Cinema of Canada

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North American cinema

Cinema of Canada Cinema of Quebec Cinema of the United States

This article primarily discusses the English-language cinema in Canada. For information on French-language cinema in Canada, see also Cinema of Quebec.

Canadian cinema refers to the filmmaking industry in Canada. Canada is home to several film studios centres, primarily located in its three largest cities: Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal. Industries and communities tend to be regional and niche in nature. Approximately 970 Anglophone-Canadian and 620 Francophone-Canadian feature-length films have been produced, or partially produced by the Canadian film industry since 1911.

The most critically acclaimed filmmakers from English Canada include David Cronenberg, Guy Maddin, Atom Egoyan, Allan King, and Michael Snow. The most critically acclaimed filmmakers from French Canada include Claude Jutra, Gilles Carle, Denys Arcand, Jean Beaudin, Robert Lepage, Denis Villeneuve and Michel Brault. Some Canadians migrate to the American industry in search of successful careers - Canadian filmmakers such as Norman Jewison, Jason Reitman, Paul Haggis and James Cameron have all received accolades and awards from the world's most prestigious honorary organizations, and have enjoyed commercial success as well. James Cameron, in particular, wrote and directed the highest and second-highest grossing films ever, Avatar and Titanic, respectively.

Overview

Early history

The first films that were shot in Canada were made at Niagara Falls; Lumière, Edison, and Biograph all shot there in 1897. James Freer is recognized as the first Canadian filmmaker. A farmer from Manitoba, his documentaries were shown as early as 1897 and were toured across England in an effort to promote immigration to Manitoba.

The first fiction film, Hiawatha, The Messiah of the Ojibways, was made in 1903 by Joe Rosenthal and the first Canadian feature film, Evangeline, was produced by the Canadian Bioscope Company in 1913 and shot in Nova Scotia.

In 1917, the province of Ontario established the Ontario Motion Picture Bureau, "to carry out educational work for farmers, school children, factory workers, and other classes." The Canadian Government Motion Picture Bureau followed in 1918.

In 1938, the Government of Canada invited John Grierson, a British film critic and film-maker, to study the state of the government's film production and this led to the National Film Act of 1939 and the establishment of the National Film Board of Canada, an agency of the Canadian government. In part, it was founded to create propaganda in support of the Second World War, and the National Film Act of 1950 gave it the mandate "to interpret Canada to Canadians and to other nations." In the late 1950s, Québécois filmmakers at the NFB and the NFB Candid Eye series of films pioneered the documentary processes that became known as "direct cinema" or cinema vérité.

Federal government measures as early as 1954, and through the 1960s and 1970s, aimed to foster the development of a feature film industry in Canada; in 1968 the Canadian Film Development Corporation was established (later to become Telefilm Canada) and an effort to stimulate domestic production through tax shelters peaked in the late 1970s (see Meatballs below).

Contemporary production and distribution

As in all cinema, the line between broadcast and cinema continues to be blurred in Canada as the means of production and distribution converge.

A typical Canadian film production is made with money from a complex array of government funding and incentives, government mandated funds from broadcasters, broadcasters themselves, and film distributors. International co-productions are increasingly important for Canadian producers. Smaller films are often funded by arts councils (at all levels of government) and film collectives.

The National Film Board of Canada is internationally renowned for its animation and documentary production. More recently it has been criticized for its increasingly commercial orientation; only one third of its budget is now spent on the production of new films.^{[citation needed]}

Much of Canada's film industry services American producers and films driven by American distribution, and this part of the industry has been nicknamed "Hollywood North".

The major production centres are Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver; Vancouver is the third largest film and television production centre in North America after Los Angeles and New York.

Alliance Atlantis (acquired by CanWest Global Communications in 2007) is the major Canadian distributor of American and international films and in 2003 it ceased to produce films (and almost all television) to focus almost exclusively on distribution. Lions Gate Entertainment has also become a major distributor in recent years.

Distribution continues to be a problem for Canadian filmmakers, though an established network of film festivals also provide important marketing and audience exposure for Canadian films. The major festival is the Toronto International Film Festival, considered one of the most important events in North American film, showcasing Hollywood films, cinema from around the world, and Canadian film. The smaller Vancouver International Film Festival features films from around the world, and festivals in Montreal, Sudbury (Cinéfest), and Halifax (Atlantic Film Festival)—among other cities—are also important opportunities for Canadian filmmakers to gain exposure among film audiences. Very often, however, a Canadian film's largest opportunity to achieve a significant audience comes from negotiating television carriage rights with a broadcaster such as CBC Television, TMN/Movie Central or Showcase.^[1]

Problems in the Canadian film industry

Of all Canadian cultural industries, English-Canadian cinema has the hardest time escaping the shadow of its American counterpart. Between the marketing budgets of mainstream films, and the largely US-controlled film distribution networks, it has been nearly impossible for most distinctively Canadian films to break through to a wide audience.^[1] Although Canadian films have often received critical praise, and the National Film Board has won more Academy Awards than almost any other institution (for both their animation and documentary work), in many Canadian cities moviegoers do not even have the option of seeing such films, as they have poor distribution and are not shown at any theatres. One This Hour Has 22 Minutes sketch parodied an Atom Egoyan-like director whose films had won numerous international awards, but had never actually been released or exhibited.

Almost all Canadian films fail to make back their production costs at the box office. For example, Men With Brooms made CA$1,000,000 in its general domestic release, which by Canadian standards is fairly high. However, it was made on a budget of over CA$7,000,000. French-Canadian films, on the other hand, are often more successful—as with French-language television, the language difference makes Quebec audiences much more receptive to Canadian-produced films. In most years, the top-grossing Canadian film is a French-language film from Quebec. (See also Cinema of Quebec.) By comparison, Australian films, made in a country with a smaller population than Canada's, more frequently make their money back from the domestic market. Many do comparatively better; the best known example is Mad Max, made with the then unknown Mel Gibson, and with a budget of A$350,000, and which made A$5.6 million in its domestic release alone.

Although many Canadians have made their names in Hollywood, they have often started their careers in Los Angeles, despite Toronto, Vancouver or Montreal being thriving filmmaking centres in their own right. Some actors or directors who have started their early careers in Canada include: David Cronenberg, John Candy, Lorne Michaels, Dan Aykroyd, Michael J. Fox, Mike Myers, Ivan Reitman, Derek Harvie, Seth Rogen, Eugene Levy, Tom Green, Scott Mosier, and Paul Haggis. However, despite these successes, several actors have favoured moving to Los Angeles to further pursue their careers.

Canada's difficulties in the film industry are often difficult to explain. The following explanations have been proposed for why Canadian films and television have often failed completely to find an export market:^{[citation needed]}

• Films labelled as American films could often be better described as collaborations between Canada and the US. In addition, films which are sometimes designated as "American" productions often involve a higher-percentage of Canadian participation but the "American" designation is favoured for tax purposes. Also, unlike other countries who tend to have citizens with discernible accents, the American media too rarely highlights or identifies actors, actresses, directors or producers as Canadian in origin, leaving the false perception that few Canadians work in the industry.

• Canada's film industry competes directly with that of the United States. Production costs between the two countries are similar (they are lower in Australia) meaning that Canadian films often need a budget equal to that of an American film of similar quality. Canadian film studios rarely, if ever, have the budgets to make films that can directly compete with the most popular Hollywood fare. Instead, the vast majority of Canadian films are character-driven dramas or quirky comedies of the type that often appeal to critics and art house film audiences more than to mass audiences.^[1]

• During the 1970s, Canada's tax policy encouraged making films merely to obtain a significant tax credit. As such, many films were produced merely for tax purposes, and quality became unimportant. For example, producers of Canadian films were allowed to take a fee out of the production costs, something that is not allowed in the United States, where producers may only take a fee once the film earns back its production costs (the exact situation that drove the plot line in The Producers).

• While British, Australian and American filmmakers embrace their cultural heritage in film, Canadian films often have no discernible connection to Canada. It often comes as a surprise to many people that movies like Porky's, children of a Lesser God and The Art of War were partially produced in Canada, as they are indistinguishable from films made entirely in the United States.

• When there are major Canadian productions, the lead roles often go to American or British actors. For example, in The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, both the role of Duddy and his father went to American-born actors (the then unknown Richard Dreyfuss and the established character actor Jack Warden respectively). Joseph Wiseman, who played Duddy's uncle, was born in Montreal, but had not lived or worked in Canada in over forty years. Although this phenomenon is not as common today as it was in the 1970s, Canadian films do still sometimes cast famous foreign actors: Michael Caine starred in the 2003 film The Statement, Helena Bonham Carter played the lead role in 1996's Margaret's Museum and Olivia Newton-John has a starring role in the forthcoming Score: A Hockey Musical.^[1]

• Unlike radio and television, which both have strict Canadian content regulations, there is no protection for Canadian content in movie theatres. The distribution networks for Canadian movie theatres are largely controlled by the American studio system, and Canada is in fact the only non-U.S. country that is considered part of the domestic market by Hollywood studios. As a result, the marketing budgets and screening opportunities for Canadian films are limited. In many cities outside of Canada's largest metropolitan markets, the local movie theatres almost never book a Canadian film, and even in many of the major markets Canadian films are usually only available in repertory theatres. Once again, the exception is Quebec, which has many French-Canadian produced films running on multiple screens all over the province alongside both French-produced films and dubbed or subtitled American films.

• In a phenomenon which can be likened to the theory of cultural cringe, a considerable number of Canadians reflexively dismiss all Canadian films as inherently inferior to Hollywood studio fare. This is not necessarily connected to reality, as many good films have been made in Canada and many bad ones have been made in Hollywood, but the idea nevertheless presents a significant hurdle to Canadian filmmakers seeking to build an audience for their work.

Case Studies: Porky's and Meatballs

For many years the most successful Canadian film of all time at the Canadian box office was Porky's; it was produced by a Canadian team (though directed by an American and shot in Florida), but only with one of the major American studios backing distribution. (Porky's record was widely reported as broken in 2006 by the bilingual police comedy Bon Cop, Bad Cop, but that assessment does not take inflation into account. Porky's still retains its status as the most successful Canadian film internationally.)

Meatballs makes an excellent case study on common criticisms of the Canadian film industry. Produced and shot entirely in Canada on a budget of CA$1,600,000, it was a tremendous hit, one of the most financially successful Canadian films of all time.

As with Children of a Lesser God, although it takes place in a summer camp, there is nothing recognizably Canadian about the location or the characters, except for a Montreal Canadiens sweater.

The starring role went to American comedian Bill Murray in his earliest featured film role. The chief love interest was played by Canadian Kate Lynch, who won the Genie Award that year for Best Actress. The casting of Americans in the "Tax-Shelter Era", as well as today, often caters to an American audience. However, it provided Murray with his breakout role, which quickly led to major roles in Where the Buffalo Roam, Caddyshack, and Stripes.

Almost all of its box office gross was in the United States, where it took in US$43,000,000. It received a much more limited release in Canada. Despite its success, the sequel, Meatballs II, was made in the United States with a largely American cast. It was quickly forgotten, along with its Canadian produced follow-up, Meatballs III. None of the sequels even reached US$6 million in general release.

Current developments

The Department of Canadian Heritage gave Telefilm Canada more funds in 2001 to help develop the Canadian film industry, with the goal of having Canadian feature films obtain 5% of the domestic box office by 2005.^[1] Telefilm divided this between English films then capturing 4% of the market and French films at 12%. At first, the new initiative did not seem to be making much progress: at the end of 2003, English films represented only 1% of the domestic box office, while French films made up 20%. The overall goal of the Canada Feature Film Fund now is to have Canadian feature films capture 5% of the domestic box office by 2006, one year behind schedule.

According to Telefilm Canada, From Script to Screen, the two year old feature film policy created to improve the success rate of Canadian films, is seeing results. Before the initiative, the market share for Canadian films was 1.4% and is now 3.6%. Furthermore, the French-language cinema accounts for 20% of the market.

In recent years, there has been a cultural resurgence in Canada's aforementioned documentary stream. Films exploring Canada's identity and role on the world stage have become popular. Due to a political and social split between their American counterparts, Canadian independent documentaries have begun garnering a cult status. Current examples are Mark Achbar's award winning and top grossing Canadian feature documentary The Corporation, and Albert Nerenberg's underground hit Escape to Canada. These films not only nurture homegrown talent, inspiring local industry but also creating a unique voice for Canada itself.

Notable films

Main article: List of Canadian films

For all the industry's challenges, quite a few Canadian films have succeeded in making a cultural impact. Some of the most famous or important Canadian films include:

Anvil! The Story of Anvil The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (film) Away From Her Atanarjuat (The Fast Runner) Barney's Version Black Christmas Black Robe (dir. by Australia's Bruce Beresford) Bon Cop, Bad Cop Brand Upon The Brain! Breakaway Les Boys Careful Chloe The Company of Strangers Le Confessionnal (The Confessional) The Corporation Cowards Bend the Knee Crash (1996) C.R.A.Z.Y. Cube Cypher Dead Ringers Le Déclin de l'empire américain (The Decline of the American Empire) De Père en Flic (Father and Guns) Down to the Dirt Duct Tape Forever Eastern Promises Existenz Exotica The Five Senses FUBAR: The Movie Ginger Snaps Goin' Down the Road The Grey Fox H The Hanging Garden Hard Core Logo Highway 61 How She Move I've Heard the Mermaids Singing Incendies Les Invasions barbares (The Barbarian Invasions) Le Violon Rouge (The Red Violin) J'ai tué ma mère (I Killed My Mother) Jésus de Montréal (Jesus of Montreal) Johnny Mnemonic (filmed in Canada] Kissed L'Âge des Ténèbres

Last Night Léolo Lilies The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane Mambo Italiano Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media Margaret's Museum Maria Chapdelaine Meatballs Men with Brooms Mon oncle Antoine My Bloody Valentine My Winnipeg New Waterford Girl Neighbours Once Upon a Time in the East One Week Outrageous! Passchendaele Porky's Pour la suite du monde (For Those Who Will Follow) Prom Night The Rocket The Saddest Music in the World Saint Ralph Scanners Snow Walker Splice Strange Brew Sunshine The Sweet Hereafter The Take Tales from the Gimli Hospital Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould Ticket To Heaven Trailer Park Boys: The Movie Trailer Park Boys: Countdown to Liquor Day Touch of Pink Videodrome Water waydowntown Wavelength Whale Music Winter Kept Us Warm Un Zoo la nuit (Night Zoo)

See Also:

• Canadian Film Award
• Genie Award for Best Motion Picture
• Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction

Directors

Canadian film tends to be more director-driven than star-driven, and have much more in common with the European auteur model of filmmaking than with the Hollywood star system. The most famous Canadian film directors are very often the real star power of their films, more so than the actors they cast.

Notable Canadian film directors include:

Name	Lifetime	Notable works as Director
Paul Almond	b. 1931	Isabel  »  The Act of the Heart  »  Journey
Denys Arcand	b. 1941	La maudite galette  »  Réjeanne Padovani  »  Le déclin de l'empire américain  »  Jésus de Montréal  »  Les invasions barbares
Frédéric Back	b. 1924	Tout rien  »  Crac  »  L'homme qui plantait des arbres  »  Le fleuve aux grandes eaux
Jean Beaudin	b. 1939	Jeux de la XXIe olympiade  »  J.A. Martin, photographe  »  Cordélia  »  Le matou  »  Being at Home with Claude
Louis Bélanger	b. 1964	Post Mortem  »  Gaz Bar Blues
Charles Binamé	b. 1949	Eldorado  »  Le coeur au poing  »  Séraphin: un homme et son péché  »  Maurice Richard
Phillip Borsos	1953-1995	The Grey Fox  »  Bethune: The Making of a Hero
Michel Brault	b. 1928	La lutte  »  Pour la suite du monde  »  Entre la mer et l'eau douce  »  Les ordres  »  Les noces de papier
Donald Brittain	1928-1989	Memorandum  »  Volcano  »  Paperland  »  The Champions  »  Canada's Sweetheart
Gary Burns	b. 1960	Kitchen Party  »  waydowntown  »  Radiant City
Gilles Carle	1928-2009	La vie heureuse de Léopold Z  »  La vraie nature de Bernadette  »  La mort d'un bûcheron  »  La tête de Normande St-Onge  »  Les Plouffe
Marcel Carrière	b. 1935	La lutte  »  Pour la suite du monde  »  Avec tambours et trompettes  »  O.K. ... Laliberté  »  Ti-mine, Bernie pis la gang...
Jack Chambers	1931-1978	Circle  »  The Hart of London
Denis Chouinard	b. 1964	Clandestins  »  L'ange de goudron
F. R. Crawley	1911-1987	The Loon's Necklace  »  Newfoundland Scene
David Cronenberg	b. 1943	Videodrome  »  Dead Ringers  »  Naked Lunch  »  Crash
Fernand Dansereau	b. 1928	Astataïon ou Le festin des morts  »  Faut aller parmi l'monde pour le savoir  »  Doux aveux  »  La brunante
Xavier Dolan	b. 1989	J'ai tué ma mère  »  Les amours imaginaires
Georges Dufaux	1927-2008	À votre santé  »  Au bout de mon âge  »  Les jardins d'hiver  »  Gui Daò - Sur la voie  »  10 jours...48 heures
Christian Duguay	b. 1957	Screamers  »  The Assignment  »  Joan of Arc  »  Hitler: The Rise of Evil
Atom Egoyan	b. 1960	Speaking Parts  »  Exotica  »  The Sweet Hereafter  »  Felicia's Journey  »  Ararat  »  Chloe
Robert Favreau	b. 1948	Les muses orphelines  »  Un dimanche à Kigali
Thom Fitzgerald	b. 1968	The Hanging Garden  »  Beefcake  »  3 Needles
André Forcier	b. 1947	Bar Salon  »  Au clair de la lune  »  Une histoire inventée  »  Le vent du Wyoming
Beryl Fox	b. 1931	One More River  »  Summer in Mississippi  »  The Mills of the Gods: Viet Nam  »  Saigon: Portrait of a City  »  Last Reflections on a War
François Girard	b. 1963	Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould  »  The Red Violin
Jacques Godbout	b. 1933	YUL 871  »  Kid Sentiment  »  La gammick  »  Deux épisodes dans la vie d'Hubert Aquin  »  Alias Will James
John Greyson	b. 1960	Zero Patience  »  Lilies  »  The Law of Enclosures  »  Fig Trees
Gilles Groulx	1931-1994	Golden Gloves  »  Le chat dans le sac  »  Où êtes-vous donc?  »  Entre tu et vous  »  24 heures ou plus...
Claude Jutra	1930-1986	Les mains nettes  »  À tout prendre  »  Wow  »  Mon oncle Antoine  »  Kamouraska
Ron Kelly	b. 1929	The Open Grave  »  The Gift  »  The Last Man in the World  »  Waiting for Caroline
Larry Kent	b. 1937	The Bitter Ash  »  Sweet Substitute  »  When Tomorrow Dies  »  High  »  Mothers and Daughters
Allan King	1930-2009	Warrendale  »  A Married Couple  »  Who Has Seen the Wind  »  Termini Station  »  Dying at Grace
Wolf Koenig	b. 1927	City of Gold  »  The Days Before Christmas  »  Glenn Gould: On & Off the Record  »  Lonely Boy  »  Stravinsky
Roman Kroitor	b. 1927	Paul Tomkowicz: Street-railway Switchman  »  Universe  »  Lonely Boy  »  Stravinsky  »  Labyrinth
Jean-Claude Labrecque	b. 1938	60 cycles  »  La visite du général de Gaulle au Québec  »  Les smattes  »  Les vautours  »  La nuit de la poésie Trilogy
Arthur Lamothe	b. 1928	Bûcherons de la Manouane  »  Poussière sur la ville  »  Le mépris n'aura qu'un temps  »  La conquête de l'Amérique
Micheline Lanctôt	b. 1947	L'homme à tout faire  »  Sonatine  »  Deux actrices
Ryan Larkin	1943-2007	Syrinx  »  Cityscape  »  Walking  »  Street Musique
Jean-Claude Lauzon	1953-1997	Piwi  »  Un zoo la nuit  »  Léolo
Caroline Leaf	b. 1946	The Owl Who Married a Goose  »  The Street  »  The Metamorphosis of Mr. Samsa  »  Two Sisters
Jacques Leduc	b. 1941	On est loin du soleil  »  Tendresse ordinaire  »  Le dernier glacier  »  Trois pommes à côté du sommeil  »  La vie fantôme
Jean Pierre Lefebvre	b. 1941	Abel Trilogy  »  Les maudits sauvages  »  Les dernières fiançailles  »  Avoir 16 ans  »  Les fleurs sauvages
Robert Lepage	b. 1957	Le Confessional  »  Nô  »  Possible Worlds  »  La face cachée de la lune
Richard J. Lewis		Whale Music  »  Barney's Version
Arthur Lipsett	1936-1986	Very Nice, Very Nice  »  Free Fall  »  21-87  »  A Trip Down Memory Lane  »  N-Zone
Colin Low	b. 1926	The Romance of Transportation in Canada  »  Corral  »  City of Gold  »  Universe  »  Circle of the Sun
Guy Maddin	b. 1956	Careful  »  The Heart of the World  »  The Saddest Music in the World  »  Brand Upon the Brain!  »  My Winnipeg
Francis Mankiewicz	1944-1993	Le temps d'une chasse  »  Les bons débarras  »  Les beaux souvenirs  »  Les portes tournantes
Bill Mason	1929-1988	Paddle to the Sea  »  The Rise and Fall of the Great Lakes  »  Blake  »  Death of a Legend  »  Cry of the Wild  »  Song of the Paddle  »  Waterwalker
Bruce McDonald	b. 1959	Roadkill  »  Highway 61  »  Dance Me Outside  »  Hard Core Logo  »  The Tracey Fragments
Michael McGowan	b. 1966	Saint Ralph  »  One Week
Norman McLaren	1914-1987	Begone Dull Care  »  Neighbours  »  Blinkity Blank  »  Rythmetic  »  A Chairy Tale  »  Mosaic  »  Pas de Deux
Deepa Mehta	b. 1950	Sam and Me  »  Fire  »  Earth  »  Water  »  Heaven on Earth
Peter Mettler	b. 1958	Scissere  »  The Top of His Head  »  Picture of Light  »  Gambling, Gods and LSD  »  Petropolis
Robert Morin	b. 1949	Requiem pour un beau sans-coeur  »  Yes Sir! Madame...  »  Quiconque meurt, meurt à douleur  »  Le nèg'  »  Journal d'un coopérant
Allan Moyle	b. 1947	The Rubber Gun  »  Pump Up the Volume  »  New Waterford Girl
Vincenzo Natali	b. 1947	Cube  »  Cypher  »  Splice
Don Owen	b. 1935	Nobody Waved Goodbye  »  Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen  »  Notes for a Film About Donna & Gail  »  The Ernie Game
Pierre Patry	b. 1933	Trouble fête  »  Caïn  »  La corde au cou
Peter Pearson	b. 1938	The Best Damn Fiddler from Calabogie to Kaladar  »  Paperback Hero
Pierre Perrault	1927-1999	L'Isle-aux-Coudres Trilogy  »  L'Acadie, l'Acadie  »  Un royaume vous attend  »  La bête lumineuse  »  L'oumigmag ou l'objectif documentaire
Clément Perron	1929-1999	Jour après jour  »  Taureau  »  Partis pour la gloire
Jeremy Podeswa	b. 1962	The Five Senses  »  Fugitive Pieces
Sarah Polley	b. 1979	I Shout Love  »  All I Want for Christmas  »  Away From Her
Anne Claire Poirier	b. 1932	De mère en fille  »  Les filles du Roy  »  Le temps de l'avant  »  Mourir à tue-tête  »  Tu as crié: Let me go
Léa Pool	b. 1950	La Femme de l'hôtel  »  Anne Trister  »  À corps perdu  »  Mouvements du désir  »  Emporte-moi  »  Lost and Delirious
David Rimmer	b. 1942	Surfacing on the Thames  »  Variations on a Cellophane Wrapper  »  Canadian Pacific  »  Al Neil: A Portrait  »  As Seen on TV  »  Local Knowledge
Patricia Rozema	b. 1958	I've Heard the Mermaids Singing  »  White Room  »  When Night is Falling
David Secter	b. 1943	Winter Kept Us Warm  »  The Offering
Donald Shebib	b. 1938	Goin' Down the Road  »  Between Friends  »  Heartaches  »  Running Brave  »  The Climb
Yves Simoneau	b. 1955	Les yeux rouges  »  Pouvoir intime  »  Les fous de bassan  »  Perfectly Normal  »  Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
John N. Smith	b. 1943	First Winter  »  Train of Dreams  »  Welcome to Canada  »  The Boys of St. Vincent  »  Dieppe
Michael Snow	b. 1929	Wavelength  »  <---->  »  La Région Centrale  »  Rameau's Nephew  »  Presents  »  So Is This  »  See You Later
Robin Spry	1939-2005	Flowers on a One-Way Street  »  Prologue  »  Action: The October Crisis of 1970  »  One Man
Ralph L. Thomas	b. 1939	Ticket to Heaven  »  The Terry Fox Story
Jean-Marc Vallée	b. 1963	Les fleurs magiques  »  Liste noire  »  Les mots magiques  »  C.R.A.Z.Y.
Denis Villeneuve	b. 1967	Un 32 août sur terre  »  Maelström  »  Next Floor  »  Polytechnique  »  Incendies
Clément Virgo	b. 1966	Save My Lost Nigga Soul  »  Rude  »  The Planet of Junior Brown  »  Love Come Down  »  Poor Boy's Game
Anne Wheeler	b. 1946	A War Story  »  Loyalties  »  Bye Bye Blues  »  Angel Square  »  The War Between Us
Sandy Wilson	b. 1947	My American Cousin  »  My American Boyfriend  »  Harmony Cats

Notable Canadian expatriate directors who are or have worked primarily in Hollywood include:

• James Cameron
• Bob Clark
• Edward Dmytryk
• Allan Dwan
• Sidney J. Furie
• Paul Haggis
• Mary Harron
• Arthur Hiller
• Norman Jewison
• Ted Kotcheff
• Shawn Levy
• Silvio Narizzano
• Daniel Petrie
• Ivan Reitman
• Jason Reitman
• Mack Sennett
• Roger Spottiswoode

See also Category:Canadian film directors.

Producers

• Al Christie
• Charles Christie
• Harold Greenberg
• Suresh Joachim
• Louis B. Mayer

Writers

• Ed Gass-Donnelly
• Paul Haggis
• Suresh Joachim
• Ian Iqbal Rashid
• Seth Rogen
• Evan Goldberg

See also

	Film portal
	Canada portal

• Cinema of Quebec
• Canuxploitation
• Hollywood North
• History of Canadian animation
• Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood
• List of Canadian films
• Documentary Organization of Canada
• National Film Board
• Northern (genre)
• Hot Docs
• List of filming locations in Metro Vancouver
• List of films shot in Toronto
• Montreal in films
• List of Canadian Tamil films
• Cinema of the world
• World cinema

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Canadian film scene still waiting for happy ending". Toronto Star, September 24, 2010.

Further reading

• Foster, Charles (2000). Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood,Dundurn Press, ISBN 1-55002-348-9
• Gittings, Christopher E (2001), Canadian national cinema: ideology, difference and representation, Routledge, ISBN 0415142822, http://books.google.ca/books?id=uvVZgPMH1RUC&lpg=PA3&dq=Canadian%20film&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true 
• Graham, Gerald G (1989), Canadian film technology, 1896-1986, University of Delaware Press, ISBN 0874133475, http://books.google.ca/books?id=lKKoJqjVn6QC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian%20film&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true 
• Melnyk, George (2004), One hundred years of Canadian cinema, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 080203568X, http://books.google.ca/books?id=h_OqzHvNKdwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian%20film&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true 
• Melnyk, George (2007), Great Canadian film directors, University of Alberta Press, ISBN 0888644795, http://books.google.ca/books?id=yidsZH2gJRAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadian%20film&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true 
• Morris,Peter (1978). Embattled shadows: a history of Canadian cinema, 1895-1939, McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN 0773503226
• Rist, Peter (2001), Guide to the cinema(s) of Canada, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0313299315, http://books.google.ca/books?id=7uKs4fKOotUC&lpg=PR12&dq=Guide%20to%20Canadian%20English&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true 
• Walz, Eugene P (2002), Canada's Best Features: Critical Essays on 15 Canadian Films, Rodopi, ISBN 9042012099, http://books.google.ca/books?id=CJr5BJkGQoQC&lpg=PA363&dq=Canadian%20film&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true 
• Wise, Wyndham (2001), Essential guide to Canadian film, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0802035124, http://books.google.ca/books?id=m4Y_OgckDmIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Guide%20to%20CAnadian&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true 

External links

• Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television
• Canadian Film Encyclopedia A publication of The Film Reference Library/a division of the Toronto International Film Festival Group
• The Canadian Society of Cinematographers
• Copyright Board Canada: Copyright Collective Societies: Audio-Visual and Multi-Media, et al. (English version)
• SIBMAS: International Directory of Performing Arts Collections and Institutions
• Canuxploitation: Your Complete Guide to Canadian B-Film
• The Documentary Organisation of Canada