Aromanian language

Not to be confused with Romanian language or Armenian language.

Aromanian
armãneashce, armãneashti, limba armãneascã.
Spoken in	Greece, Albania, Romania, Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria and Turkey.
Region	Southeastern Europe.
Native speakers	300,000[1]  (date missing)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Eastern Romance Aromanian
Writing system	Latin alphabet (Aromanian variant)
Official status
Regulated by	No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-2	rup
ISO 639-3	rup
Linguasphere	51-AAD-ba
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Aromanians
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Self-identification Great Wallachia Principality of the Pindus and Grand Voivodeship of Macedonia
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Romanians · Morlachs Megleno-Romanians Istro-Romanians
v · Dialects of Aromanian Aromanian (limba armãneascã, armãneshce, armãneashti, or vlaçesti), also known as Macedo-Romanian, Arumanian or Vlach is an Eastern Romance language spoken in Southeastern Europe. Its speakers are called Aromanians or Vlachs (which is an exonym in widespread use to define the communities in the Balkans). It shares many features with modern Romanian, having similar morphology and syntax, as well as a large common vocabulary inherited from Latin. An important source of dissimilarity between Romanian and Aromanian is the adstratum languages: while Romanian has been influenced to a greater extent by the Slavic languages, Aromanian has been more influenced by the Greek language, with which it has been in close contact throughout its history. Geographic distribution The greatest number of Aromanian speakers are found in Greece, with substantial numbers of speakers also found in Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and in the Republic of Macedonia (the latter is the only country where Aromanians are officially recognized as a minority). Large Aromanian-speaking communities are also found in Romania, where some Aromanians migrated from Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and Serbia, mainly after 1925. Aromanians may have settled in Turkey due to the influence of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. However, there are a small number of any Aromanians living in Turkey.[citation needed] Official status The Aromanian language has a degree of official status in the Republic of Macedonia where Aromanian is taught as a subject in some primary schools (in Skopje, Bitola, Štip and Kruševo). In the Republic of Macedonia Aromanian speakers also have the right to use the language in court proceedings. Since 2006 the Aromanian language became the second official language (after standard Macedonian) in the city of Kruševo (Crushuva).[2] The language has no official status in any other country. History Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek, Albanian language, Aromanian and Bulgarian) by Daniel Mоscopolites, an Aromanian from Moscopole, written c. 1770 and published c. 1794; republished in 1802 in Greek.[3][4][5][6][7] The language is similar to Romanian and its greatest difference lies in the vocabulary. There are far fewer Slavic words in Aromanian than in Romanian, and many more Greek words, a reflection of the close contact of Aromanian with Greek through much of its history. It is generally considered that sometime between 800 and 1,200 years ago, the Vulgar Latin spoken in the Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire split into four languages: Daco-Romanian (today's Romanian language), Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. One possibility for the origin of Aromanian is that in the same way standard Romanian is believed to be descended from the Latin spoken by the Getae; Dacians (Daco-Thracians) and Roman settlers in what is now Romania, Aromanian descended from the Latin spoken by Thracian and Illyrian peoples living in the southern Balkans (Northern Epirus, Macedonia and Thrace). Greek influences are much stronger in Aromanian than in other East Romance languages, especially because Aromanian used Greek words to coin new words (neologisms), while Romanian based most of its neologisms on French. Also, with the coming of the Turks in the Balkans, Aromanian received some Turkish words as well. Still the lexical composition remains mainly Romance. Dialects The Aromanian language has several distinct dialects. There are dialects named after places that were home to significant populations of Aromanians (Vlachs); nowadays located in Albania and Greece: the Moscopole dialect (from the Metropolis of Moscopole, also known as the "Aromanian Jerusalem") and the Gramustean dialect (from the Gramostea/Grammos region of Western Macedonia). There are also the Farsherotii dialects. Many linguists think that the language spoken by the Farsherots differs significantly from the other Vlachs and therefore it should be considered as a separate dialect. Also distinguished as distinct are dialects in the region of Bitola; Pilister, Malovište, Gopeš, Upper Beala; Gorna Belica (Aromanian: Beala di Supra) near Struga, Krusevo (Aromanian: Crushuva), and the dialects east of the Vardar River in Macedonia. An Aromanian dictionary currently under development can be found here. Phonology Aromanian differs relatively little from standard Romanian in its phonology, although it does have spirants /ð/ and /ɣ/ which do not exist in Romanian, probably due to influence from Greek, which has those sounds. It is written with the Latin and Greek alphabets, with an orthography which resembles both that of Albanian (in the use of digraphs such as dh, sh, and th) and Romanian (in its use of c and g, which it also shares with Italian), along with the letter ã, used for the sounds represented in Romanian by ă and â/î. Some of the differences between Romanian and Aromanian: Aromanian preserves a number of sounds from Proto-Romanian that have disappeared or changed in standard Romanian, including /dz/ (/z/ in Romanian); /ʎ/ (which became /j/ or disappeared in Romanian); and final /u/ (lost in Romanian). Proto-Romanian and Romanian /tʃ/ becomes /ts/ in Aromanian. Grammar Aromanian grammar book, 1813 The grammar and morphology are very similar to those of the Romance languages: It has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural (no dual). It is a null-subject language. Verbs have many conjugations, including: A present tense, a preterite, an imperfect, a pluperfect and a future tense in the indicative mood, for statements of fact. An imperative mood, for direct commands. Three non-finite forms: infinitive, gerund, and past participle. Distinct active and passive voices, as well as an impersonal passive voice. The Aromanian language has some exceptions from the Romance languages, some of them are shared in Romanian: the definite article is a clitic particle appended at the end of the word, both the definite and indefinite articles can be inflected, and nouns are classified in three genders, with neuter in addition to masculine and feminine. Verbs Aromanian grammar does have some features that distinguish it from Romanian, an important one being the complete disappearance of verb infinitives which clearly puts it in the lower part of the Balkans. As such, the tenses and moods that in Romanian use the infinitive (like the future simple tense and the conditional mood) are formed in other ways in Aromanian. For the same reason, verb entries in dictionaries are given in their indicative mood, present tense, first person, singular form. Aromanian verbs are classified in four conjugations. The table below gives some examples, indicating also the conjugation of the corresponding verbs in Romanian.[8] Conjugation Aromanian (ind. pres. 1st sg.) Romanian (ind. pres. 1st sg.) Romanian (infinitive) English I cãntu dau lucredzu cânt dau lucrez a cânta I a da I a lucra I sing give work II ved şedu armãn văd şed rămân a vedea II a şedea II a rămâne III (or a rămânea II) see sit stay III duc cunoscu ardu duc cunosc ard a duce III a cunoaşte III a arde III carry, lead know burn IV mor fug îndulţescu mor fug îndulcesc a muri IV a fugi IV a îndulci IV die run sweeten Future tense The future tense is formed in the same way as in archaic Romanian, using an auxiliary invariable particle "va" (derived from the verb "to go") and the subjunctive mood. Aromanian Romanian (archaic) Romanian (modern) English va s-cãntu va să cânt voi cânta I will sing va s-cãntsã va să cânţi vei cânta you (sg.) will sing va s-cãntã va să cânte va cânta he/she will sing va s-cãntãm va să cântăm vom cânta we will sing va s-cãntats va să cântaţi veţi cânta you (pl.) will sing va s-cãntã va să cânte vor cânta they will sing Pluperfect Whereas in Romanian the pluperfect (past perfect) is formed synthetically (as for instance in Portuguese), Aromanian uses a periphrastic construction with the auxiliary verb am (have) as the imperfect (aveam) and the past participle, as in French, except that French replaces avoir (have) with être (be) for intransitive verbs. Aromanian shares this feature with Megleno-Romanian as well as other languages in the Balkan linguistic union. Only the auxiliary verb inflects according to number and person: aveam, aveai, avea, aveamu, aveatã, avea, whereas the past participle doesn't change.[9] Aromanian Megleno-Romanian Romanian English avea mãcatã vea mancat mâncase (he/she) had eaten avea durnjitã vea durmit dormise (he/she) had slept Gerund The gerund which exists in Aromanian is only applied to some verbs, not all. These verbs are: 1st conjugation: acatsã (acãtsãnda(lui)), portu, lucreashce, adiljeashce. 2nd conjugation: armãnã, cade, poate, tatse, veade. 3rd conjugation: arupã, dipune, dutse, dzãse, featse, tradze, scrie. 4th conjugation: apire, doarme, hivrie, aure, pate, avde. Situation in Greece Even before the incorporation of various Aromanian-speaking territories into the Greek state (1832, 1912), the language was subordinated to Greek, traditionally the language of education and religion in Constantinople and other prosperous urban cities. The historical studies cited below (mostly Capidan) show that especially after the fall of Moscopole (1788) the process of Hellenisation via education and religion gained a strong impetus mostly among people doing business in the cities. Romanian Schools for Aromanians and Meglenoromanians in the Ottoman Empire (1886) The Romanian state began opening schools for the Romanian influenced Vlachs in the 1860s, but this initiative was regarded with suspicion by the Greeks , who thought Romania was trying to assimilate them. 19th century travellers in the Balkans such as W M Leake and Henry Fanshawe Tozer noted that Vlachs in the Pindus and Macedonia were bi-lingual, reserving the Latin dialect for inside the home.[10] A notable and perhaps not so well known (outside Greece) fact regarding the Greek Aromanian speakers is the contributions made by the community to the evolution and institutions of the Greek state during the 19th and early 20th Centuries. Athens Polytechnic- known as "Metsovion" (of Metsovo) - the Greek Vlach village in the Pindus from where its two main benefactors originated (Nikolaos Stournaras and Michail Tositsas), The Zappeion megaron, and the foundation of the Bank of Greece to name but a few were realised by the donations of notable Greek-Vlach benefactors. The fact that this occurred at a time when the majority of Vlachs resided outside the then Kingdom of Greece served to seriously undermine any Romanian claims that they constituted a persecuted minority group. The Balkans are a well known test bed for theories that assert language is a poor determinant of national consciousness. (see Bosnia, Albania, Macedonia and so on.) Use of the Aromanian language in the Florina Prefecture Romanian interference in the first half of the 20th century eventually led to antagonism between Aromanians with a Hellenic national consciousness (pejoratively known in Romania as grecomans) who rejected what they perceived as Romanian propaganda, and those who espoused a Latin identity as promoted in the Romanian schools. According to the Romanian nationalist point of view the "grecomans" and the Greek militia (known as "andarti") "terrorized" the Pindus region between 1903–1912 leading to a diplomatic crisis with Romania in 1911 (see Adina Berciu, Maria Petre: 2004). The Greek nationalist point of view maintains that the newly incorporated Romanian state was seeking to divert attention from more serious territorial disputes with Russia and Bulgaria by using Greek Vlachs as leverage. It is noteworthy that Romanian nationalists touring the Greek Vlach villages were invariably struck by the locals' lack of interest in the Romanian cause. By 1948, the new Soviet-imposed communist regime of Romania had closed all Romanian-run schools outside Romania and since the closure, there has been no formal education in Aromanian and speakers have been encouraged to learn and use the Greek language. This has been a process encouraged by the community itself and is not an explicit State policy. The decline and isolation of the Romanian orientated groups was not helped by the fact that they openly collaborated with the Axis powers of Italy and Germany during the occupation of Greece in WWII. Notably the vast majority of Vlachs fought in the Greek resistance and a number of their villages were destroyed by the Germans. The issue of Aromanian-language education is a sensitive one, partly because of the resurgence in Romanian interest on the subject. Romanian nationalism maintains that Greek propaganda is still very strong in the area, inferring that Greeks define Aromanians as a sort of "Latinized Greeks". The fact remains that it is the majority of Greek Vlachs themselves that oppose the Romanian propaganda (those that supported it having emigrated in the early 20thC to other countries), as they have done for the past 200 years. Most Greek Vlachs oppose the introduction of the language into the education system as EU and leading Greek political figures have suggested, viewing it as an artificial distinction between them and other Greeks. For example, the former education minister, George Papandreou, received a negative response from Greek-Aromanian mayors and associations to his proposal for a trial Aromanian language education programme. The Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs (Πανελλήνια Ομοσπονδία Πολιτιστικών Συλλόγων Βλάχων) expressed strong opposition to EU's recommendation in 1997 that the tuition of Aromanian be supported so as to avoid its extinction.[2]. On a visit to Metsovo, Epirus in 1998, Greek President Konstantinos Stephanopoulos called on Vlachs to speak and teach their language, but its decline continues. A recent example of the sensitivity of the issue was the 2001 conviction (later overturned in the Appeals Court) to 15 months in jail of Sotiris Bletsas [3][4], a Greek Aromanian who was found guilty of "dissemination of false information" after he distributed informative material on minority languages in Europe (which included information on minority languages of Greece), produced by the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages and financed by the European Commission. His conviction met with broad condemnation in Greece [5] and it emerged that his case was zealously pursued by Aromanian leaders who viewed themselves as patriotic Greeks and felt affronted by the suggestion that they belonged to a "minority". Bletsas was eventually acquitted [6]. Language sample Tatã a nostru cai eshci pi tser, s-ayisascã numa a Ta, s-yinã Amirãrilja a Ta, s-facã vreare-a Ta, cum pi tserlu, ashi sh-pisti loc. Pãne-a nostrã atsea di cathi dzuã dã-nã-u sh-azã shi ljartã-nã amãrtiile-a noastre ashi cum lji-ljirtãm sh-a amãrtoshlor a noshci. Shi nu nã-du la pirazmo, ala aveaglji-nã di atsel arãulu. Cã a Ta easte Amirãrilja shi puteare a Tatãlui shi Hiljlui shi a Ayului Spirit, torã, totãna shi tu eta-a etilor. Amen. (the Lord's Prayer - source) Tuti iatsãli umineshtsã s-fac liberi shi egali la nãmuzea shi-ndrepturli. Eali suntu hãrziti cu fichiri shi sinidisi shi lipseashti un cu alantu sh-si poartã tu duhlu-a frãtsãljiljei. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), translated by Dina Cuvata Comparison with Romanian The following text is given for comparison in Aromanian and in Romanian, with an English translation. The spelling of Aromanian is that decided at the Bitola Symposium of August 1997. The word choice in the Romanian version was such that it matches the Aromanian text, although in modern Romanian other words might have been more appropriate. The English translation is only provided as a guide to the meaning, with an attempt to keep the word order as close to the original as possible. Aromanian Romanian English Vocala easti un son dit zburãrea-a omlui, faptu cu tritsearea sonorã, libirã sh-fãrã cheadicã, a vimtului prit canalu sonor (adrat di coardili vocali shi ntreaga gurã) icã un semnu grafic cari aspuni un ahtari son. Vocala este un sunet din vorbirea omului, făcut cu trecerea sonoră, liberă şi fără piedică, a vântului prin canalul sonor (compus din coardele vocale şi întreaga gură) sau un semn grafic care reprezintă un atare sunet. The vowel is a sound in human speech, made by the sonorous, free and unhindered passing of the air through the sound channel (composed of the vocal cords and the whole mouth) or a graphic symbol corresponding to that sound. Ashi bunãoarã, avem shasili vocali tsi s-fac cu vimtul tsi treatsi prit gurã, iu limba poati si s-aflã tu un loc icã altu shi budzãli pot si sta dishcljisi unã soe icã altã. Aşa bunăoară, avem şase vocale ce se fac cu vântul ce trece prin gură, unde limba poate să se afle într-un loc sau altul şi buzele pot să stea deschise un soi sau altul. This way, we have six vowels that are produced by the air passing through the mouth, where the tongue can be in one place or another and the lips can be opened in one way or another. Vocalili pot s-hibã pronuntsati singuri icã deadun cu semivocali i consoani. Vocalele pot să fie pronunţate singure sau deodată cu semivocale sau consoane. The vowels can be pronounced alone or together with semivowels or consonants.   Common words and phrases English Aromanian Romanian Aromanian (person) (m.) armãn, (f.) armãnã (m.) aromân, (f.) aromână Aromanian (language) limba armãneascã, srmãneashce limba aromână, aromâneşte Good day! Buna dzuã! Bună ziua! What's your name? Cum ti chljamã? (informal) Cum te cheamă? (informal) How are you? Cum hits? (formal) Cum eshci? (informal) Ce mai faci? / Cum eşti? (informal) What are you doing? Tsi fats? Tsi adari? (popular) Ce faci? (informal) Goodbye! S-nã videm cu ghine! La revedere! (Să ne vedem cu bine!) Bye! Ciao! Ciao! (informal), Salut! (informal), La revedere! (formal) Please. Vã-plãcãrsescu. (formal) Ti-plãcãrsescu (informal) Te rog. (informal) Sorry. Ãnj-easte jale. Scuze. (jale = tristeţe, părere de rău; Îmi este jale. = I'm ashamed.) Thank you. Haristo. Mulţumesc! Yes. IE Da. No. Nu. Nu. I don't understand. Nu achicãsescu. Nu înţeleg. Where's the bathroom? Iu easte toaletlu? Unde este toaleta? Do you speak English? Zburats anglicheashce? Vorbiţi englezeşte? (formal) I am a student. Mine escu studentu. Sunt student. (m.) You are beautiful. Hii mushatã. (Gramostean dialect, f.) Eshci mushatã. (official, f.) Eşti frumoasă. (informal, f.) See also Eastern Romance languages Vulgar Latin language Substratum Thraco-Roman culture Romanian (Moldovan, Vlach) Grammar • Nouns • Verbs • Numbers • Phonology • Lexis Regulating bodies Romanian Academy Academy of Sciences of Moldova Aromanian Megleno-Romanian Istro-Romanian Grammar v · d · e Thraco-Roman Graeco-Armenian Eastern Romance substratum Romanian language Origin of the Romanians Romance languages Legacy of the Roman Empire The Balkan linguistic union Latin-Greek connection References Bara, Mariana, Le lexique latin hérité en aroumain dans une perspective romane, LincomEuropa Verlag, München, 2004, 231 p.; ISBN 3-89586-980-5. Bara, Mariana, Limba armănească. Vocabular şi stil, Editura Cartea Universitară, Bucureşti, 2007, 204 p.; ISBN 978-973-731-551-9. Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina; Petre Maria, "Şcoli şi Biserici româneşti din Peninsula Balcanică. Documente (1864-1948)", Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2004. Capidan, Theodor. Aromânii, dialectul Aromân, Academia Română, Studii şi cercetări, XX 1932. Friedman, Victor A., "The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization" in Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies, ed. Juhani Nuoluoto, Martti Leiwo, Jussi Halla-aho. Slavica Helsingiensa 21. University of Helsinki, 2001. online Kahl, Thede, Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?. Online: [7] Kahl, Thede, Sprache und Intention der ersten aromunischen Textdokumente, 1731-1809. In: Symanzik, Bernhard (ed.): Festschrift für Gerhard Birkfellner zum 65. Geburtstag, Studia Philologica Slavica I/I, Münstersche Texte zur Slavistik, 2006, p. 245-266. Pascu, Giorge, Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols., Cultura Naţionalâ, Iaşi, 1918. Rosetti, Alexandru. Istoria limbii române, 2 vols., Bucharest, 1965-1969. "The Little Prince" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry in Aromanian. Njiclu amirārush. Translated by Maria Bara and Thede Kahl, ISBN 978-3-937467-37-5. Weigand, Gustav, Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, 1888. Footnotes ^ [1] Ethnologue report of maximum and minimum numbers ^ Aromanians ^ Multiculturalism, alteritate, istoricitate «Multiculturalism, Historicity and “The image of the Other”» by Alexandru Niculescu, Literary Romania (România literară), issue: 32 / 2002, pages: 22,23, ^ Angeliki Konstantakopoulou, Η ελληνική γλώσσα στα Βαλκάνια 1750-1850. Το τετράγλωσσο λεξικό του Δανιήλ Μοσχοπολίτη [The Greek language in the Balkans 1750-1850. The dictionary in four languages of Daniel Moschopolite]. Ioannina 1988, 11. ^ Peyfuss, Max Demeter: Die Druckerei von Moschopolis, 1731-1769. Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung im Erzbistum Achrida. Wien - Köln 1989. (= Wiener Archiv f. Geschichte des Slawentums u. Osteuropas. 13), ISBN 3-205-98571-0. ^ Kahl, Thede: Wurde in Moschopolis auch Bulgarisch gesprochen? In: Probleme de filologie slavă XV, Editura Universităţii de Vest, Timişoara 2007, S. 484-494, ISSN 1453-763X. ^ "The Bulgarian National Awakening and its Spread into Macedonia", by Antonios-Aimilios Tachiaos, pp. 21-23, published by Thessaloniki's Society for Macedonian Studies, 1990. ^ Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu Gramatica armãneascã simplã shi practicã, Crushuva 1993, 1997; Μιχάλη Μπογιάτζη Βλαχική ήτοι μάκεδοβλαχική γραμματική Βιέννη, and Κατσάνης Ν., Κ. Ντίνας, 1990, Γραμματική της κοινής Κουτσοβλαχικής. ^ Iancu Ianachieschi- Vlahu Gramatica simplã shi practicã, Crushuva 1993, 1997. ^ Note also that Weigand, in his 1888 Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute remarks: "By inclination, the Livadhiotes are zealous advocates of Greek ideas and would much prefer to be unified with Greece" (p.15). External links Aromanian Language website Στα Βλάχικα - In Vlach: A website about the Vlach language in Greece Ethnologue entry for Aromanian Aromanian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh list appendix) Asterios Koukoudis: Studies on the Vlachs Greek Helsinki Human Rights Organization: Aromanians (Vlachs) in Greece Conjugation of verbs in Aromanian and Istro-Romanian Romanian and the Balkans, with some references to Aromanian Greek Vlach website Consiliul A Tinirlor Armanj - CTARM , webpage about Youth Aromanians and their projects Armans Association from Serbia Armans Cultural Association from Romania Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая? Local purchasing Albert Rust Look at other dictionaries: Aromanian alphabet — The Aromanian alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Aromanian language . The current version of the alphabet was suggested at the in 1997 at the Symposium for Standardisation of the Aromanian Writing System in Bitola,… …   Wikipedia Aromanian — noun a) a member of the people living throughout the southern Balkans, especially in northern Greece, Albania, Serbia, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria; they are a subgroup of Vlachs b) An endangered Eastern Romance language spoken mainly… …   Wiktionary Megleno-Romanian language — Megleno Romanian Vlăheşte Spoken in Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Turkey[1] Region Balkans …   Wikipedia Dacian language — Dacian Spoken in Romania, northern Bulgaria, eastern Serbia; also (possibly): Moldova, SW Ukraine, eastern Hungary, southern Bulgaria, northern Greece, European Turkey, NW Anatolia (Turkey) Extinct probably by the 6th century AD …   Wikipedia Romanian language — Not to be confused with Romani language. Romanian, Daco Romanian română, limba română Pronunciation [roˈmɨnə] Spoken in By a majority …   Wikipedia Moldovan language — Eastern Romance languages Vulgar Latin language Substratum Thraco Roman culture Romanian ( …   Wikipedia Romanian language — Romance language spoken mainly in Romania and Moldova. The name Romanian is usually identified with Daco Romanian, one of the four major dialects of Balkan Romance. Other dialects are Aromanian (Macedo Romanian), spoken in scattered communities… …   Universalium Proto-Romanian language — Proto Romanian (also known as Common Romanian , româna comună or Ancient Romanian , străromâna) is a Romance language evolved from Vulgar Latin and considered to have been spoken by the ancestors of today s Romanians and related Balkan Latin… …   Wikipedia Dalmatian language — This article is about the extinct Romance language. For the language of modern region of Dalmatia see Croatian language. For other uses, see Dalmatian. Dalmatian Spoken in Croatia, Montenegro Region Adriatic coast Extinct 10 June …   Wikipedia French language — French La langue française Pronunciation [fʁɑ̃sɛ] Spoken in See below Native speakers 68 million (2005) …   Wikipedia 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”