History of Delhi

Historical Region of North India Delhi
Location	Delhi
State established:	736 AD
Language	Khariboli, Hindi, Urdu
Dynasties	Tomaras-Chauhans (736-1192) Mamluks (1206–90) Khilji (1290–1320) Tughlaqs (1320–1413) Sayyids (1414–51) Lodis (1451–1526) Mughals (1526–1857) British (1857–1947) Independence (1947-)
Historical capitals	Delhi

The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history, including a history as the capital of several empires. The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya Period (c. 300 BC); since then, the site has seen continuous settlement. In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273-236 BC) was discovered near Srinivaspuri, which is near Noida. Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to the city by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century. The famous Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar was commissioned by the emperor Kumara Gupta I of the Gupta dynasty (320-540) and transplanted to Delhi during the 10th century. Eight major cities have been situated in the Delhi area. The first five cities were in the southern part of present-day Delhi.

Though settlements have been dated to have been taking place in Delhi for millenia, there is no record to stand by that claim. Delhi is generally considered a close to 5000-year old city, as per Ancient Indian text The Mahabharata, since the first ever mention of the city is found in this religious scripture. Therefore, except the scripture, archaeological evidences to book the city's Ancient history are as good as nought. As a result, Delhi's Ancient history finds no records and this period may be regarded as the lost period of its history. Extensive coverage of Delhi's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the twelfth century. Since then, Delhi had been the seat of Islamic and British rulers until India's independence in 1947. The core of Delhi's tangible heritage is Islamic, spanning over 7 centuries of Islamic rule over the city, with some British-styled architectures and zones in Lutyens' Delhi dating to the British rule in India. Whatever records exist of Delhi- in the form of scriptures or archaeological evidences, they crown Delhi as the Capital city of some empire or the other all through, with minor random breaks in between, making Delhi one of the longest serving Capitals in the world.

Cities of Delhi

Historic map of Shahjahanabad (now known as Old Delhi), in 1863

The modern city contains the remnants of at least 11 Capital cities including:

1. The first instance of the region being capitalised was in the Ancient Era, during the time of the Mahabharata War, when the five Pandava brothers built an immense and highly sophisticated fortress called Indraprastha and ruled the country from there.
2. 'Dhili' was founded by Tomara ruler, Anangpal according to Vibudh Shridhar and other later authors.^[1] Lal Kot built by the Tomar was renamed Qila Rai Pithora after Prithvi Raj Chauhan. It was a thirteen-gated fort in Delhi. Prithviraj, a Chauhan king was the second last Hindu king of Delhi.
3. Mehrauli, built by Qutubuddin Aibak in twelfth century;
4. Siri, built by Alauddin Khilji in 1303;
5. Tughluqabad, built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq (1321–1325);
6. Jahanpanah, built by Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351);
7. Ferozabad, built by Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351–1388);
8. Dinpanah built by Humayun and Shergarh built by Sher Shah Suri, both in the area near the speculated site of the legendary Indraprastha (1538–1545);
9. Lodi Complex, built by the Lodi rulers and the least significant of all dynasties of Delhi Sultanate (1451–1526); and
10. Shahjahanabad, the walled city built by Shah Jahan from 1638 to 1649, containing the Lal Qila and the Chandni Chowk. It was the capital of the Mughal Empire during Shah Jahan's reign. It is presently referred to as "Old Delhi".
11. Lutyens' Delhi or New Delhi, the city built by the British on the south-west

• The region of Hauz Khas in South Delhi is a part of two cities, viz. Siri and Ferozabad, of Delhi. While the Hauz Khas Lake is a part of the former, the tombs and the monuments surrounding it belong to the latter.

Modern Delhi, referred to as 'Dilli' locally, derived from its historical name Dhili is an amalgam all of the above.

There are texts that mention Delhi as a cluster of more than 11 cities. This is quite possible, given Delhi's long history as a Capital, but reliable records regarding the same do not exist. Officially, however, only seven of the above mentioned eleven cities are recognized.^[2] The official recognition cites distinct identity and indigenous heritage for a historical city to be recognized as a City of Delhi. Of the above mentioned eleven Cities of Delhi, the officially recognized seven cities are Qila Rai Pithora, Mehrauli, Siri, Tughlaqabad, Ferozabad, Dinpanah and Shahjahanabad.

The rest are not officially identified as Cities of Delhi because of some specific reasons.

• Indraprastha, the legendary Ancient City is believed to have been established 5000 years back(circa 2800 BC), as per the Ancient Indian text- the Mahabharata. Though very much a part of India's very Ancient history, it lacks any tangible evidence to say without doubt that it existed. Archaeological evidences exist, but they are very little and not convincing enough. As acknowledged by British historian Michael Wood in his BBC documentary The Story of India,^[3] the excavated ceramic pottery from the site of today's Purana Qila in Delhi and the dug up earth showing possible layers of the Ancient city are a credible evidence as they match what the verses of the Mahabharata tell us. Another evidence in its favour is the existence of a village named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila that was destroyed by the Britishers during the construction of Lutyens' Delhi.
• Jahanpanah is not considered as a City of Delhi because it is very much in ruins and too diffused now to be considered a distinct city. Moreover, sections of the city still standing are now counted in Siri or Mehrauli.
• Lodi Complex is not counted as a distinct city because their architectures are too few to be counted as a whole city. The Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties that followed the Tughlak dynasty were far more concerned with restoring stability than patronisation of arts or architecture. Tombs erected in the honour of the rulers are the only monuments of these times and these are scattered all over current South and Central Delhis.^[4]
• New Delhi, the Capital city of modern India is also not counted as a City of Delhi because the structures of those times are still in use as government buildings. So there seems no such thing as "history" about it.

Early history

According to Indian folklore, Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata, founded around 2500 BC. It was, one of the five prasthas or `plains', which included Sonepat, Panipat, Pilpat, and Baghpat.^[5] 16th-century, Persian historian, Firishta, recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Macedonian (Greek) invasion of India, i.e. Indian campaign of Alexander the Great in 321 BC.^[5]

Hindu texts state that the city of Delhi used to be referred to in Sanskrit as Hastinapur, which means "elephant-city". The name Delhi may be derived from the word 'Dhillika', though there are other theories. According to Satyarth Prakash (1874) of Swami Dayanand, Raja Dhilu (King Dihlu) founded ancient Delhi in 800 BC, however it is not supported by any older texts^[6] It was the name of the first medieval township of Delhi, located on the southwestern border of the present Delhi, in Mehrauli. This was the first in the series of seven medieval cities. It is also known as Yoginipura, that is, the fortress of the yoginis (female divinities). It gained importance during the time of Ananga Pala Tomar. In the 12th century, the city was included in the dominions of Prithviraj Chauhan.

Pasanaha Chariu of Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230) an Apabhramsha writer, provides the first reference to the legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi.^[7]

हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम, गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम|
परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु, जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं|
रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु, ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं|

Translation: There are countless villages in Haryana country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this country. The capital of this country is Dhilli.

जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु, णरणाहु पसिद्धउ अणंगवालु ||
वलभर कम्पाविउ णायरायु, माणिणियण मणसंजनीय ||

Translation: The ruler Anangapal is famous, he can slay his enemies with his sword. The weight (of the Iron pillar) caused the Nagaraj to shake.

A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars:

देशोऽस्ति हरियानाख्यो पॄथिव्यां स्वर्गसन्निभः |
ढिल्लिकाख्या पुरी तत्र तोमरैरस्ति निर्मिता ||

Prithviraj Raso also confirms the founding by the Tomars and the legend of the loose nail:

हुं गड्डि गयौ किल्ली सज्जीव हल्लाय करी ढिल्ली सईव |
फिरि व्यास कहै सुनि अनंगराइ भवितव्य बात मेटी न जाइ ||

8th century to 16th century

The Qutub Minar is the world's tallest brick minaret at 72.5 metres.

The bastion of Lal Kot fort, Mehrauli, Delhi, built by Tomara ruler, Anangpal in c. AD 736.

The Tomar dynasty founded Lal Kot in 736 near the Qutub Minar, at Mehrauli. The Prithviraj Raso names the Tomar Anangpal as the founder of Lal Kot, whose name is inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi at Qutb complex, ascribed to Chandra or Chandragupta II.^[8]

A contemporary account of the city of Delhi in the Tomar period is given by Vibudh Shridhar. He describes an immense fort surrounded by a moat beside the Ananga lake. The markets were full of commodities like cloth, grain, betel-nuts, sweets etc as well as accounting books. He also implies that Delhi was a center of learning where eloquent language was spoken. The pinnacles of the city gates were gilded with gold and buildings were studded with gems.

The Chauhan kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora. The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by the Afghan Muhammad Ghori. Anangpal Tomar who, accordng to Historian Dr. Augustus Hoernle, were a Gurjar (or Gujjar) ^[9] ruler of Delhi, often described as the founder of Delhi, built the citadel some 10 kilometres from Suraj Kund around 731.

From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty. The first Sultan of Delhi, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general, a governor and then Sultan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of the Qutub Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to commemorate his victory but died before its completion. In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam), which is the earliest extant mosque in India. He was said to have destroyed twenty-seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque, many of which can still be seen.^[10] After the end of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties, the Khilji dynasty, the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi.^[11]

In 1398, Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their Hindu subjects. After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty, on December 15, 1385, Timur entered Delhi on December 18, 1398, and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well.^[12][13] In 1526, following the First Battle of Panipat, Zahiruddin Babur, the former ruler of Fergana, defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi, Agra and Lahore.

17th century to 19th century

The India Gate commemorates the 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in the Afghan Wars and World War I.

Jama Masjid built by Shah Jahan, 1656

In the mid-sixteenth century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Babur's son Humayun and forced him to flee to Afghanistan and Persia. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila, even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri’s death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah. Hem Chandra fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar's army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlakabad fort area, Hem Chandra acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period. The third and greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar, moved the capital to Agra, resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi. This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the Red Fort (Lal Qila) and the Jama Masjid. The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra. Aurangzeb (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659. Nader Shah defeated the Mughal army at the huge Battle of Karnal in February 1739. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi.^[14]

The decline of the Mughal Empire had led to territorial gains for the Maratha Confederacy. The decline of the Mughal Empire had accelerated since the death of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, in 1707. Continued rebellions by the Marathas in the south, and the de facto separation of a number of states (including Hyderabad and Bengal), weakened the state further. The Marathas reversed all Mughal territorial gains in the Deccan, and conquered almost all Mughal territory in central and north India. Mughals had thus become just the titular heads of Delhi and remained so till 1857.

In 1761, Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Abdali after the Third battle of Panipat. At the Battle of Delhi on 11 September 1803, General Lake's British forces defeated the Marathas.

Delhi passed to British control in 1857 after the First War of Indian Independence. The city received significant damage during the 1857 siege. Afterwards, the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II was exiled to Rangoon and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of British India.

Twentieth century

Delhi today

The Raj Ghat, where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated.

Shortly after Indian Rebellion of 1857, Calcutta was declared the capital of British India but in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911, held at the Coronation Park, King George V announced the shifting of the capital back to Delhi. Parts of the old city were pulled down to create New Delhi, a monumental new quarter of the city designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens to house the government buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I. ^[15] New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in 1947. During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab migrated to Delhi, and subsequently settled in North and West Delhi areas, while Hindus from East Pakistan, settled in late 1960s at EPDP Colony (EPDP: East Pakistan Displaced Persons) in South Delhi, later named Chittaranjan Park in 1980s.

The first Chief minister of Delhi was Ch. Braham Prakash of INC though the first women CM was Sushma Swaraj from BJP. Comrade Guru Radha Kishan (CPI) had the rare distinction of representing his constituency in MCD (DMC initially) for most and Ch. Prem Singh (INC) has won the maximum elections for different civic bodies in Delhi. Sheila Dikshit (INC) is the present Chief Minister of Delhi, since 1998.

Further reading

• Hartcourt, A., Assistant Commissioner Delhi (1873). The New guide to Delhi. Lahore, Victoria Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/newguidetodelhi00harcgoog#page/n4/mode/1up. 
• Fanshawe, H. C. (1902). Delhi - Past and Present. London, J. Murray. http://www.archive.org/stream/delhipastandpre00fansgoog#page/n6/mode/1up. 
• Fraser, Lovat (1903). At Delhi (An account of the Delhi Durbar, 1903). Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker. http://www.archive.org/stream/atdelhifras00fras#page/n5/mode/2up. 
• Hearn, Gordon Risley (1906). The Seven Cities of Delhi. W. Thacker & Co., London. http://www.archive.org/stream/sevencitiesofdel00hear#page/n9/mode/2up. 

See also

• Agrasen ki Baoli

References

1. ^ An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī, by Richard J. Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989, p. 513-519
2. ^ Seven Cities of Delhi
3. ^ Indraprastha did exist! The Mahabharata is a reality!- British historian Michael Wood
4. ^ Why Lodi Complex isn't counted as a distinct city?
5. ^ ^{a b} Gazetter, p. 233
6. ^ Satyarth Prakash-Swami Dayananda Saraswati.
7. ^ An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī, by Richard J. Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989, p. 513-519
8. ^ Ghosh, A. (1991). Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology. BRILL. p. 251. ISBN 9004092641. 
9. ^ A. F. Rudolf Hoernle. Some Problems of Ancient Indian History. No. III: The Gurjara Clans(Concluded from p. 662, October, 1904). Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. JSTOR 25208724. "Both this "leader" and the "lord" Rudrena must have been chiefs of minor divisions of the imperial Tomara clan of Gurjaras." 
10. ^ "World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India". Pg.107. Google Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=iFILG_V4hOMC&pg=RA1-PA107&dq=Qutub+Minar+Jain+temples&lr=&ei=O6YcSsGiMoKqzgS_xYnjCQ. Retrieved 2009-05-27. 
11. ^ Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India
12. ^ The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Timurid Empire)
13. ^ Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1909). "The Indian Empire: Timur's invasion 1398". The Imperial Gazetteer of India. 2. p. 366. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_401.gif. 
14. ^ Iran in the Age of the Raj
15. ^ A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors behind this construction can be found in Khushwant Singh's autobiography Truth, Love and a Little Malice.

• "History of Delhi District". The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 11. Oxford at Clarendon Press. 1909. p. 225. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_231.gif. 

External links

• Delhi (1938), a documentary by BFI archives
• "Scenes from Delhi (Silent film, 18:16 - 23.27)". University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Films. c 1930. http://www.archive.org/details/upenn-f16-0737_1930_India.