- Daighi tongiong pingim
-
Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im
DaītōngType Latin alphabet (modified) Spoken languages Southern Min
- Amoy
- Taiwanese
Time period 1998–present Note: This page may contain special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im (abbr: DT; English: Taiwanese phonetic transcription system; Chinese: 臺語通用拼音; GDT: Daighix tongiong pingimv) is an orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese Hokkien based upon Tongyong Pinyin. Up to the present, DT is one kind of orthographies for the Taiwanese language in general. It is able to use the Latin alphabet to indicate the proper variation of pitch with nine diacritic symbols.[1]
Contents
Current system
Alphabet
The DT alphabet adopts the Latin alphabet of 26 letters, 4 digraphs, and 9 diacritics to express the basic sounds of Taiwanese:
DT capital letter A B Bh C D E F G Gh H I J K L M N Ng O Or P Q R S T U V W X Y Z DT lower case a b bh c d e f g gh h i j k l m n ng o or p q r s t u v w x y z DT in its present form has 17 initials, 18 finals and 8 tones.
Tone number
Taiwanese is a tonal language, so the pitch (tone) of a spoken word affects its meaning, same as the written words. However, in non-tonal languages, a word's pitch constantly conveys emotion but often does not influence its meaning.[2] In Taiwanese, which has nine tones and two extra tones, neutral tone and nasal vowel.
DT tone number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Neutral Nasal a à â ā(ptkh) ă ä ā a(ptkh) á å/aj aⁿ/ann Phonology
Map of Taiwan
Consonants[3] Dental Alveolo-palatal Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal Stop voiceless unaspiration b d g -h/ ' ([ʔ]) aspiration p t k voiced unaspiration bh gh Affricate voiceless unaspiration z zi aspiration c ci voiced unaspiration r Fricative voiceless unaspiration s si aspiration h Nasal voiced unaspiration m/nn n ng/nn Lateral voiced unaspiration l Vowels[4] Front Central Back Close i u Close-mid e or(2) Mid or(1) Open-mid o Open a Tone definition
Tone marks
Tones are expressed by diacritics; checked syllables (i.e. those ending with glottal stops) are followed by the letter h. Where diacritics are not technically available, e.g. on some parts of the internet, tone alphabet may be used instead.
- a (1st tone; yinping)
- à (2nd tone; yingshang)
- â (3rd tone; yinqu)
- ā(ptkh) (4th tone; yinru)
- ă (5th tone; yangping)
- ä (6th tone; yangshang)
- ā (7th tone; yangqu)
- a(ptkh) (8th tone; yangru)
- á (9th tone; high rising)
- å(aj) (neutral tone)
- aⁿ(ann) (nasal vowel)
Examples for these tones: ciūⁿ (elephant), bâ (leopard), bhè (horse), di (pig), zŭa (snake), āh (duck), lok (deer). And, a neutral tone, sometimes indicated by å(aj) in DT, has no specific contour; its pitch always depends on the tones of the preceding syllables. Taiwanese speakers refer to this tone as the "light tone" (Chinese: 輕聲).
Tone sandhi
Schema of the tone sandhi rules in Taiwanese.Tone sandhi or chain shift by circulation, as the tones are encoded by appending and modifying spellings with attention to the rules of the DT system. The basic tone has no modification and tone mark. Generally speaking, the basic tone means the 7th tone (mid even tone; yangqu).[5][6]
Word structure
A DT word, like an English word, can be formed by only one syllable or several syllables, with the two syllables being the general typicality. Each syllable in DT follows among one of the six underlying patterns:[6]
- (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number)
- (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number)
- (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: postfix consonant))
- (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head: interface tone/vowel) + (mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: rear nasal vowel))
- (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: postfix consonant))
- (Syllable onset: prefix consonant) + (Syllable rime: (head/mid: vowel) + tone number + (tail: rear nasal vowel))
〈Basic word structure〉 Syllable onset
(prefix consonant)Tone number Syllable rime Interface tone/vowel postfix tone(vowel + postfix consonant) + rear nasal vowel Head mid tail Initials
bh, z, c, gh, h, r, g, k, l, m, n, ng, b, p, s, d, t
Note that unlike their typical interpretation in modern English language, bh and gh are voiced and unaspirated, whereas b, g, and d are plain unvoiced. p, k, and t are unvoiced and aspirated, corresponding closer to b, g, and d in English. This choice of notation may be attributed to the European origin of the first scholars to promote romanization. It is consistent with the use of h's in the Legge romanization and the use of the diacritic ⟨ʰ⟩ in the International Phonetic Alphabet to signal consonantal aspiration.
Finals
- Vowels: a, i, u, e, or, o
- Diphthongs: ai, au, ia, iu, io, ui, ua, ue
- Triphthongs: iau, uai
- Nasals: m, n, ng
The nasals m, n, and ng can be appended to any of the vowels and some of the diphthongs. In addition, m and ng can function as independent syllables by themselves.
The stops h, g, b and d can appear as the last letter in a syllable, in which case they are pronounced as unreleased stops. (The final h in DT stands for a glottal stop.)
Delimiting symbols
All syllables in each word are normally separated by the dash (-) mark. Generally, syllables follow after the dash which must undergo tone sandhi.
Syllabary
The DT syllabary is a set of written symbols from DT letters as represent syllables, which make up Taiwanese words. A DT symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional consonant sound followed by a vowel sound.[5]
Consonants and vowels syllabary
Consonants(right)
-------------------------
Vowels(down)b p bh m d t l n g k gh ng z c s r h zero
consonanta ba pa bha ma da ta la na ga ka gha nga za ca sa ra ha a e be pe bhe me de te le ne ge ke ghe nge ze ce se re he e i bi pi bhi mi di ti li ni gi ki ghi ngi zi ci si ri hi i o bo po bho mo do to lo no go ko gho ngo zo co so ro ho o u bu pu bhu mu du tu lu nu gu ku ghu ngu zu cu su ru hu u or bor por bhor mor dor tor lor nor gor kor ghor ngor zor cor sor ror hor or DT examples
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
DT English Lēn-hâ-gōk sê-gāi rīn-kūan sūan-ghěn Dê 1 diău
Lāng-lăng seⁿ-låi zû-iŭ, zāi zūn-ghiăm gāh kuăn-lī siòng it-lip bīng-dìng. In hù-iù li-sîng gāh liōng-sim, lî-ciaⁿ ìng-gai i hiānn-dī gūan-hē ē zīng-sĭn hō-siōng dùi-dāi.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Greeting of Voyager Golden Record
DT English Audio file:
Voyager Golden RecordTài-kong bīng-iù, lin hòr! Lin ziâ-bà bhē! Û-ĭng, dôr-lăi ghun-zia zē òr. Friends of space, how are you all! Have you eaten yet? Drop in on us if you have time. Taiwanese(Amoy; Min nan; Formosan) sound record of voyager 1 Comparison of orthographies
The different orthographies are compared as the following table.
Vowels IPA a ap at ak aʔ ã ɔ ɔk ɔ̃ ə o e ẽ i ɪɛn iŋ Pe̍h-ōe-jī a ap at ak ah aⁿ o͘ ok oⁿ o o e eⁿ i ian eng Revised TLPA a ap at ak ah aN oo ok ooN o o e eN i ian ing TLPA a ap at ak ah ann oo ok oonn o o e enn i ian ing BP a ap at ak ah na oo ok noo o o e ne i ian ing MLT a ab/ap ad/at ag/ak aq/ah va o og/ok vo ø ø e ve i ien eng DT a āp/ap āt/at āk/ak āh/ah ann/aⁿ o ok onn/oⁿ or or e enn/eⁿ i ian/en ing Taiwanese kana アア アプ アツ アク アア アア オオ オク オオ オオ ヲヲ エエ エエ イイ イエヌ イエン Extended bopomofo ㄚ ㄚㆴ ㄚㆵ ㄚㆶ ㄚㆷ ㆩ ㆦ ㆦㆶ ㆧ ㄜ ㄛ ㆤ ㆥ ㄧ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄥ Tâi-lô a ap at ak ah ann oo͘ ok onn o o e enn i ian ing Example (traditional Chinese) 亞
洲壓
力警
察沃
水牛
肉三
十烏
色中
國澳
洲澳
洲下
晡醫
學鉛
筆英
國Example (simplified Chinese) 亚
洲压
力警
察沃
水牛
肉三
十烏
色中
国澳
洲澳
洲下
晡医
学铅
笔英
国Vowels IPA ɪk ĩ ai aĩ au am ɔm m̩ ɔŋ ŋ̍ u ua ue uai uan ɨ (i)ũ Pe̍h-ōe-jī ek iⁿ ai aiⁿ au am om m ong ng u oa oe oai oan i (i)uⁿ Revised TLPA ik iN ai aiN au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan ir (i)uN TLPA ik inn ai ainn au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan ir (i)unn BP ik ni ai nai au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan i n(i)u MLT eg/ek vi ai vai au am om m ong ng u oa oe oai oan i v(i)u DT ik inn/iⁿ ai ainn/aiⁿ au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan i (i)unn/uⁿ Taiwanese kana イエク イイ アイ アイ アウ アム オム ム オン ン ウウ ヲア ヲエ ヲアイ ヲアヌ ウウ ウウ Extended bopomofo ㄧㆶ ㆪ ㄞ ㆮ ㆯ ㆰ ㆱ ㆬ ㆲ ㆭ ㄨ ㄨㄚ ㄨㆤ ㄨㄞ ㄨㄢ ㆨ ㆫ Tâi-lô ik inn ai ainn au am om m ong ng u ua ue uai uan i iunn Example (traditional Chinese) 翻
譯病
院愛
情歐
洲暗
時阿
姆王
梨黃
色有
無歌
曲講
話奇
怪人
員豬
肉舀
水Example (simplified Chinese) 翻
译病
院爱
情欧
洲暗
时阿
姆王
梨黄
色有
无歌
曲讲
话奇
怪人
员猪
肉舀
水Consonants IPA p b pʰ m t tʰ n nŋ l k ɡ kʰ h tɕi ʑi tɕʰi ɕi ts dz tsʰ s Pe̍h-ōe-jī p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h chi ji chhi si ch j chh s Revised TLPA p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h zi ji ci si z j c s TLPA p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h zi ji ci si z j c s BP b bb p bb d t n lng l g gg k h zi li ci si z l c s MLT p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h ci ji chi si z j zh s DT b bh p m d t n nng l g gh k h zi r ci si z r c s Taiwanese kana パア バア パ̣ア マア タア タ̣ア ナア ヌン ラア カア ガア カ̣ア ハア チイ ジイ チ̣イ シイ サア ザア サ̣ア サア Extended bopomofo ㄅ ㆠ ㄆ ㄇ ㄉ ㄊ ㄋ ㄋㆭ ㄌ ㄍ ㆣ ㄎ ㄏ ㄐ ㆢ ㄑ ㄒ ㄗ ㆡ ㄘ ㄙ Tâi-lô p b ph m t th n nng l k g kh h tsi ji tshi si ts j tsh s Example (traditional Chinese) 報
紙閩
南普
通請
問豬
肉普
通過
年雞
卵樂
觀價
值牛
奶客
廳煩
惱支
持漢
字支
持是
否報
紙熱
天參
加司
法Example (simplified Chinese) 报
纸闽
南普
通请
问猪
肉普
通过
年鸡
卵乐
观价
值牛
奶客
厅烦
恼支
持汉
字支
持是
否报
纸热
天参
加司
法Tones Tone name Yin level
陰平Yin rising
陰上Yin departing
陰去Yin entering
陰入Yang level
陽平Yang rising
陽上Yang departing
陽去Yang entering
陽入IPA a˥ a˥˧ a˨˩ ap˩
at˩
ak˩
aʔ˩a˧˥ a˥˧ a˧ ap˥
at˥
ak˥
aʔ˥a˥˥ a˨ Pe̍h-ōe-jī a á à ap
at
ak
ahâ á ā a̍p
a̍t
a̍k
a̍h--a Revised
TLPA
TLPAa1 a2 a3 ap4
at4
ak4
ah4a5 a2 (6=2) a7 ap8
at8
ak8
ah8a9 a0 BP ā ǎ à āp
āt
āk
āhá ǎ â áp
át
ák
áhMLT af ar ax ab
ad
ag
aqaa aar a ap
at
ak
ah~a DT a à â āp
āt
āk
āhǎ ä ā ap
at
ak
ahá å Taiwanese kana
(normal vowels)アア アア 
アア 
アプ 
アツ
アク
アアアア 
アア アア 
アプ 
アツ
アク
アアTaiwanese kana
(nasal vowels)アア 
アア 
アア 
アプ 
アツ
アク
アアアア 
アア アア 
アプ 
アツ
アク
アアZhuyin ㄚ ㄚˋ ㄚᒻ ㄚㆴ
ㄚㆵ
ㄚㆶ
ㄚㆷㄚˊ ㄚˋ ㄚ⊦ ㄚㆴ̇
ㄚㆵ̇
ㄚㆶ̇
ㄚㆷ̇Tâi-lô a á à ah â á ā a̍h Example
(traditional Chinese)公司 報紙 興趣 血壓
警察
中國
牛肉人員 草地 配合
法律
文學
歇熱社子 進去 Example
(simplified Chinese)公司 报纸 兴趣 血压
警察
中国
牛肉人员 草地 配合
法律
文学
歇热社子 進去 - Note: The bopomofo extended characters in the zhuyin row require a UTF-8 font capable of displaying Unicode values 31A0–31B7 (ex. Code2000 true type font).
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Wells,J.C.,"Orthographic diacritics and multilingual computing",Dept. of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London,UK,2001.[1].
- ^ Charles Q. Choi,"Speaking in Tones", Scientific American Magazine,September 2007,2 Page(s).
- ^ IPA: Pulmonic
- ^ IPA: Vowels
- ^ a b Li, Hen-zng(李獻璋),"Introduction to Ho-gen hue(福建語法序說)",Minami-kaze Bookstore(南風書局), Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 1950. (Min-nan)(Japanese)
- ^ a b Dan, Hue-liong(陳輝龍),"Taiwanese(臺灣語法(全));Appendum: the Taiwanese auxiliary(附臺灣語助數詞)",Anonymous association publ.(無名會出版部), Taipei, Taiwan,July 1934. (Min-nan)(Japanese)
External references
- Kun'island Formosa Culture - DT dictionary(PDF)(鯤島本土文化-臺語通用拼音字典PDF檔) (Min-nan)(Chinese)
- World DT Association(世界臺灣語通用協會) (Chinese)
- Taiwan DT(福臺語通用拼音) (Chinese)
- Formosa(Taiwan): 19th Century Images
Categories:- Articles with Min-nan language external links
- Languages of Taiwan
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