Forest in 2001 including land in the Snow Mountain Wilderness.

Wildlife

Tule Elk herd at Lake Pillsbury.

The Tule Elk is one of the largest land mammals native to California, with cows weighing up to 350 pounds, and the largest bulls weighing roughly 500 pounds. Hunted to near extinction during the states's Gold Rush era, the animals were reintroduced to the Lake Pillsbury Basin in the late 1970s by the California Department of Fish & Game, and the herd has steadily grown, numbering around 80 in 2007.

The elk live on the north shore of the lake at the bottom of Hull Mountain, and enjoy wild clovers and grasses, along with the green summer and fall foilage around Lake Pillsbury's edges. Mendocino National Forest and Los Padres National Forest are the only two national forests in California to have tule elk. There is a 10 day hunting season beginning on the second Wednesday in September each year.

Vegetation

An estimated 60,000 acres (240 km²) of old growth occur here, including forests of Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), White Fir (Abies concolor), Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii).^[8]

Footnotes

1. ^ Table of acreage by state
2. ^ USFS Ranger Districts by State
3. ^ Section 24 authorized the President to set aside timber reserves, along with the national parks and monuments already in existence, a shift in public land policy from disposal to retention. The natural resources found on public lands were to be "managed for the people" in the future. After heated discussion of its implications for homesteaders and presidential power, the bill was accepted and later signed by President Benjamin Harrison on March 3, 1891.
   www.fs.fed.us/global/wsnew/fs_history/issue12.doc
4. ^ Davis, Richard C. (September 29, 2005), National Forests of the United States, The Forest History Society, http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf 
5. ^ United State Forest Service fact sheet titled Mendocino National Forest-the first 100 years.
6. ^ Official webpage on the Genetic Research Center accessed June 28, 2008
7. ^ Cermak, Robert W, Fire in the Forest-A History of Forest Fire Control on the National Forests in California 1898-1956 USFS Publisher, 2005 pg.319-323
8. ^ Warbington, Ralph; Beardsley, Debby (2002), 2002 Estimates of Old Growth Forests on the 18 National Forests of the Pacific Southwest Region, United States Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/rsl/publications/oldgrowth/oldgrowth2002.html 

External links

• USFS Mendocino National Forest Tule Elk Management
• California Department of Fish & Game
• Mendocino Nat'l Forest Official Website
• Webpage on Letts Lake retrieved 26 June 2008