Oryx

For other uses, see Oryx (disambiguation).

Oryx
Oryx gazella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Bovidae
Subfamily:	Hippotraginae
Genus:	Oryx
Species
Oryx beisa Rüppell, 1835 Oryx dammah Cretzschmar, 1827 Oryx gazella (Linnaeus, 1758) Oryx leucoryx Pallas, 1766

Oryx is one of four large antelope species of the genus Oryx. Three of the species are native to arid parts of Africa, with a fourth native to the Arabian Peninsula. Their pelage is pale with contrasing dark markings in the face and on the legs, and their long horns are almost straight. The exception is the Scimitar Oryx, which lacks dark markings on the legs, only has faint dark markings on the head, has an ochre neck, and horns that are clearly decurved.

The Arabian Oryx was only saved from extinction through a captive breeding program and reintroduction to the wild.^[1] The Scimitar Oryx, which is now listed as Extinct in the Wild, also relies on a captive breeding program for its survival.^[2] Small populations of several oryx species, such as the Scimitar Oryx, exist in Texas and New Mexico (USA) in wild game ranches. Gemsboks were released at the White Sands Missile Range and have become an invasive species of concern at the adjacent White Sands National Monument.

Etymology

The term "Oryx" comes from the Greek word Ὂρυξ, Óryx, for a type of antelope. The proper plural form is óryges, although oryxes has been established in English.

Species

Arabian Oryx

The Scimitar Oryx is the only oryx with clearly curved horns, ochre neck, and no dark markings on the legs.

The Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx, Arabic: المها), the smallest species, became extinct in the wild in 1972 from the Arabian Peninsula. It was reintroduced in 1982 in Oman, but poaching has reduced their numbers there. One of the largest populations of Arabian Oryx exists on Sir Bani Yas Island in the United Arab Emirates. Additional populations have been reintroduced in Qatar, Bahrain, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. As of 2011 the total wild population is over 1000, and 6000–7000 are being held in captivity. In 2011 the IUCN upgraded its status to Vulnerable, the first species to have come back from Extinct in the Wild to Vulnerable status.^[1][3]

Scimitar Oryx

The Scimitar Oryx, also called Scimitar-horned Oryx (Oryx dammah), of North Africa is now listed as possibly Extinct in the Wild. However, there are unconfirmed reports of surviving populations in central Niger and Chad, and a semi-wild population currently inhabiting a fenced nature reserve in Tunisia is being expanded for reintroduction to the wild in that country.^[4] Several thousand are held in captivity around the world.^[2]

East African Oryx and Gemsbok

The East African Oryx (shown) resembles the closely related Gemsbok, but the latter has an entirely black tail, a black patch at the base of the tail, and more black to the legs and lower flanks.

The East African Oryx (Oryx beisa) inhabits eastern Africa, and the closely related Gemsbok (Oryx gazella) inhabits southern Africa. Neither is threatened, though the former is considered Near Threatened by the IUCN.^[5] The Gemsbok is monotypic, and the East African Oryx has two subspecies; East African Oryx "proper" (Oryx beisa beisa) and the Fringe-eared Oryx (Oryx beisa callotis). In the past, both these were seem as subspecies along with the Gemsbok.

Between 1969 and 1977, the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish intentionally released 93 gemsbok into its state's White Sands Missile Range, and that population is now estimated between 3,000 and 6,000 animals.^[6] Within the state of New Mexico, oryxes are classified as "big game" and can be harvested with the proper license, however the quality of the hunt may be affected by military regulation of the missile range.

Ecology

All oryx species prefer near-desert conditions and can survive without water for long periods. They live in herds of up to 600 animals. Newborn calves are able to run with the herd immediately after birth. Both males and females possess permanent horns. The horns are narrow, and straight except in the Scimitar Oryx, where they curve backwards like a scimitar. The horns are lethal — the oryx has been known to kill lions with them— and oryxes are thus sometimes called the sabre antelope (not to be confused with the Sable Antelope). The horns also make the animals a prized game trophy, which has led to the near-extinction of the two northern species.

Classification

• FAMILY BOVIDAE
  • Subfamily Hippotraginae
    • Genus Hippotragus
    • Genus Oryx
      • Scimitar Oryx, Oryx dammah
      • Gemsbok, Oryx gazella
      • East African Oryx, Oryx beisa (formerly in O. gazella)
        • East African Oryx (sensu stricto), Oryx beisa beisa
        • Fringe-eared Oryx, Oryx beisa callotis
      • Arabian Oryx, Oryx leucoryx

References

Animals portal

1. ^ ^{a b} IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2011). Oryx leucoryx. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20 June 2011.Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as Vulnerable.
2. ^ ^{a b} IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Oryx dammah. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 12 February 2011.Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as extinct in the wild.
3. ^ Platt, John (17 June 2011). "Arabian Oryx Makes History as First Species to Be Upgraded from "Extinct in the Wild" to "Vulnerable"". scientificamerican.com. http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=arabian-oryx-makes-history-as-first-2011-06-17&WT.mc_id=SA_Twitter_sciam. Retrieved 20 June 2011. 
4. ^ "Reviving a Breed", iht.com, January 2007, web: iht7.^{[dead link]}
5. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008). Oryx beisa. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 12 February 2011.Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of Near Threatened.
6. ^ State of New Mexico, NM-PDF-Oryx.

External links

• Oryx: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation