- List of device bit rates
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This is a list of device bit rates, or physical layer information rates, net bit rates, useful bit rates, peak bit rates or digital bandwidth capacity, at which digital interfaces of computer peripheral equipment and network devices can communicate over various kinds of buses and networks. The distinction can be arbitrary between a bus, which is inside a box and usually relies on many parallel wires, and a communications network cable, which is external, between boxes and rarely relies on more than four wires. Many device interfaces or protocols (e.g. SATA, USB, SCSI, PCI and a few variants of Ethernet) are used both inside many-device boxes, such as a PC, and one-device-boxes, such as a hard drive enclosure. Accordingly, this page lists both the internal ribbon and external communications cable standards together in one sortable table.
Factors limiting actual performance, criteria for real decisions
Most of the listed rates are theoretical maximum throughput measures; in practice, the actual effective throughput is almost inevitably lower in proportion to the load from other devices (network/bus contention), interframe gap, and other overhead in data link layer protocols etc. The maximum goodput—for example, the file transfer rate—may be even lower due to higher layer protocol overhead and data packet retransmissions caused by line noise or interference such as crosstalk, or lost packets in congested intermediate network nodes. All protocols lose something, and the more robust ones that deal resiliently with very many failure situations tend to lose more maximum throughput to get higher total long term rates.
Device interfaces where one bus transfers data via another will be limited to the throughput of the slowest interface, at best. For instance, SATA 6G controllers on one PCIe 5G channel will be limited to the 5G rate and have to employ more channels to get around this problem. Early implementations of new protocols very often have this kind of problem. The physical phenomena on which the device relies (such as spinning platters in a hard drive) will also impose limits; for instance, no spinning platter shipping in 2009 saturates SATA II (3 Gbit/s), so moving from this 3 Gbit/s interface to USB3 at 4.8 Gbit/s for one spinning drive will result in no increase in realized transfer rate.
Contention in a wireless or noisy spectrum, where the physical medium is entirely out of the control of those who specify the protocol, requires measures that also use up throughput. Wireless devices, BPL, and modems may produce a higher line rate or gross bit rate, due to error-correcting codes and other physical layer overhead. It is extremely common for throughput to be far less than half of theoretical maximum, though the more recent technologies (notably BPL) employ preemptive spectrum analysis to avoid this and so have much more potential to reach actual gigabit rates in practice than prior modems.
Another factor reducing throughput is deliberate policy decisions made by Internet service providers that are made for contractual, risk management, aggregation saturation, or marketing reasons. Examples are rate limiting, bandwidth throttling, and the assignment of IP addresses to groups. These practices tend to minimize the throughput available to every user, but maximize the number of users that can be supported on one backbone.
Furthermore, chips are often not available in order to implement the fastest rates. AMD, for instance, does not support the 32-bit HyperTransport interface on any CPU it has shipped as of the end of 2009. Additionally, WiMax service providers in the US typically support only up to 4 Mbit/s as of the end of 2009.
Choosing service providers or interfaces based on theoretical maxima is unwise, especially for commercial needs. A good example is large scale data centers, which should be more concerned with price per port to support the interface, wattage and heat considerations, and total cost of the solution. Because some protocols such as SCSI and Ethernet now operate many orders of magnitude faster than when originally deployed, scalability of the interface is one major factor, as it prevents costly shifts to technologies that are not backward compatible. Underscoring this is the fact that these shifts often happen involuntarily or by surprise, especially when a vendor abandons support for a proprietary system.
Conventions
By convention, bus and network data rates are denoted either in bit/s (bits per second) or byte/s (bytes per second). In general, parallel interfaces are quoted in byte/s and serial in bit/s. The more commonly used is shown below in bold type.
On devices like modems, bytes may be more than 8 bits long because they may be individually padded out with additional start and stop bits; the figures below will reflect this. Where channels use line codes (such as Ethernet, Serial ATA and PCI Express), quoted rates are for the decoded signal.
The figures below are simplex data rates, which may conflict with the duplex rates vendors sometimes use in promotional materials. Where two values are listed, the first value is the downstream rate and the second value is the upstream rate.
All quoted figures are in metric decimal units, where:
- 1 Byte = 8 bit
- 1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s
- 1 Mbit/s = 1,000,000 bit/s
- 1 Gbit/s = 1,000,000,000 bit/s
- 1 kB/s = 1,000 Byte/s
- 1 MB/s = 1,000,000 Byte/s
- 1 GB/s = 1,000,000,000 Byte/s
- 1 TB/s = 1,000,000,000,000 Byte/s
Note that this goes against the traditional use of binary prefixes for memory size. These decimal prefixes have long been established in data communications. This occurred before 1998 when IEC and other organizations introduced new binary prefixes and attempted to standardize their use across all computing applications.
Bandwidths
The figures below are grouped by network or bus type, then sorted within each group from lowest to highest bandwidth; gray shading indicates a lack of known implementations.
TTY/Teletypewriter or telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD)
Technology Max. Rate (bit/s) Max. Rate (characters/s) Year TTY (V.18) 45.4545 bit/s 6 characters/s[1] TTY (V.18) 50 bit/s 6.6 characters/s NTSC Line 21 Closed Captioning 1 kbit/s ~100 characters/s Modems – narrow and broadband
All modems are wrongly assumed to be in serial operation with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit (2 stop bits for 110-baud modems). Therefore, currently modems are wrongly calculated with transmission of 10 bits per 8-bit byte (11 bits for 110-baud modems). Although the serial port is nearly always used to connect a modem and has equivalent data rates, the protocols, modulations and error correction differ completely.
The "bytes" column reflects the net data transfer rate after the protocol overhead has been removed.
Technology Rate (kbit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year Narrowband (POTS: 3.1 kHz channel) - - - Morse code (skilled operator) 0.056 kbit/s 4 cps (~40 wpm)[2] 1844 Modem 110 baud (symbols / second) (Bell 101) 0.11 kbit/s 0.010 kB/s (~10 cps)[3] 1956? Modem 300 (300 baud) (Bell 103 or V.21) 0.3 kbit/s 0.03 kB/s (~30 cps)[3] 1962[4] Modem 1200 (600 baud) (Bell 212A or V.22) 1.2 kbit/s 0.12 kB/s (~120 cps)[3] 1976 Modem 1200/75 (600 baud) (V.23) 1.2/0.075 kbit/s 0.12/0.0075 kB/s (~120 cps)[3] Modem 2400 (600 baud) (V.22bis) 2.4 kbit/s 0.24 kB/s[3] Modem 4800 (1600 baud) (V.27ter) 4.8 kbit/s 0.48 kB/s[3] Modem 9600 (2400 baud) (V.32) 9.6 kbit/s 0.96 kB/s[3] 1989[4] Modem 14.4 (2400 baud) (V.32bis) 14.4 kbit/s 1.4 kB/s[3] 1991[4] Modem 28.8 (3200 baud) (V.34-1994) 28.8 kbit/s 2.9 kB/s[3] 1994 Modem 33.6 (3429 baud) (V.34-1996/98) 33.6 kbit/s 3.3 kB/s[3] 1996[5] Modem 56k (8000/3429 baud) (V.90) 56.0/33.6 kbit/s[6] 5.6/3.3 kB/s 1998 Modem 56k (8000/8000 baud) (V.92) 56.0/48.0 kbit/s[6] 5.6/4.8 kB/s 2001 Modem data compression (variable) (V.92/V.44) 56.0-320.0 kbit/s[6] 5.6-32 kB/s ISP-side text/image compression (variable) 56.0-1000.0 kbit/s 5.6-100 kB/s ISDN Basic Rate Interface (single/dual channel) 64/128 kbit/s[7] 8/16 kB/s 1986[8] IDSL (dual ISDN + 16 kbit/s data channels) 144 kbit/s 18 kB/s 2000[9] Broadband (hundreds of kHz wide) - - - HDSL ITU G.991.1 aka DS1 1,544 kbit/s 193 kB/s 1998[10] MSDSL 2,000 kbit/s 250 kB/s SDSL 2,320 kbit/s 290 kB/s SHDSL ITU G.991.2 5,690 kbit/s 711 kB/s 2001 ADSL (G.Lite) 2048/448 kbit/s 256/56 kB/s 1998 ADSL (G.DMT) 8,192/1,024 kbit/s 1,024/128 kB/s 1999 ADSL2 12,288/1,440 kbit/s 1,536/180 kB/s 2002 ADSL2+ 24,576/3,584 kbit/s 3,072/448 kB/s 2003 DOCSIS v1.0[11] (Cable modem) 38,000/9,000 kbit/s 4,750/1,125 kB/s 1997 DOCSIS v2.0[12] (Cable modem) 38,000/27,000 kbit/s 4,750/3,375 kB/s 2001 DOCSIS v3.0[13] (Cable modem) 160,000/120,000 kbit/s 20,000/15,000 kB/s (~200,000,000 wpm) 2006 Uni-DSL 200,000 kbit/s 25,000 kB/s VDSL ITU G.993.1 52,000 kbit/s 7,000 kB/s 2001 VDSL2 ITU G.993.2 100,000 kbit/s 13,000 kB/s 2006 BPON (G.983) fiber optic service 622,000/155,000 kbit/s 77,700/19,300 kB/s 2005[14] GPON (G.984) fiber optic service 2,488,000/1,244,000 kbit/s 311,000/155,500 kB/s (~3 Billion+ wpm) 2008[15] Mobile telephone interfaces
Technology Download Rate (bit/s) Upload Rate (bit/s) Download Rate (byte/s) Upload Rate (byte/s) Year GSM CSD (2G) 14.4 kbit/s[16] 14.4 kbit/s 1.8 kB/s 1.8 kB/s HSCSD 57.6 kbit/s 14.4 kbit/s 5.4 kB/s 1.8 kB/s GPRS (2.5G) 57.6 kbit/s 28.8 kbit/s 7.2 kB/s 3.6 kB/s WiDEN 100 kbit/s 100 kbit/s 12.5 kB/s 12.5 kB/s CDMA2000 1xRTT 153 kbit/s 153 kbit/s 18 kB/s 18 kB/s EDGE (2.75G) (type 1 MS) 236.8 kbit/s 236.8 kbit/s 29.6 kB/s 29.6 kB/s UMTS 3G 384 kbit/s 384 kbit/s 48 kB/s 48 kB/s EDGE (type 2 MS) 473.6 kbit/s 473.6 kbit/s 59.2 kB/s 59.2 kB/s EDGE Evolution (type 1 MS) 1,184 kbit/s 474 kbit/s 148 kB/s 59 kB/s EDGE Evolution (type 2 MS) 1,894 kbit/s 947 kbit/s 237 kB/s 118 kB/s 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 2,457 kbit/s 153 kbit/s 307.2 kB/s 19 kB/s 1xEV-DO Rev. A 3.1 Mbit/s 1.8 Mbit/s 397 kB/s 230 kB/s 1xEV-DO Rev. B 14.7 Mbit/s 5.4 Mbit/s 1,837 kB/s 675 kB/s HSDPA/HSUPA (3.5G) 13.98 Mbit/s 5.760 Mbit/s 1,706 kB/s 720 kB/s 4xEV-DO Enhancements (2X2 MIMO) 34.4 Mbit/s 12.4 Mbit/s 4.3 MB/s 1.55 MB/s HSPA+ (2X2 MIMO) 42 Mbit/s 11.5 Mbit/s 5.25 MB/s 1.437 MB/s 15xEV-DO Rev. B 73.5 Mbit/s 27 Mbit/s 9.2 MB/s 3.375 MB/s 4G (4X4 MIMO) 100 Mbit/s 50 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s 6.250 MB/s UMB (2X2 MIMO) 140 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 17.5 MB/s 4.250 MB/s LTE (2X2 MIMO) 173 Mbit/s 58 Mbit/s 21.625 MB/s 7.25 MB/s UMB (4X4 MIMO) 280 Mbit/s 68 Mbit/s 35 MB/s 8.5 MB/s EV-DO Rev. C 280 Mbit/s 75 Mbit/s 35 MB/s 9 MB/s LTE (4X4 MIMO) 326 Mbit/s 86 Mbit/s 40.750 MB/s 10.750 MB/s Wide area networks
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year DS0 0.064 Mbit/s 0.008 MB/s G.Lite (aka ADSL Lite) 1.536/0.512 Mbit/s 0.192/0.064 MB/s DS1/T1 (and ISDN Primary Rate Interface) 1.544 Mbit/s 0.192 MB/s E1 (and ISDN Primary Rate Interface) 2.048 Mbit/s 0.256 MB/s G.SHDSL 2.304 Mbit/s 0.288 MB/s LR-VDSL2 (4 to 5 km [long-]range) (symmetry optional) 4 Mbit/s 0.512 MB/s SDSL[17] 2.32 Mbit/s 0.29 MB/s T2 6.312 Mbit/s 0.789 MB/s ADSL[18] 8.0/1.024 Mbit/s 1.0/0.128 MB/s E2 8.448 Mbit/s 1.056 MB/s ADSL2 12/3.5 Mbit/s 1.5/0.448 MB/s Satellite Internet[19] 16/1 Mbit/s 2.0/0.128 MB/s ADSL2+ 24/3.5 Mbit/s 3.0/0.448 MB/s E3 34.368 Mbit/s 4.296 MB/s DOCSIS v1.0 (Cable modem)[11] 38.0/10.0 Mbit/s 4.75/1.25 MB/s DOCSIS v2.0 (Cable modem)[12] 40/30 Mbit/s 5.0/3.75 MB/s DS3/T3 ('45 Meg') 44.736 Mbit/s 5.5925 MB/s STS-1/EC-1/OC-1/STM-0 51.84 Mbit/s 6.48 MB/s VDSL (symmetry optional) 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s DOCSIS v3.0 (Cable modem)[13] 160/120 Mbit/s 20/15 MB/s OC-3/STM-1 155.52 Mbit/s 19.44 MB/s VDSL2 (symmetry optional) 250 Mbit/s 31.25 MB/s T4 274.176 Mbit/s 34.272 MB/s T5 400.352 Mbit/s 50.044 MB/s OC-9 466.56 Mbit/s 58.32 MB/s OC-12/STM-4 622.08 Mbit/s 77.76 MB/s OC-18 933.12 Mbit/s 116.64 MB/s OC-24 1.244 Gbit/s 155.5 MB/s OC-36 1.900 Gbit/s 237.5 MB/s OC-48/STM-16 2.488 Gbit/s 311.04 MB/s OC-96 4.976 Gbit/s 622.08 MB/s OC-192/STM-64 9.953 Gbit/s 1.244 GB/s 10 Gigabit Ethernet WAN PHY 9.953 Gbit/s 1.244 GB/s 10 Gigabit Ethernet LAN PHY 10.000 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s OC-256 13.271 Gbit/s 1.659 GB/s OC-768/STM-256 39.813 Gbit/s 4.976 GB/s OC-1536/STM-512 79.626 Gbit/s 9.953 GB/s OC-3072/STM-1024 159.252 Gbit/s 19.907 GB/s Local area networks
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year LocalTalk 230 kbit/s 28.8 kB/s Econet 800 kbit/s 100 kB/s Omninet 1 Mbit/s 125 kB/s PC-Network 2 Mbit/s 250 kB/s ARCNET (Standard) 2.5 Mbit/s 312.5 kB/s Token Ring (Original) 4 Mbit/s 500 kB/s 1985 Ethernet (10BASE-X) 10 Mbit/s 1.25 MB/s 1990 Token Ring (Later) 16 Mbit/s 2 MB/s 1989 ARCnet Plus 20 Mbit/s 2.5 MB/s Token Ring IEEE 802.5t 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s Fast Ethernet (100BASE-X) 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s 1995 FDDI 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s MoCA 1.0[20] 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s MoCA 1.1[20] 175 Mbit/s 21.875 MB/s FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400[21][22] 400 Mbit/s 50 MB/s 1995 HIPPI 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s Token Ring IEEE 802.5v 1 Gbit/s 125 MB/s 2001 Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-X) 1 Gbit/s 125 MB/s 1998 Reflective Memory or RFM2 (1.25 µs Latency) 2 Gbit/s 235 MB/s 1970 Myrinet 2000 2 Gbit/s 250 MB/s Infiniband SDR 1X[23] 2 Gbit/s 250 MB/s Quadrics QsNetI 3.6 Gbit/s 450 MB/s Infiniband DDR 1X[23] 4 Gbit/s 500 MB/s Infiniband QDR 1X[23] 8 Gbit/s 1 GB/s Infiniband SDR 4X[23] 8 Gbit/s 1 GB/s Quadrics QsNetII 8 Gbit/s 1 GB/s 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GBASE-X) 10 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s Myri 10G 10 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s Infiniband DDR 4X[23] 16 Gbit/s 2 GB/s Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) Dual Channel SCI, x8 PCIe 20 Gbit/s 2.5 GB/s Infiniband SDR 12X[23] 24 Gbit/s 3 GB/s Infiniband QDR 4X[23] 32 Gbit/s 4 GB/s 40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GBASE-X) 40 Gbit/s 5 GB/s Infiniband DDR 12X[23] 48 Gbit/s 6 GB/s Infiniband QDR 12X[23] 96 Gbit/s 12 GB/s 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GBASE-X) 100 Gbit/s 12.5 GB/s Wireless networks
802.11 networks in infrastructure mode are half-duplex; all stations share the medium. In access point (infrastructure) mode, all traffic has to pass through the AP (Access Point). Thus, two stations on the same AP which are communicating with each other must have each and every frame transmitted twice: from the sender to the access point, then from the access point to the receiver. This approximately halves the effective bandwidth. In ad hoc mode devices communicate directly (like with a crossover cable) rather than to the network (like through a hub).
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year 802.11 (legacy) 0.125 2 Mbit/s 0.25 MB/s RONJA free space optical wireless (full duplex, so each way) 10 Mbit/s 1.25 MB/s 802.11b DSSS 0.125 11 Mbit/s 1.375 MB/s 802.11b+ (TI-proprietary extension to 802.11b, non-IEEE standard[24][25]) DSSS 0.125 44 Mbit/s 5.5 MB/s 802.11a 0.75 54 Mbit/s 6.75 MB/s 802.11g OFDM 0.125 54 Mbit/s 6.75 MB/s 2003 802.16 (WiMAX) 70 Mbit/s 8.75 MB/s 2004 802.11g with Super G (Atheros-proprietary extension to 802.11g) DSSS 0.125 108 Mbit/s 13.5 MB/s 802.11g with 125HSM (a.k.a. Afterburner, Broadcom-proprietary extension to 802.11g) 125 Mbit/s 15.625 MB/s 802.11g with Nitro (Conexant-proprietary extension to 802.11g) 140 Mbit/s 17.5 MB/s 802.11n 600 Mbit/s 75 MB/s 2009 Wireless personal area networks
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year IrDA-Control 72 kbit/s 9 kB/s IrDA-SIR 115.2 kbit/s 14 kB/s 802.15.4 (2.4 GHz) 250 kbit/s 31.25 kB/s ANT 1 Mbit/s 125 kB/s Bluetooth 1.1 1 Mbit/s 125 kB/s 2002 Bluetooth 2.0+EDR 3 Mbit/s 375 kB/s 2004 IrDA-FIR 4 Mbit/s 500 kB/s IrDA-VFIR 16 Mbit/s 2 MB/s Bluetooth 3.0 24 Mbit/s 3 MB/s 2009 IrDA-UFIR 96 Mbit/s 12 MB/s WUSB-UWB 480 Mbit/s 60 MB/s IrDA-Giga-IR 1,024 Mbit/s 128 MB/s Computer buses
Main buses
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year I2c 3.4 Mbit/s 425 kB/s Apple II series (incl. Apple IIGS) 8-bit/1 MHz 8 Mbit/s 1 MB/s,[26][27] SS-50 Bus 8-bit/1(?) MHz 8 Mbit/s 1 MB/s ISA 8-Bit/4.77 MHz 38.16 Mbit/s 4.77 MB/s 1981 STD80 8-bit/8 MHz 16 Mbit/s 2 MB/s STD80 16-bit/8 MHz 32 Mbit/s 4 MB/s Zorro II 16-bit/7.14 MHz[28] 42.4 Mbit/s 5.3 MB/s 1986 S-100 bus 8-bit/10 MHz 80 Mbit/s 10 MB/s Low Pin Count 133.33 Mbit/s 16.67 MB/s C-Bus 16-bit/10 MHz 160 Mbit/s 20 MB/s[29] HP Precision Bus 184 Mbit/s 23 MB/s EISA 8-16-32bit/8.33 MHz 266.56 Mbit/s 33.32 MB/s 1988 STD 32 32-bit/8 MHz 256 Mbit/s 32 MB/s[30] NESA 32-bit/8 MHz 256 Mbit/s 32 MB/s[31] VME64 32-64bit 400 Mbit/s 40 MB/s NuBus 10 MHz 400 Mbit/s 40 MB/s DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/12.5 MHz 400 Mbit/s 50 MB/s MCA 16-32bit/10 MHz 660 Mbit/s 66 MB/s 1987 NuBus90 20 MHz 800 Mbit/s 80 MB/s APbus 32-bit/25(?) MHz 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s[32] Sbus 32-bit/25 MHz 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s DEC TURBOchannel 32-bit/25 MHz 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s Local Bus 98 32-bit/33 MHz 1,056 Mbit/s 132 MB/s[33] VESA Local Bus - VLB 32-bit/33 MHz 1,067 Mbit/s 133.33 MB/s 1992 PCI 32-bit/33 MHz 1,067 Mbit/s 133.33 MB/s 1993 HP GSC-1X 1,136 Mbit/s 142 MB/s Zorro III[34][35][36] 32-bit/37.5 MHz 1,200 Mbit/s 150 MB/s 1990 VESA Local Bus - VLB 32-bit/40 MHz 1,280 Mbit/s 160 MB/s 1992 Sbus 64-bit/25 MHz 1.6 Gbit/s 200 MB/s PCI Express 1.0 (x1 link)[37] 2 Gbit/s 250 MB/s 2004 HP GSC-2X 2.048 Gbit/s 256 MB/s PCI 64-bit/33 MHz 2.133 Gbit/s 266.7 MB/s 1993 PCI 32-bit/66 MHz 2.133 Gbit/s 266.7 MB/s 1995 AGP 1x 2.133 Gbit/s 266.7 MB/s 1997 HIO bus 2.560 Gbit/s 320 MB/s GIO64 64-bit/40 MHz 2.560 Gbit/s 320 MB/s PCI Express 1.0 (x2 link)[37] 4 Gbit/s 500 MB/s PCI Express 2.0 (x1 link)[38] 4 Gbit/s 500 MB/s AGP 2x 4.266 Gbit/s 533.3 MB/s PCI 64-bit/66 MHz 4.266 Gbit/s 533.3 MB/s PCI-X DDR 16-bit 4.266 Gbit/s 533.3 MB/s PCI 64-bit/100 MHz 6.399 Gbit/s 800 MB/s RapidIO (1 lane) 6.5 Gbit/s 812.5 MB/s Unified Media Interface (UMI) (x4 link) 8 Gbit/s 1 GB/s Direct Media Interface (DMI) (x4 link) 8 Gbit/s 1 GB/s Enterprise Southbridge Interface (ESI) 8 Gbit/s 1 GB/s PCI Express 1.0 (x4 link) 8 Gbit/s 1 GB/s AGP 4x 8.533 Gbit/s 1.067 GB/s PCI-X 133 8.533 Gbit/s 1.067 GB/s PCI-X QDR 16-bit 8.533 Gbit/s 1.067 GB/s InfiniBand single 4X[23] 8 Gbit/s 1 GB/s UPA 15.360 Gbit/s 1.920 GB/s Unified Media Interface 2.0 (UMI 2.0) (x4 link) 16 Gbit/s 2 GB/s Direct Media Interface 2.0 (DMI 2.0) (x4 link) 16 Gbit/s 2 GB/s PCI Express 1.0 (x8 link)[37] 16 Gbit/s 2 GB/s PCI Express 2.0 (x4 link)[38] 16 Gbit/s 2 GB/s AGP 8x 17.066 Gbit/s 2.133 GB/s PCI-X DDR 17.066 Gbit/s 2.133 GB/s HyperTransport (800 MHz, 16-pair) 25.6 Gbit/s 3.2 GB/s 2001 HyperTransport (1 GHz, 16-pair) 32 Gbit/s 4 GB/s PCI Express 1.0 (x16 link)[37] 32 Gbit/s 4 GB/s PCI Express 2.0 (x8 link)[38] 32 Gbit/s 4 GB/s PCI-X QDR 34.133 Gbit/s 4.266 GB/s AGP 8x 64-bit 34.133 Gbit/s 4.266 GB/s PCI Express 1.0 (x32 link)[37] 64 Gbit/s 8 GB/s 2001 PCI Express 2.0 (x16 link)[38] 64 Gbit/s 8 GB/s 2007 PCI Express 3.0 (x16 link)[39] 126.03 Gbit/s 15.8 GB/s 2011 PCI Express 2.0 (x32 link)[38] 128 Gbit/s 16 GB/s QPI (4.80GT/s, 2.40 GHz) 153.6 Gbit/s 19.2 GB/s HyperTransport 2.0 (1.4 GHz, 32-pair) 179.2 Gbit/s 22.4 GB/s 2004 QPI (5.86GT/s, 2.93 GHz) 187.52 Gbit/s 23.44 GB/s QPI (6.40GT/s, 3.20 GHz) 204.8 Gbit/s 25.6 GB/s PCI Express 3.0 (x32 link)[38] 252.06 Gbit/s 31.5 GB/s 2011 HyperTransport 3.0 (2.6 GHz, 32-pair) 332.8 Gbit/s 41.6 GB/s 2006 HyperTransport 3.1 (3.2 GHz, 32-pair) 409.6 Gbit/s 51.2 GB/s 2008 Portable
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year PC Card 16-bit 255ns Byte mode 31.36 Mbit/s 3.92 MB/s PC Card 16-bit 255ns Word mode 62.72 Mbit/s 7.84 MB/s PC Card 16-bit 100ns Byte mode 80 Mbit/s 10 MB/s PC Card 16-bit 100ns Word mode 160 Mbit/s 20 MB/s PC Card 32-bit (CardBus) Byte mode 267 Mbit/s 33.33 MB/s ExpressCard 1.2 USB 2.0 mode 480 Mbit/s 60 MB/s PC Card 32-bit (CardBus) Word mode 533 Mbit/s 66.66 MB/s PC Card 32-bit (CardBus) DWord mode 1,067 Mbit/s 133.33 MB/s ExpressCard 1.2 PCI Express mode 2,500 Mbit/s 250 MB/s ExpressCard 2.0 USB 3.0 mode 4,800 Mbit/s 600 MB/s ExpressCard 2.0 PCI Express mode 5,000 Mbit/s 625 MB/s Storage
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year PC Floppy Disk Controller (1.2 MB / 1.44MB) 0.5 Mbit/s 0.062 MB/s CD Controller (1x) 1.171 Mbit/s 0.146 MB/s MFM 5 Mbit/s 0.625 MB/s RLL 7.5 Mbit/s 0.937 MB/s DVD Controller (1x) 11.1 Mbit/s 1.32 MB/s ESDI 24 Mbit/s 3 MB/s ATA PIO Mode 0 26.4 Mbit/s 3.3 MB/s HD DVD Controller (1x) 36 Mbit/s 4.5 MB/s Blu-ray Controller (1x) 36 Mbit/s 4.5 MB/s SCSI (Narrow SCSI) (5 MHz)[40] 40 Mbit/s 5 MB/s ATA PIO Mode 1 41.6 Mbit/s 5.2 MB/s ATA PIO Mode 2 66.4 Mbit/s 8.3 MB/s Fast SCSI (8 bits/10 MHz) 80 Mbit/s 10 MB/s ATA PIO Mode 3 88.8 Mbit/s 11.1 MB/s AoE over Fast Ethernet, per path 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s iSCSI over Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s ATA PIO Mode 4 133.3 Mbit/s 16.7 MB/s Fast Wide SCSI (16 bits/10 MHz) 160 Mbit/s 20 MB/s Ultra SCSI (Fast-20 SCSI) (8 bits/20 MHz) 160 Mbit/s 20 MB/s Ultra DMA ATA 33 264 Mbit/s 33 MB/s Ultra Wide SCSI (16 bits/20 MHz) 320 Mbit/s 40 MB/s Ultra-2 SCSI 40 (Fast-40 SCSI) (8 bits/40 MHz) 320 Mbit/s 40 MB/s Ultra DMA ATA 66 533.6 Mbit/s 66.7 MB/s Ultra-2 wide SCSI (16 bits/40 MHz) 640 Mbit/s 80 MB/s Serial Storage Architecture SSA 640 Mbit/s 80 MB/s Ultra DMA ATA 100 800 Mbit/s 100 MB/s Fibre Channel 1GFC (1.0625 GHz)[41] 850 Mbit/s 106.25 MB/s AoE over Gigabit Ethernet, per path 1,000 Mbit/s 125 MB/s iSCSI over Gigabit Ethernet 1,000 Mbit/s 125 MB/s Ultra DMA ATA 133 1,064 Mbit/s 133 MB/s Serial ATA (SATA-150)[42] 1,500 Mbit/s 187.5 MB/s Ultra-3 SCSI (Ultra 160 SCSI; Fast-80 Wide SCSI) (16 bits/40 MHz DDR) 1,280 Mbit/s 160 MB/s Fibre Channel 2GFC (2.125 GHz)[41] 1,700 Mbit/s 212.5 MB/s Serial ATA 2 (SATA-300)[42] 3,000 Mbit/s 375 MB/s Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)[42] 2,400 Mbit/s 300 MB/s Ultra-320 SCSI (Ultra4 SCSI) (16 bits/80 MHz DDR) 2,560 Mbit/s 320 MB/s Fibre Channel 4GFC (4.25 GHz)[41] 3,400 Mbit/s 425 MB/s Serial ATA 3 (SATA-600)[42] 6,000 Mbit/s 750 MB/s Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) 2[42] 4,800 Mbit/s 600 MB/s Ultra-640 SCSI (16 bits/160 MHz DDR) 5,120 Mbit/s 640 MB/s Fibre Channel 8GFC (8.50 GHz)[41] 6,800 Mbit/s 850 MB/s AoE over 10GbE, per path 10,000 Mbit/s 1,250 MB/s iSCSI over 10GbE 10,000 Mbit/s 1,250 MB/s FCoE over 10GbE 10,000 Mbit/s 1,250 MB/s iSCSI over InfiniBand 4x 40,000 Mbit/s 5,000 MB/s iSCSI over 100G Ethernet (hypothetical) 100,000 Mbit/s 12,500 MB/s FCoE over 100G Ethernet (hypothetical) 100,000 Mbit/s 12,500 MB/s Peripheral
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year CBM Bus[43][44] 2.7 kbit/s 0.34 kB/s 1981 Apple Desktop Bus 10.0 kbit/s 1.25 kB/s Serial MIDI 31.25 kbit/s 3.9 kB/s Serial EIA-232 max. 230.4 kbit/s 28.8 kB/s Serial DMX512A 250.0 kbit/s 31.25 kB/s Parallel (Centronics) 1 Mbit/s 125 kB/s Serial 16550 UART max 1.5 Mbit/s 187.5 kB/s USB Low Speed 1.536 Mbit/s 192 kB/s 1996 Serial UART max 2.7648 Mbit/s 345.6 kB/s GPIB/HPIB (IEEE-488.1) IEEE-488 max 8 Mbit/s 1 MB/s Serial EIA-422 max 10 Mbit/s 1.25 MB/s USB Full Speed 12 Mbit/s 1.5 MB/s 1996 Parallel (Centronics) EPP 2 MHz 16 Mbit/s 2 MB/s Serial EIA-485 max 35 Mbit/s 3.5 MB/s GPIB/HPIB (IEEE-488.1-2003) IEEE-488 max 64 Mbit/s 8 MB/s FireWire (IEEE 1394) 100 98.304 Mbit/s 12.288 MB/s 1995 FireWire (IEEE 1394) 200 196.608 Mbit/s 24.576 MB/s 1995 FireWire (IEEE 1394) 400 393.216 Mbit/s 49.152 MB/s 1995 USB Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) 480 Mbit/s 60 MB/s 2000 FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 800[45] 786.432 Mbit/s 98.304 MB/s Fibre Channel 1Gb SCSI 1,062.5 Mbit/s 100 MB/s FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 1600[45] 1,573 Mbit/s 196.6 MB/s Camera Link Base (single) 24bit 85 MHz 2,040 Mbit/s 255 MB/s Fibre Channel 2Gb SCSI 2,125 Mbit/s 200 MB/s eSATA (SATA 300) 2,400 Mbit/s 300 MB/s 2004 CoaXPress Base (up and down bidirectional link) 3.125 Gbit/s + 20.833 Mbit/s 390 MB/s 2009 FireWire (IEEE 1394b) 3200[45] 3,145.7 Mbit/s 393.216 MB/s Fibre Channel 4Gb SCSI 4.25 Gbit/s 531.25 MB/s USB Super Speed (USB 3.0) 5 Gbit/s 625 MB/s 2010 Camera Link Full (dual) 64bit 85 MHz 5.44 Gbit/s 680 MB/s CoaXPress Full (up and down bidirectional link) 6.25 Gbit/s + 20.833 Mbit/s 781 MB/s 2009 Thunderbolt 10 Gbit/s x 2 1.25 GB/s x 2 2011 External PCI Express x16 32 Gbit/s 4 GB/s MAC to PHY
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year MII (4 Lanes) 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s RMII (2 Lanes) 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s SMII (1 Lane) 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s GMII (8 Lanes) 1.0 Gbit/s 125 MB/s RGMII (4 Lanes) 1.0 Gbit/s 125 MB/s SGMII (2 Lanes) 1.0 Gbit/s 125 MB/s XGMII (32 Lanes) 10.0 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s XAUI (4 Lanes) 10.0 Gbit/s 1.25 GB/s XLGMII 40.0 Gbit/s 5 GB/s CGMII 100.0 Gbit/s 12.5 GB/s PHY to XPDR
Technology Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Year XSBI (16 lanes) 0.995 Gbit/s 0.124 GB/s Memory Interconnect/RAM buses
Dual channel bandwidths are theoretical maxima and do not always reflect real world performance. In many cases, performance may be closer to single channel operation (half the bandwidth).
Device Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) Rate (MHz) DDR # FPM DRAM 1.408 Gbit/s 0.176 GB/s EDO DRAM 2.112 Gbit/s 0.264 GB/s SPARC MBus 2.55 Gbit/s 0.32 GB/s PC-66 SDRAM 64-bit 4.264 Gbit/s 0.533 GB/s PC-100 SDRAM 6.4 Gbit/s 0.8 GB/s HP Runway bus 125 MHz 64-bit 6.4 Gbit/s 0.8 GB/s PC-133 SDRAM 8.528 Gbit/s 1.066 GB/s PC-800 RDRAM (single-channel 64-bit) 12.8 Gbit/s 1.6 GB/s PC-1600 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 12.8 Gbit/s 1.6 GB/s HP Runway bus 125 MHz 64-bit DDR 16 Gbit/s 2 GB/s PC-1066 RDRAM (single-channel 64-bit) 16.8 Gbit/s 2.1 GB/s PC-2100 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 16.8 Gbit/s 2.1 GB/s 266 MHz DDR-266 PC-1200 RDRAM (single-channel 64-bit) 19.2 Gbit/s 2.4 GB/s PC-2700 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 21.6 Gbit/s 2.7 GB/s 333 MHz DDR-333 PC-800 RDRAM (dual-channel 128-bit) 25.6 Gbit/s 3.2 GB/s PC-1600 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 25.6 Gbit/s 3.2 GB/s PC-3200 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 25.6 Gbit/s 3.2 GB/s 400 MHz DDR-400 PC2-3200 DDR2-SDRAM (Single channel) 25.6 Gbit/s 3.2 GB/s 400 MHz DDR2-400 PC-4000 DDR-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 32.0 Gbit/s 4.0 GB/s 500 MHz DDR-500 PC-1066 RDRAM (dual-channel 128-bit) 33.6 Gbit/s 4.2 GB/s PC-2100 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 33.6 Gbit/s 4.2 GB/s PC2-4200 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 34.1 Gbit/s 4.3 GB/s 533 MHz DDR2-533 PC-1200 RDRAM (dual-channel 128-bit) 38.4 Gbit/s 4.8 GB/s 300 MHz ???????? PC2-5300 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 42.4 Gbit/s 5.3 GB/s 667 MHz DDR2-667 PC2-5400 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 42.7 Gbit/s 5.3 GB/s 667 MHz DDR2-667 PC-2700 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 43.2 Gbit/s 5.4 GB/s PC-3200 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 51.2 Gbit/s 6.4 GB/s PC2-3200 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 51.2 Gbit/s 6.4 GB/s PC2-6400 DDR2-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 51.2 Gbit/s 6.4 GB/s 800 MHz DDR2-800 Itanium zx1 bus 51.2 Gbit/s 6.4 GB/s PC-4000 DDR-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 67.2 Gbit/s 8.4 GB/s 500 MHz DDR-500 PC2-4200 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 67.2 Gbit/s 8.4 GB/s 533 MHz DDR2-533 PC2-5300 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 84.8 Gbit/s 10.6 GB/s 667 MHz DDR2-667 PC2-5400 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 85.3 Gbit/s 10.7 GB/s 667 MHz DDR2-667 PC2-6400 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 102.4 Gbit/s 12.8 GB/s 800 MHz DDR2-800 PC2-8000 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 128.0 Gbit/s 16.0 GB/s 1,000 MHz DDR2-1000 PC2-8500 DDR2-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 136.0 Gbit/s 17 GB/s 1,066 MHz DDR2-1066 PC3-8500 DDR3-SDRAM (single channel 64-bit) 68.2 Gbit/s 8.525 GB/s 1,066 MHz DDR3-1066 PC3-8500 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 136.4 Gbit/s 17.1 GB/s 1,066 MHz DDR3-1066 PC3-8500 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 204.6 Gbit/s 25.6 GB/s 1,066 MHz DDR3-1066 PC3-10600 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 170.6 Gbit/s 21.3 GB/s 1,333 MHz DDR3-1333 PC3-10600 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 256.0 Gbit/s 32.0 GB/s 1,333 MHz DDR3-1333 PC3-12800 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 204.8 Gbit/s 25.6 GB/s 1,600 MHz DDR3-1600 PC3-12800 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 307.2 Gbit/s 38.4 GB/s 1,600 MHz DDR3-1600 PC3-14400 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 230.4 Gbit/s 28.8 GB/s 1,800 MHz DDR3-1800 PC3-14400 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 345.6 Gbit/s 43.2 GB/s 1,800 MHz DDR3-1800 PC3-14900 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 238.9 Gbit/s 29.9 GB/s 1,866 MHz DDR3-1866 PC3-14900 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 358.4 Gbit/s 44.8 GB/s 1,866 MHz DDR3-1866 PC3-15000 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 240.0 Gbit/s 30.0 GB/s 1,866 MHz DDR3-1866 PC3-15000 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 360.0 Gbit/s 45.0 GB/s 1,866 MHz DDR3-1866 PC3-16000 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 256.0 Gbit/s 32.0 GB/s 2,000 MHz DDR3-2000 PC3-16000 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 384.0 Gbit/s 48.0 GB/s 2,000 MHz DDR3-2000 PC3-17000 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 272.0 Gbit/s 34.0 GB/s 2,133 MHz DDR3-2133 PC3-17000 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 408.0 Gbit/s 51.0 GB/s 2,133 MHz DDR3-2133 PC3-17066 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 273.1 Gbit/s 34.1 GB/s 2,133 MHz DDR3-2133 PC3-17066 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 409.6 Gbit/s 51.2 GB/s 2,133 MHz DDR3-2133 PC3-17600 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 281.6 Gbit/s 35.2 GB/s 2,200 MHz DDR3-2200 PC3-17600 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 422.4 Gbit/s 52.8 GB/s 2,200 MHz DDR3-2200 PC3-20000 DDR3-SDRAM (dual channel 128-bit) 320.0 Gbit/s 40.0 GB/s 2,500 MHz DDR3-2500 PC3-20000 DDR3-SDRAM (triple channel 192-bit) 480.0 Gbit/s 60.0 GB/s 2,500 MHz DDR3-2500 Digital audio
Device Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) CD Audio (16-bit PCM) 1,411 Kbit/s 180.6 KB/s S/PDIF 3.072 Mbit/s 0.384 MB/s I²S 2.250 Mbit/s @ 24bit/48 kHz 0.281 MB/s AC'97 12.288 Mbit/s 1.536 MB/s McASP ??? ??? Intel High Definition Audio Rev. 1.0[46] 48 (outbound) & 24 (inbound) Mbit/s 6 & 3 MB/s (outbound & inbound) ADAT Lightpipe (Type I) 9.216 Mbit/s 2.304 MB/s AES/EBU 2.625 Mbit/s @ 24bit/48 kHz 0.328 MB/s MADI 100 Mbit/s 12.5 MB/s Digital video interconnects
Data rates given are from the video source (e.g. video card) to receiving device (e.g. monitor) only. Out of band and reverse signaling channels are not included.
Device Rate (bit/s) Rate (byte/s) HD-SDI (SMPTE 292M) 1.485 Gbit/s 0.186 GB/s LVDS Display Interface[47] 2.8 Gbit/s 0.35 GB/s 3G-SDI (SMPTE 424M) 2.97 Gbit/s 0.371 GB/s Single link DVI 4.95 Gbit/s 0.619 GB/s † HDMI v1.0[48] 4.95 Gbit/s 0.619 GB/s † DisplayPort v1.0 (4-lane reduced rate)[49] 6.48 Gbit/s 0.810 GB/s † Dual link DVI 8.03 Gbit/s 1.238 GB/s † HDMI v1.3[50] 10.2 Gbit/s 1.275 GB/s † DisplayPort v1.0 (4-lane full rate)[49] 10.8 Gbit/s 1.35 GB/s † DisplayPort v1.2 (4-lane)[49] 21.6 Gbit/s 2.7 GB/s † † Uses 8B/10B encoding for video data - effective data rate is 80% of the symbol rate
See also
- Bitrate (including Bitrates in multimedia)
- Comparison of mobile phone standards
- Comparison of wireless data standards
- List of Internet access technology bit rates in the Digital bandwidth article
- OFDM system comparison table
- Sneakernet
- Spectral efficiency comparison table
Notes
- ^ TTY uses a Baudot code, not ASCII. This uses 5 bits per character instead of 8, plus one start and approx. 1.5 stop bits (7.5 total bits per character sent).
- ^ WPM, or Words Per Minute, is the number of times the word "PARIS" is transferred per minute. Strictly speaking the code is quinary, accounting inter-element, inter-letter, and inter-word gaps, yielding 50 binary elements (bits) per one word. Therefore 40 wpm is 2000 bits/min or 55.6 bits/s. Counting characters, including inter-word gaps, gives 6 characters per word or 240 characters per minute, and finally 4 characters per second.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j All modems are wrongly assumed to be in serial operation with 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit (2 stop bits for 110-baud modems). Therefore, currently modems are wrongly calculated with transmission of 10 bits per 8-bit byte (11 bits for 110-baud modems). Although the serial port is nearly always used to connect a modem and has equivalent data rates, the protocols, modulations and error correction differ completely.
- ^ a b c Modem Types and Timeline, Daxal Communications, 2003-12-16, http://www.surfthe.us/reference/modem-timeline.html, retrieved 2009-04-16
- ^ ITU.int
- ^ a b c 56K modems: V.90 and V.92 have just 5% overhead for the protocol signaling. The maximum capacity can only be achieved when the upstream (service provider) end of the connection is digital, ie a DS0 channel.
- ^ Note that effective aggregate bandwidth for an ISDN installation is typically higher than the rates shown for a single channel due to the use of multiple channels. A basic rate interface (BRI) provides 2 "B" channels and one "D" channel. Each B channel provides 64 kbit/s bandwidth and the 'D' channel carries signalling (call setup) information. B channels can be bonded to provide a 128 kbit/s data rate. Primary rate interfaces (PRI) vary depending on whether the region uses E1 (Europe, world) or T1 (North America) bearers. In E1 regions, the PRI carries 30 B-channels and 1 D-channel; in T1 regions the PRI carries 23 B-channels and 1 D-channel. The D-channel has different bandwidth on the two interfaces.
- ^ Massey, David (2006-07-04), "Timeline of Telecommunications", Telephone Tribute, http://www.telephonetribute.com/timeline.html, retrieved 2009-04-16
- ^ Adam.com.au
- ^ Itu.int
- ^ a b DOCSIS 1.0 includes technology which first became available around 1995-1996, and has since become very widely deployed. DOCSIS 1.1 introduces some security improvements and Quality of Service (QoS).
- ^ a b DOCSIS 2.0 specifications provide increased upstream throughput for symmetric services.
- ^ a b DOCSIS 3.0 is currently in development by the CableLabs consortium and is slated to include support for channel bonding and IPv6.
- ^ ITU.int
- ^ ITU.int
- ^ Most operators only support up to 9600bit/s
- ^ SDSL is available in various speeds.
- ^ ADSL connections will vary in throughput from 64 kbit/s to several Mbit/s depending on configuration. Most are commonly below 2 Mbit/s. Some ADSL and SDSL connections have a higher digital bandwidth than T1 but their rate is not guaranteed, and will drop when the system gets overloaded, whereas the T1 type connections are usually guaranteed and have no contention ratios.
- ^ Satellite internet may have a high bandwidth but also has a high latency due to the distance between the modem, satellite and hub. One-way satellite connections exist where all the downstream traffic is handled by satellite and the upstream traffic by land-based connections such as 56K modems and ISDN.
- ^ a b "MoCA 1.1 improves throughput" over coaxial cable to 175 Mbits/s versus the 100 Mbits/s provided by the MoCA 1.0 specification.
- ^ FireWire natively supports TCP/IP, and is often used at an alternative to Ethernet when connecting 2 nodes. Tweaktown.com
- ^ Data rate comparison between FW and Giganet shows that FW's lower overhead has nearly the same throughput as Giganet. Unibrain.com
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j InfiniBand uses an 8B/10B encoding scheme.
- ^ Hachman, Mark (2002-08-05), "802.11b+" Protocol Bridges 802.11a, 802.11b, ExtremeTech, http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,2845,437741,00.asp, retrieved 2009-04-16
- ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven (2002-10-11), Faster than a speeding 802.11b, ZDNet, http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2885306,00.html, retrieved 2009-04-16
- ^ Mac History
- ^ VAW: Apple IIgs Specs
- ^ The Zorro II bus use 4 clocks per 16-Bit of data transferred. See the Zorro III technical specification for more information.
- ^ Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in early NEC PC-9800 series and compatible systems
- ^ STD 32 Busspecification Desinger's Guide
- ^ Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in later NEC PC-9800 series and compatible systems
- ^ Local Area Networks Newsletter by Paul Polishuk, September 1992, Page 7 (APbus used in Sony NeWS and NEC UP4800 workstations and NEC EWS4800 servers after VMEbus and before switch to PCI)
- ^ Japan wikipedia article, Bus used in NEC PC-9821 series
- ^ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that the theoretical max of the Zorro III bus can be derived by the timing information given in ‘’chapter 5’’ of the Zorro III technical specification.
- ^ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that Zorro III is an asynchronous bus and with that does not have a classical MHz rating. A maximum theoretical MHz value may be derived by examining timing constraints detailed in the Zorro III technical specification, which should yield about 37.5 MHz. No existing implementation performs to this level.
- ^ Dave Haynie, designer of the Zorro III bus, claims in this posting that Zorro III has a max burst rate of 150 MB/s.
- ^ a b c d e Note that PCI Express 1.0/2.0 lanes use an 8B/10B encoding scheme.
- ^ a b c d e f PCIe 2.0 effectively doubles the bus standard's bandwidth from 2.5 GT/s to 5 GT/s
- ^ PCIe 3.0 increases the bandwidth from 5 GT/s to 8 GT/s and switches to 128b/130b encoding
- ^ SCSI-1, SCSI-2 and SCSI-3 are signaling protocols and do not explicitly refer to a specific rate. Narrow SCSI exists using SCSI-1 and SCSI-2. Higher rates use SCSI-2 or later.
- ^ a b c d Fibre Channel 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC use an 8B/10B encoding scheme. Fibre Channel 10GFC, which uses a 64B/66B encoding scheme, is not compatible with 1GFC, 2GFC and 4GFC, and is used only to interconnect switches.
- ^ a b c d e SATA and SAS use an 8B/10B encoding scheme.
- ^ proprietary serial version of IEEE-488 by Commodore International
- ^ http://cbmmuseum.kuto.de/floppy.html
- ^ a b c FireWire (IEEE 1394b) uses an 8B/10B coding scheme.
- ^ High Definition Audio Specification[dead link], Revision 1.0, 2004
- ^ Videsignline.com, Panel display interfaces and bandwidth: From TTL, LVDS, TDMS to DisplayPort
- ^ Octavainc.com
- ^ a b c Displayport Technical Overview, May 2010
- ^ HDMI.org
External links
- Interconnection Speeds Compared
- Need for Speed: Theoretical Bandwidth Comparison — Contains a graph (from 2004) illustrating digital bandwidths
Categories:- Networking hardware
- Telecommunications standards
- Computing lists
- Networking standards
- Computer hardware standards
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