Min Nan

Southern Min
Min Nan 閩南語 / 闽南语 / Bân-lâm-gú
Spoken in	China (PRC and ROC areas), Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, United States (New York City), and other areas of Southern Min and Hoklo settlement
Region	Southern Fujian province; the Chaozhou-Shantou (Chaoshan) area and Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong province; extreme south of Zhejiang province; much of Hainan province(if Hainanese or Qiong Wen is included); and most of Taiwan;
Native speakers	47 million  (1984–1997) (no recent data available)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Chinese Min Coastal Min Southern Min
Dialects	Hokkien Teochew Hainanese
Official status
Official language in	None (Legislative bills have been proposed for Taiwanese (Amoy Southern Min) to be one of the 'national languages' in Taiwan); one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the ROC [1]
Regulated by	None (The Republic of China Ministry of Education and some NGOs are influential in Taiwan)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	nan
Distribution of Southern Min.
This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

Southern Min
Simplified Chinese	闽南语
Traditional Chinese	閩南語
Transcriptions Gan - Romanization Mîn-lōm-ngî Hakka - Romanization Mîn-nàm-ngî Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Mǐnnányǔ Min - Hokkien POJ Bân-lâm-gú - Min-dong BUC Mìng-nàng-ngṳ̄ Wu - Romanization min noe nyuu Cantonese (Yue) - Yale Romanization man5 naam4 jyu5

The Southern Min languages, or Min Nan (simplified Chinese: 闽南语; traditional Chinese: 閩南語; pinyin: Mǐnnán Yǔ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm-gí/Bân-lâm-gú; literally "Southern Fujian language"), are a family of Chinese languages spoken in southern Fujian, eastern Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan, and southern Zhejiang provinces of China, and by descendants of emigrants from these areas in diaspora.

In common parlance, Southern Min usually refers to Hokkien, in particular the Amoy and Taiwanese. Amoy and Taiwanese are both combinations of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. The Southern Min family also includes Teochew and Hainanese. Teochew has limited mutual intelligibility with the Amoy. However, Hainanese is generally not considered to be mutually intelligible with any other Southern Min variants.

Southern Min forms part of the Min language group, alongside several other divisions. The Min languages/dialects are part of the Chinese language group, itself a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Southern Min is not mutually intelligible with Eastern Min, Cantonese, or Mandarin. As with other varieties of Chinese, there is a political dispute as to whether the Southern Min language should be called a language or a dialect.

Geographic distribution

Southern Min is spoken in the southern part of Fujian province, three southeastern counties of Zhejiang province, the Zhoushan archipelago off Ningbo in Zhejiang, and the eastern part of Guangdong province (Chaoshan region). The Qiong Wen variant spoken in the Leizhou peninsula of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, which is not mutually intelligible with standard Minnan or Teochew, is classified in some schemes as part of Southern Min and in other schemes as separate.

A form of Southern Min akin to that spoken in southern Fujian is also spoken in Taiwan, where it has the native name of Tâi-oân-oē or Hō-ló-oē. The (sub)ethnic group for which Southern Min is considered a native language is known as the Holo (Hō-ló) or Hoklo, the main ethnicity of Taiwan. The correspondence between language and ethnicity is generally true though not absolute, as some Hoklo have very limited proficiency in Southern Min while some non-Hoklos speak Southern Min fluently.

There are many Southern Min speakers also among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Many ethnic Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya, Burma, and the British Straits Settlements). In general, Southern Min from southern Fujian is known as Hokkien, Hokkienese, Fukien or Fookien in Southeast Asia, and is very much like Taiwanese. Many Southeast Asian ethnic Chinese also originated in the Chaoshan region of Guangdong province and speak Teochew, the variant of Southern Min from that region. Southern Min is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the community of ethnic Chinese in the Philippines, among whom it is also known as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"). Southern Min speakers form the majority of Chinese in Singapore with the largest being Hoklos and the second largest being the Teochews. Finally, Southern Min is also being spoken in increasingly larger communities in the Chinatowns of New York City in the United States.

Classification

Southern Fujian is home to three main Hokkien dialects. They are known by the geographic locations to which they correspond (listed north to south):

• Quanzhou (Chinchew, 泉州)
• Xiamen (Amoy, 廈門)
• Zhangzhou (Changchew, 漳州)

As Xiamen is the principal city of southern Fujian, the Xiamen dialect is considered the most important, or even prestige dialect. The Xiamen dialect is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The Xiamen dialect (also known as the Amoy dialect) has played an influential role in history, especially in the relations of Western nations with China, and was one of the most frequently learned of all Chinese languages/dialects by Westerners during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century.

The variants of Southern Min spoken in Zhejiang province are most akin to that spoken in Quanzhou. The variants spoken in Taiwan are similar to the three Fujian variants, and are collectively known as Taiwanese. Taiwanese is used by a majority of the population and is quite important from a socio-political and cultural perspective, forming the second most important, if not the more influential pole of the language due to the popularity of Taiwanese Hokkien media. Those Southern Min variants that are collectively known as "Hokkien" in Southeast Asia also originate from these variants. The variants of Southern Min in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong province are collectively known as Teochew or Chaozhou. Teochew is of great importance in the Southeast Asian Chinese diaspora, particularly in Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Sumatra and West Kalimantan. The Philippines variant is mostly from the Quanzhou area as most of their forefathers are from the aforementioned area.

The Southern Min language variant spoken around Shanwei and Haifeng differs markedly from Teochew and may represent a later migration from Zhangzhou. Linguistically, it lies between Teochew and Amoy. In southwestern Fujian, the local variants in Longyan and Zhangping form a separate division of Min Nan on their own. Among ethnic Chinese inhabitants of Penang, Malaysia and Medan, Indonesia, a distinct form of Zhangzhou (Changchew) Hokkien has developed. In Penang, it is called Penang Hokkien while across the Malacca Strait in Medan, an almost identical variant is known as Medan Hokkien.

Cultural and political role

The Min Nan (or "Hokkien") language can trace its roots through the Tang Dynasty. Min Nan (Hokkien) people call themselves "Tang people," (唐人, tn̂g lâng) which is synonymous to "Chinese people". Because of the widespread influence of the Tang culture during the great Tang dynasty, we find today still many Min Nan pronunciations of words shared by the Korean and Japanese language. For example, the Hokkien term for bridge (橋) is "kiô" (Korean 교, kyo), book (冊) is "chheh" (Korean 책, chaek), student is "ha̍k-sing" (學生) (Korean 학생, haksaeng), dangerous (危險) is "guî-hiám", "wiheom" (Korean 위험), and insurance (保險) is "pó-hiám" (Korean 보험, boheom).

Phonology

Main articles: Hokkien and Teochew dialect

The Southern Min language has one of the most diverse phonologies of Chinese variants, with more consonants than Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels, on the other hand, are more or less similar to those of Mandarin. In general, Southern Min dialects have five to six tones, and tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations within Hokkien, but the Teochew system differs significantly.

Southern Min's nasal finals consist m and -ŋ, it previously had an n final in ancient times.^[1]

Varieties

Xiamen speech is a hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on Quanzhou speech, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. The grammar is basically the same. Additionally, Taiwanese includes several dozen loanwords from Japanese. In contrast, Teochew speech is significantly different from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech in both pronunciation and vocabulary.

Vowel shifts

The following table provides words that illustrate some of the more commonly seen vowel shifts. Characters with same vowel are shown in parentheses.

English	Chinese character	Accent	Pe̍h-ōe-jī	IPA	Teochew Peng'Im
two	二	Quanzhou, Taipei	lī	li˧	nŏ, jĭ (nõ˧˥, zi˧˥)[2]
		Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Tainan	jī	dzi˧
sick	病 (生)	Quanzhou, Xiamen, Taipei	pīⁿ	pĩ˧	pēⁿ (pẽ˩)
		Zhangzhou, Tainan	pēⁿ	pẽ˧
egg	卵 (遠)	Quanzhou, Xiamen, Taiwan	nn̄g	nŋ˧	nn̆g (nŋ˧˥)
		Zhangzhou	nūi	nui˧
chopsticks	箸 (豬)	Quanzhou	tīr	tɯ˧	tēu (tɤ˩)
		Xiamen	tū	tu˧
		Zhangzhou, Taiwan	tī	ti˧
shoes	鞋 (街)
		Quanzhou, Xiamen, Taipei	uê	ue˧˥	ôi (tɤ˩)
		Zhangzhou, Tainan	ê	e˧˥
leather	皮 (未)	Quanzhou	phêr	pʰə˨˩	phuê (pʰue˩)
		Xiamen, Taipei	phê	pʰe˨˩
		Zhangzhou, Tainan	phôe	pʰue˧
chicken	雞 (細)	Quanzhou, Xiamen	koe	kue	koi
		Zhangzhou, Taiwan	ke	ke
fire	火 (過)	Quanzhou	her	hə	hué
		Xiamen	hé	he
		Zhangzhou, Taiwan	hoé	hue
go	去 (虛)	Quanzhou	Khir	Kʰɯ
		Xiamen, Taipei	Khu	Kʰu
		Zhangzhou, Tainan	Khi	Kʰi

Mutual intelligibility

Spoken mutual intelligibility

Quanzhou speech, Xiamen (Amoy) speech, Zhangzhou speech and Taiwanese are mutually intelligible. Chaozhou (Teochew) speech and Amoy speech are 84.3% phonetically similar^[3] and 33.8% lexically similar^{[unreliable source?]} ,^[4] whereas Mandarin and Amoy Min Nan are 62% phonetically similar^[3] and 15.1% lexically similar.^[4] In comparison, German and English are 60% lexically similar.^[5] In other words, Chao-Shan, including Swatow (both of which are variants of Teochew), has very low intelligibility with Amoy,^[6] and Amoy and Teochew are not mutually intelligible with Mandarin. However, many Amoy and Teochew speakers speak Mandarin as a second or third language.

Written mutual intelligibility

See also: Written Hokkien

Southern Min dialects lack a standardized written language. Southern Min speakers are taught how to read Mandarin in school. As a result, there has not been an urgent need to develop a writing system. In recent years, an increasing number of Southern Min Language speakers have become interested in developing a standard writing system (either by using Chinese Characters, or using Romanized script).

See also

• Languages of China
• Languages of Taiwan
• Malaysian Chinese
• Chinese in Singapore
• Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list

Related languages

• Penang Hokkien
• Southern Malaysia Hokkien
• Lan-nang (Philippine dialect of Min Nan)
• Taiwanese Hokkien
• Fuzhou dialect (Min Dong branch)
• Hakka Chinese
• Singaporean Hokkien

References

1. ^ [http://books.google.com/books?id=xz9sAAAAIAAJ&q=Southern+Min+had+evidence+from+these+documents+and+from+some+modern+dialects+for+a+three-way+distinction+in+the+nasal+endings52+in+proto-Southem+Min+although+most+modern+Southern+Min+dialects+possess+only+the&dq=Southern+Min+had+evidence+from+these+documents+and+from+some+modern+dialects+for+a+three-way+distinction+in+the+nasal+endings52+in+proto-Southem+Min+although+most+modern+Southern+Min+dialects+possess+only+the&hl=en&ei=S9ycTr3UD-b00gHHm_XECQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA 紀念李方桂先生百年冥誕論文集 "Yu yan ji yu yan xue" zhuan kan]. Zhong yang yan jiu yuan yu yan xue yan jiu suo,. 2005. p. 464. http://books.google.com/books?id=xz9sAAAAIAAJ&q=Southern+Min+had+evidence+from+these+documents+and+from+some+modern+dialects+for+a+three-way+distinction+in+the+nasal+endings52+in+proto-Southem+Min+although+most+modern+Southern+Min+dialects+possess+only+the&dq=Southern+Min+had+evidence+from+these+documents+and+from+some+modern+dialects+for+a+three-way+distinction+in+the+nasal+endings52+in+proto-Southem+Min+although+most+modern+Southern+Min+dialects+possess+only+the&hl=en&ei=S9ycTr3UD-b00gHHm_XECQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA. Retrieved 23 September 2011. "Southern Min had evidence from these documents and from some modern dialects for a three-way distinction in the nasal endings52 in proto-Southem Min although most modern Southern Min dialects possess only the -m and the -ŋ ending. It is therefore not difficult to prove that it was the *-n that was lost first." 
2. ^ for Teochew Peng'Im on the word 'two', ri6 can also be written as dzi6.
3. ^ ^{a b} [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/research/mutint/phon/minnan.php glossika Southern Min Language phonetics]
4. ^ ^{a b} [http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/research/mutint/lex/minnan.php glossika Southern Min Language ]
5. ^ [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=deu Ethnologue: German]
6. ^ [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nan Ethnologue: Min Nan]

Further reading

• Branner, David Prager (2000). Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology — the Classification of Miin and Hakka. Trends in Linguistics series, no. 123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 31-101-5831-0. 
• Chung, R.-f (196). The segmental phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei: Crane Pub. Co. ISBN 95-794-6346-8. 
• DeBernardi, J. E (1991). "Linguistic nationalism--the case of Southern Min". Dept. of Oriental Studies, University of Pennsylvania.. http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp025_taiwanese.html. 
• "Southern Min Grammar" (3 articles), Part V, Sinitic Grammar, Hilary Chappell (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001. ISBN 0-19-829977-X.

External links

• 當代泉州音字彙, a dictionary of Quanzhou speech
• 台語-華語線頂辭典, Taiwanese-Mandarin on-line dictionary (Min-nan)(Chinese)
• 台語線頂字典, Taiwanese Hokkien Han Character online dictionary.
• 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典, Taiwanese Hokkien Commonly-used Words Dictionary by Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan).
• 臺灣本土語言互譯及語音合成系統, Taiwanese-Hakka-Mandarin on-line conversion
• Voyager - Spacecraft - Golden Record - Greetings From Earth - Amoy The voyager clip says: Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá—bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē—ô·! 太空朋友，恁好。恁食飽未？有閒著來阮遮坐哦!
• 台語詞典 Taiwanese-English-Mandarin Dictionary
• How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language by Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania
• wikt:Appendix:Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists