- Olympia Snowe
-
Olympia Snowe United States Senator
from MaineIncumbent Assumed office
January 3, 1995
Serving with Susan CollinsPreceded by George J. Mitchell Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship In office
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007Preceded by John Kerry Succeeded by John Kerry First Lady of Maine In office
February 24, 1989 – January 9, 1995Preceded by Constance Brennan Succeeded by Mary King Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maine's 2nd districtIn office
January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1995Preceded by William Cohen Succeeded by John Baldacci Personal details Born February 21, 1947
Augusta, MainePolitical party Republican Spouse(s) (1) Peter Snowe (deceased)
(2) John R. McKernan, Jr.Residence Falmouth, Maine Alma mater University of Maine (B.A.) Occupation Senator Religion Eastern Orthodox Christian Signature Website Senator Olympia Snowe Olympia Jean Snowe (born February 21, 1947), née Bouchles, is the senior United States Senator from Maine and a member of the Republican Party. Snowe has become widely known for her ability to influence the outcome of close votes, including whether to end filibusters.[1] She and her fellow Senator from Maine, Susan Collins, are regarded as moderates within their party. In 2006, she was named one of America's Top Ten Senators by Time Magazine.[2]
Contents
Early life
Snowe was born Olympia Jean Bouchles in Augusta, Maine, the daughter of Georgia Goranites and George John Bouchles. Her father immigrated to the United States from Sparta in Greece.[3] She is a member of the Greek Orthodox Church.[4][5]
Snowe's early life had its share of tragedies; when she was nine, her mother died of breast cancer, and her father died of heart disease barely a year later. Orphaned, she was moved to Auburn, Maine, to be raised by her aunt and uncle, a textile mill worker and a barber, respectively, along with their five other children. Her brother John was raised separately, by other family members. Within a few years, disease would also claim her uncle's life.
Following her mother's death, Snowe was sent to St. Basil's Academy in Garrison, New York, where she remained from the third grade to the ninth. Returning to Auburn, she attended Edward Little High School, before entering the University of Maine in Orono, Maine, in 1969, where she earned a degree in political science. Shortly after graduation, Bouchles married her fiancé, Republican state legislator Peter Snowe. She received an honorary degree from Bates College in 1998, and another from the University of Delaware in 2008.
Early political career
Snowe entered politics and rose quickly, winning a seat on the Board of Voter Registration and working for Congressman (later U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of Defense) William Cohen. Tragedy struck Snowe again in 1973, when her husband was killed in an automobile accident. At the urging of family, friends, neighbors and local leaders, Snowe ran for her husband's Auburn-based seat in the Maine House of Representatives at the age of 26 and won. She was re-elected to the House in 1974, and, in 1976, won election to the Maine Senate, representing Androscoggin County. That same year, she was a delegate to both the state and national Republican conventions.
Snowe was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978, and represented Maine's 2nd Congressional District from 1979 to 1995. The district takes in most of the northern two-thirds of the state, including Bangor and her hometown of Auburn. She served as a member of the Budget and International Relations Committees.
Snowe married John "Jock" McKernan, then Governor of Maine, in February 1989. Tragedy struck Snowe yet again in 1991 when her stepson Peter McKernan died from a heart ailment at the age of 20. Snowe and McKernan had served together in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1986, when McKernan represented the 1st District. While Snowe was First Lady of Maine from 1989 to 1995, she served as a U.S. Representative and was elected and sworn in as a United States Senator.
U.S. Senate career
Elections
In 1994, when Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell declined to run for re-election, Snowe immediately declared her candidacy for the seat. The Democratic nominee was her House colleague, 1st District Congressman Tom Andrews. Snowe defeated Andrews 60–36%, carrying every county in the state. Snowe was part of the Republican election sweep of 1994, when the Republican party captured both the House and Senate for the first time since 1954. Snowe was easily reelected in 2000 over State Senate President Mark Lawrence, increasing her winning margin to 69%-31%.
Tenure
Snowe was an important voice during the Senate's 1999 impeachment trial of then-President Bill Clinton. She and fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins sponsored a motion that would have allowed the Senate to vote separately on the charges and the remedy — a "finding of fact" resolution. When the motion failed, Snowe and Collins voted to acquit, arguing that Clinton's perjury did not warrant his removal from office.
Her occasional breaks with the Bush administration drew attacks from conservative Republicans; the Club for Growth and Concerned Women for America label her a "Republican In Name Only" (RINO).[6] In February 2006, TheWhiteHouseProject.org named Snowe one of its "8 in '08", a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008.[7]
In April 2006, Snowe was selected by Time as one of "America's 10 Best Senators."[8] She was the only woman so recognized. Time praised Snowe for her sensitivity to her constituents, also noting that: "Because of her centrist views and eagerness to get beyond partisan point scoring, Maine Republican Olympia Snowe is in the center of every policy debate in Washington."
Snowe did not miss any of the 657 votes on the Senate floor during the 110th Congress from 2007 to 2009.[9] She was one of only eight senators who did not miss any votes during that session.[9]
Snowe is the fourth woman to serve on the Senate Armed Services Committee and the first to chair its seapower subcommittee, which oversees the Navy and Marine Corps. In 2001, Snowe became the first Republican woman to secure a full-term seat on the Senate Finance Committee.
Snowe was the youngest Republican woman ever elected to the United States House of Representatives; she is also the first woman to have served in both houses of a state legislature and both houses of the U.S. Congress. Additionally, she is the first Greek-American congresswoman. With her 1989 marriage to McKernan, she became the first person to simultaneously be a member of Congress and First Lady of a state. She has never lost an election in 35 years as an elected official, and in the 2006 midterm senatorial elections, Snowe won with a reported 73.99% of votes. Seven months ahead of the election, she had already raised $2.1 million.[10]
Gang of 14
On May 23, 2005, Snowe was one of fourteen senators dubbed the Gang of 14, who defused a confrontation between Senate Democrats (who were filibustering several judicial nominees) and the Senate Republican leadership (who wanted to use the nominations as a flashpoint to eliminate filibusters on nominees through the so-called nuclear option). The Gang-brokered compromise precluded further filibusters and the implementation of the nuclear option for the remainder of the 109th Congress; under its terms, the Democrats retained the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee in an "extraordinary circumstance," and nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) received a simple majority vote by the full Senate.
The Gang later played an important role in the confirmation of Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justice Samuel Alito, as they asserted that neither met the "extraordinary circumstances" provision outlined in their agreement. Snowe ultimately voted for both Roberts and Alito.
Committee assignments
- Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
- Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security
- Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet
- Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Insurance
- Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard (Ranking Member)
- Subcommittee on Science and Space
- Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security
- Committee on Finance
- Subcommittee on Health Care
- Subcommittee on Taxation, IRS Oversight, and Long-term Growth
- Subcommittee on International Trade and Global Competitiveness
- Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (Ranking Member)
- Select Committee on Intelligence
Caucus memberships
- Dairy Farmer Caucus
- Health Technology Caucus (Co-Chair)
- International Conservation Caucus (Co-Chair)
- Senate Tourism Caucus
- Senate Women’s Caucus
- Sportsmen's Caucus
- Senate Hunger Caucus
- Senate Oceans Caucus
Political views
Snowe shares a centrist ideology with Maine's junior Senator, Susan Collins, who is considered a "half-turn more conservative" than Snowe.[11] Snowe supports legalized abortion and some gay rights, and though she previously voted to block the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell, she was one of eight Republican senators to vote for the repeal on December 18, 2010. In her 2006 re-election campaign, she was one of two Republican Senate candidates endorsed by the prominent gay rights organization, the Human Rights Campaign (the other was Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island)[12]. She also supports the death penalty and strongly supports the war on drugs and the United States embargo against Cuba.
Snowe supported both President Clinton's involvement in Kosovo and President George W. Bush's invasions in Afghanistan and Iraq. On fiscal issues, she has voiced support for cutting taxes as economic stimulus, although she joined fellow Republican senators Lincoln Chafee and John McCain in voting against the Bush tax cuts in 2003. However, voted for the extension in 2011. She opposes most free trade agreements, including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). She was the only Republican to vote for the Tax Fairness and Economic Growth Act of 1992. She is a strong supporter of environmental protections. Both Snowe and fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins have embraced strong gun control measures following the Columbine High School shooting in 1999.
In the 110th Congress, Snowe worked to ensure passage of a genetic non-discrimination act, which she had previously worked to pass for nearly eight years; opposed cutting loans through the Small Business Administration; offered legislation aimed at reducing the price of prescription drugs and insurance costs for small businesses; and became a leading voice among Congressional Republicans expressing concerns over President Bush's plans for the privatization of Social Security.
Snowe is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and supports stem cell research. She is also a member of Republicans for Environmental Protection, the Republican Majority for Choice, Republicans for Choice and The Wish List (Women In the Senate and House), a group of pro-choice Republican women.
In 2008, Snowe endorsed Republican candidate John McCain for President of the United States.[13]
In the 111th Congress, Snowe backed the release of additional Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funds and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. While she opposed President Obama's budget resolution, she pledged to work in a bipartisan manner on the issues of health care reform and energy.[14]
On October 13, 2009, Snowe voted for the Finance Committee's health care reform bill. However, she stated that she might not support the final bill because of reservations.[15] In December 2009, Snowe voted against cloture for two procedural motions and ultimately against the Senate Health Care Reform Bill.[16] Snowe again voted against health care reform when she voted "no" on the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.[17]
Electoral history
Maine U.S. Senate Election 2006 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe (incumbent) 405,596 74.41% Democratic Jean Hay Bright 113,131 20.75% Independent William H. Slavick 26,222 4.81% Maine U.S. Senate Election 2000 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe (incumbent) 437,689 68.94% Democratic Mark Lawrence 197,183 31.06% Maine U.S. Senate Election 1994 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe 308,244 60.24% Democratic Tom Andrews 186,042 36.36% Independent Plato Truman 17,205 3.36% Maine's 2nd congressional district election 1992 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe (incumbent) 153,022 49.13% Democratic Patrick K. McGowan 130,824 42.01% Green Jonathan K. Carter 27,526 8.84% Maine's 2nd congressional district election 1990 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe (incumbent) 121,704 51.02% Democratic Patrick K. McGowan 116,798 48.97% Maine's 2nd congressional district election 1988 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe (incumbent) 167,226 66.17% Democratic Kenneth P. Hayes 85,346 33.77% Maine's 2nd congressional district election 1986 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe (incumbent) 148,770 77.32% Democratic Richard R. Charette 43,614 22.67% Maine's 2nd congressional district election 1984 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe (incumbent) 192,166 75.72% Democratic Chipman C. Bull 57,347 22.60% Constitution Kenneth E. Stoddard 4,242 1.67% Maine's 2nd congressional district election 1982 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe (incumbent) 136,075 66.65% Democratic James Patrick Dunleavy 68,086 33.35% Maine's 2nd congressional district election 1980 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe (incumbent) 186,406 78.50% Democratic Harold L. Silverman 51,026 21.49% Maine's 2nd congressional district election 1978 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Olympia Snowe 87,939 50.82% Democratic Markham J. Gartley 70,691 40.85% Independent Frederick W. Whittaker 8,035 4.64% Independent Eddie Shurtleff 1,923 1.11% Independent Robert H. Burmeister 1,653 0.96% Independent Margaret E. Cousins 1,573 0.91% Independent Robert L. Cousins 1,223 0.71% See also
References
- ^ "The Centrists". National Journal. 2007-03-03. p. 33. http://nationaljournal.com/voteratings/pdf/06centrists.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-06.[dead link]
- ^ "Olympia J. Snowe: The Caretaker". Time. 2006-04-14. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1183967,00.html. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Battle, Robert. "Ancestries of United States Senators: Olympia Snowe". self-published. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~battle/senators/snowe.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Broder, David S. (1997-06-08). "A Real Woman's Issue". Washington Post. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-725599.html. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ "Archbishop Demetrios and Other Religious Leaders Testify on Capitol Hill". Hellenic News. 2005-03-16. http://www.hellenicnews.com/readnews.html?newsid=3239&lang=US. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "8 for ’08" (Press release). The White House Project. 2006-02-16. http://www.thewhitehouseproject.org/newsroom/releases/2006/PressRelease021606.php. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Calabresi, Massimo; Perry Bacon Jr. (2006-04-16). "America's 10 Best Senators". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1184052,00.html. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ a b "Senate members who missed votes: 100th Congress". Washington Post. 2009. http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/110/senate/vote-missers/. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
- ^ Bell, Tom (2006-04-14). "Snowe aims for GOP road less taken". Portland Press Herald. pp. B1. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ME&p_theme=me&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=110FF3BD46DCD600&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ "How Maine's GOP Senators Are Key to Obama's Agenda". TIME Magazine. 2009-02-12. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1878942,00.html.
- ^ . Human Rights Campaign. http://www.hrc.org/nov2006/candidates.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ "Endorsement of John McCain". Youtube. 2007-02-02. http://youtube.com/watch?v=45YN1I89vx0. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
- ^ "Snowe Responds to President’s Outline on the State of the American Economy". Senate Office of Olympia Snowe. 2009-04-14. http://snowe.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressRoom.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=a60ae1aa-802a-23ad-408e-e860673e3982. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
- ^ Republican’s Vote Lifts a Health Bill, but Hurdles Remain, The New York Times, October 14, 2009
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00105. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
Further reading
- Nine & Counting: The Women of the Senate, Boxer, Collins, Snowe et al., ISBN 0-06-095706-9.
External links
- U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe official U.S. Senate site
- Olympia Snowe for Senate official campaign site
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On The Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Profile at SourceWatch
- U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe video clips from the Senate Republican Conference.
- U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe audio clips from the Senate Republican Conference
- "The Anguished Moderate," The Washington Post, July 15, 2007.
United States House of Representatives Preceded by
William CohenMember of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maine's 2nd congressional district
1979–1995Succeeded by
John BaldacciUnited States Senate Preceded by
George J. MitchellUnited States Senator (Class 1) from Maine
1995–present
Served alongside: William Cohen, Susan CollinsIncumbent Political offices Preceded by
John Kerry
D-MassachusettsChairman of the Senate Small Business Committee
2003–2007Succeeded by
John Kerry
D-MassachusettsUnited States order of precedence Preceded by
James Inhofe
R-OklahomaUnited States Senators by seniority
27thSucceeded by
Jon Kyl
R-ArizonaUnited States Senators from Maine Class 1 Class 2 Chairpersons and Ranking Members of United States Senate committees Chairpersons (Democratic) Ranking Members (Republican) Debbie Stabenow (Michigan) – Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
Daniel Inouye (Hawaii) – Appropriations
Carl Levin (Michigan) – Armed Services
Tim Johnson (South Dakota) – Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Kent Conrad (North Dakota) – Budget
Jay Rockefeller (West Virginia) – Commerce, Science and Transportation
Jeff Bingaman (New Mexico) – Energy and Natural Resources
Barbara Boxer (California) – Environment and Public Works
Max Baucus (Montana) – Finance
John Kerry (Massachusetts) – Foreign Relations
Tom Harkin (Iowa) – Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
Joe Lieberman (Connecticut) – Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Daniel Akaka (Hawaii) – Indian Affairs
Patrick Leahy (Vermont) – Judiciary
Chuck Schumer (New York) – Rules and Administration
Mary Landrieu (Louisiana) – Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Patty Murray (Washington) – Veterans' Affairs
Barbara Boxer (California) – Ethics (Select)
Dianne Feinstein (California) – Intelligence (Select)
Herb Kohl (Wisconsin) – Aging (Special)Pat Roberts (Kansas) – Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
Thad Cochran (Mississippi) – Appropriations
John McCain (Arizona) – Armed Services
Richard Shelby (Alabama) – Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Jeff Sessions (Alabama) – Budget
Kay Bailey Hutchison (Texas) – Commerce, Science and Transportation
Lisa Murkowski (Alaska) – Energy and Natural Resources
Jim Inhofe (Oklahoma) – Environment and Public Works
Orrin Hatch (Utah) – Finance
Richard Lugar (Indiana) – Foreign Relations
Mike Enzi (Wyoming) – Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
Susan Collins (Maine) – Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
John Barrasso (Wyoming) – Indian Affairs
Chuck Grassley (Iowa) – Judiciary
Lamar Alexander (Tennessee) – Rules and Administration
Olympia Snowe (Maine) – Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Richard Burr (North Carolina) – Veterans' Affairs
Johnny Isakson (Georgia) – Ethics (Select)
Saxby Chambliss (Georgia) – Intelligence (Select)
Bob Corker (Tennessee) – Aging (Special)Chairmen of the U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship Current members of the United States Senate AL: Shelby (R), Sessions (R)
AK: Murkowski (R), Begich (D)
AZ: McCain (R), Kyl (R)
AR: Pryor (D), Boozman (R)
CA: Feinstein (D), Boxer (D)
CO: M. Udall (D), Bennet (D)
CT: Lieberman (I), Blumenthal (D)
DE: Carper (D), Coons (D)
FL: C.W. Nelson (D), Rubio (R)
GA: Chambliss (R), Isakson (R)
HI: Inouye (D), Akaka (D)
ID: Crapo (R), Risch (R)
IL: Durbin (D), Kirk (R)IN: Lugar (R), Coats (R)
IA: Grassley (R), Harkin (D)
KS: Roberts (R), Moran (R)
KY: McConnell (R), Paul (R)
LA: Landrieu (D), Vitter (R)
ME: Snowe (R), Collins (R)
MD: Mikulski (D), Cardin (D)
MA: Kerry (D), S.P. Brown (R)
MI: Levin (D), Stabenow (D)
MN: Klobuchar (D), Franken (D)
MS: Cochran (R), Wicker (R)
MO: McCaskill (D), Blunt (R)MT: Baucus (D), Tester (D)
NE: E.B. Nelson (D), Johanns (R)
NV: Reid (D), Heller (R)
NH: Shaheen (D), Ayotte (R)
NJ: Lautenberg (D), Menendez (D)
NM: Bingaman (D), T. Udall (D)
NY: Schumer (D), Gillibrand (D)
NC: Burr (R), Hagan (D)
ND: Conrad (D), Hoeven (R)
OH: S.C. Brown (D), Portman (R)
OK: Inhofe (R), Coburn (R)
OR: Wyden (D), Merkley (D)PA: Casey (D), Toomey (R)
RI: Reed (D), Whitehouse (D)
SC: Graham (R), DeMint (R)
SD: T. Johnson (D), Thune (R)
TN: Alexander (R), Corker (R)
TX: Hutchison (R), Cornyn (R)
UT: Hatch (R), Lee (R)
VT: Leahy (D), Sanders (I)
VA: Webb (D), Warner (D)
WA: Murray (D), Cantwell (D)
WV: Rockefeller (D), Manchin (D)
WI: Kohl (D), R. Johnson (R)
WY: Enzi (R), Barrasso (R)Representatives to the 96th–111th United States Congresses from Maine (ordered by seniority) 96th Senate: W. Cohen, G. Mitchell House: D. Emery, O. Snowe 97th Senate: W. Cohen, G. Mitchell House: D. Emery, O. Snowe 98th Senate: W. Cohen, G. Mitchell House: O. Snowe, J. McKernan 99th Senate: W. Cohen, G. Mitchell House: O. Snowe, J. McKernan 100th Senate: W. Cohen, G. Mitchell House: O. Snowe, J. Brennan 101st Senate: W. Cohen, G. Mitchell House: O. Snowe, J. Brennan 102nd Senate: W. Cohen, G. Mitchell House: O. Snowe, T. Andrews 103rd Senate: W. Cohen, G. Mitchell House: O. Snowe, T. Andrews 104th Senate: W. Cohen, O. Snowe House: J. Longley, J. Baldacci 105th Senate: O. Snowe, S. Collins House: J. Baldacci, T. Allen 106th Senate: O. Snowe, S. Collins House: J. Baldacci, T. Allen 107th Senate: O. Snowe, S. Collins House: J. Baldacci, T. Allen 108th Senate: O. Snowe, S. Collins House: T. Allen, M. Michaud 109th Senate: O. Snowe, S. Collins House: T. Allen, M. Michaud 110th Senate: O. Snowe, S. Collins House: T. Allen, M. Michaud 111th Senate: O. Snowe, S. Collins House: M. Michaud, C. Pinigree Categories:- 1947 births
- American people of Greek descent
- Bates College alumni
- Female members of the United States House of Representatives
- Female United States Senators
- First Ladies and Gentlemen of Maine
- Living people
- Maine Republicans
- Maine State Senators
- Members of the Maine House of Representatives
- Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
- People from Augusta, Maine
- People from Falmouth, Maine
- Republican Party United States Senators
- Spouses of members of the United States House of Representatives
- University of Maine alumni
- United States Senators from Maine
- Women state legislators in Maine
- Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
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