Decimal mark

For the proper choice of the decimal mark in English language Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Decimal points.

Numeral systems by culture
Hindu-Arabic numerals
Western Arabic (Hindu numerals) Eastern Arabic Indian family Tamil	Burmese Khmer Lao Mongolian Thai
East Asian numerals
Chinese Japanese Suzhou	Korean Vietnamese Counting rods
Alphabetic numerals
Abjad Armenian Āryabhaṭa Cyrillic	Ge'ez Greek (Ionian) Hebrew
Other systems
Aegean Attic Babylonian Brahmi Egyptian Etruscan Inuit	Kharosthi Mayan Quipu Roman Sumerian Urnfield
List of numeral system topics
Positional systems by base
Decimal (10)
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 60, 64
List of numeral systems
v · d · e

Different symbols have been and are used for the decimal mark. The choice of symbol for the decimal mark affects the choice of symbol for the thousands separator used in digit grouping. Consequently the latter is treated in this article as well.

The decimal mark is mathematically a radix point. The English term decimal is limited to base ten, but the separator in non-decimal numeral systems may be referred to as a radix point. In a binary system, it is sometimes referred to as binary point.

History

In the Middle Ages, before printing, a bar ( ¯ ) over the units digit was used to separate the integral part of a number from its fractional part, a tradition derived from the decimal system used in Indian mathematics.^[1] Its regular usage and classification can be attributed to the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi.^[2] It remains in common use as an underbar to superscript digits, especially for monetary pricing values. e.g. 99⁹⁵ without a decimal point.

Later, a separator (ˌ) (a short, roughly vertical, ink stroke) between the units and tenths position became the norm among Islamic mathematicians. When this character was typeset, it was convenient to use the existing comma (,) or period (.) instead.

In France, the period was already in use in printing to make Roman numerals more readable, so the comma was chosen. Many other countries also chose to use the comma to mark the decimal units position, such as Italy.^[3] It has been made standard by the ISO for international blueprints. However, English-speaking countries took the comma to separate sequences of three digits.

In the United States, the period (.), which is called a "stop" or "full stop" in other countries, was used as the standard decimal mark. In the nations of the British Empire, although the period could be used in typewritten material, the point (mid dot: ·), which can also be called an interpunct (often referred to as the decimal point) was preferred for the decimal mark in printing technologies that could accommodate it.^[4] This had the advantage of reducing confusion in the countries that used the period to separate groups of digits and it was generally clearer in handwriting (particularly when writing on a dotted baseline as on many forms). However, as the mid dot was already in common use in the mathematics world to indicate multiplication, the SI rejected its use as the decimal mark. However, the use of the period as decimal mark was not banned. British aviation magazines thus switched to the US form in the late twentieth century.

When South Africa adopted the metric system, it adopted the comma as its decimal mark ^[5], although a number of house styles, including leading newspapers like The Star and The Sunday Times continue to use the decimal point. The auxiliary language Interlingua has used the comma as its decimal mark since the publication of the Interlingua Grammar in 1951.^[6] Another international auxiliary language, Esperanto, also uses the comma as its official decimal mark.

In 1958, disputes between European and American delegates over the correct representation of the decimal mark nearly stalled the development of the ALGOL computer programming language.^[7] ALGOL ended up allowing different decimal marks, but most computer languages and standard data formats (e.g. C, Java, Fortran, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)) specify a dot.

The 22nd General Conference on Weights and Measures declared in 2003 that "the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line". It further reaffirmed that "numbers may be divided in groups of three in order to facilitate reading; neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groups".^[8]

Digit grouping

For ease of reading, numbers with many digits before or after the decimal mark may be divided into groups using a delimiter, with the counting of groups starting from the decimal mark in both directions.^[9] This delimiter is usually called a thousands separator, because the digits are usually in groups of three, that is, thousands. The most general name for this delimiter is digit group separator, because thousands are not always the relevant group. For example, in various countries (e.g., China, India, and Japan), there have been traditional conventions of grouping by 2 or 4 digits. These conventions are still observed in some contexts, although the 3-digit group convention is also well known and often used. Making groups of three digits also emphasizes that there is a base 1000 of the numeral system that is being used, which is not always a given (for example, in computer science).

As with the decimal mark, there have been several common conventions for which character to use for the digit group separator. If the decimal mark is a point, the digit group separator is often a comma or a space. If the decimal mark is a comma, the digit group separator is often a point or a space. The problem with the point and the comma as either decimal mark or digit group separator is that, internationally, they have both often been used for both meanings, and their meaning is context-dependent (one must know which notational system is being used in order to interpret them). Therefore the space is recommended in the SI/ISO 31-0 standard,^[10] and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures states that "for numbers with many digits the digits may be divided into groups of three by a thin space, in order to facilitate reading. Neither dots nor commas are inserted in the spaces between groups of three".^[11] Other style-defining bodies are also moving toward this clearer notation. For example, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) suggest never using a comma or a point as thousands separator: "For numbers with many digits, the digits may be separated in groups of three, counting from the decimal sign toward the left and the right. The groups should be separated by a thin space (half space), and never by a comma or a point, or by any other means."^[12] The American Medical Association, whose AMA Manual of Style is widely followed in health professions literature, also endorses a space for digit group separator.^[9] (Specifically, a thin space is endorsed for typesetting; a regular word space is sufficient wherever typographical nicety is impractical.) The United Kingdom Metrication Board also proposed this system for Metrication in the United Kingdom and, while not universally adopted, it is the standard in the UK construction industry.

Exceptions to digit grouping

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures states that "when there are only four digits before or after the decimal marker, it is customary not to use a space to isolate a single digit".^[11] Some manuals of style state that thousands separators should not be used in normal text for numbers from 1000 to 9999 inclusive where no decimal fractional part is shown (in other words, for four-digit whole numbers), whereas others use thousand separators, and others use both. For example, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association stipulates a thousands separator for "most figures of 1,000 or more" except for page numbers, binary digits, temperatures, etc.

There are always common-sense exceptions to digit grouping, such as postal codes, page numbers, and ID numbers of predefined nongrouped format, which style guides usually point out.

Influence of calculators and computers

In countries with a decimal comma, the decimal point is also common as the "international" notation because of the influence of devices, such as electronic calculators, which use the decimal point. Most computer operating systems allow selection of the decimal mark and programs that have been carefully internationalised will follow this, but some programs ignore it and a few are even broken by it.

Hindu-Arabic numeral system

Countries using Arabic numerals with decimal point

Decimal marks:
Period — Blue
Comma — Green
Non-West-Arabic Numerals — Red
Data unavailable — Grey

Countries where a dot is used to mark the radix point include:

Australia, Botswana, British West Indies, Brunei, Canada (English-speaking), Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Korea (both North and South), Lebanon, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Switzerland (only when the amount is in Swiss francs^[13]), Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States (including insular areas), Zimbabwe.

Countries using Arabic numerals with decimal comma

Countries where a comma is used to mark the radix point include:

Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada (French-speaking), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia (comma used officially, but both forms are in use elsewhere), Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Faroes, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg (uses both marks officially), Macau (in Portuguese text), Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa (officially^[14]), Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam.

Other numeral systems

In the Arab world, where Eastern Arabic numerals are used for writing numbers, a different character is used to separate the integer and fractional parts of numbers. It is referred to as Arabic Decimal Separator in Unicode. An Arabic Thousands Separator also exists.

In Persian, the decimal mark is called Momayyez, which is written like a forward slash— there is a small difference between the "comma" character used in sentences and the Momayyez (٫) used to separate sequences of three digits. To separate sequences of three digits, a comma or blank space may be used; however this is not a standard.^[15][16][17]

Examples of use

The following examples show the decimal mark and the thousands separator; the lists are ordered chronologically, by when each country adopted the use:

• In Albania, Belgium, Bosnia, Estonia, France, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and much of Latin Europe as well as French Canada: 1 234 567,89 (In Spain, in handwriting it is also common to use an upper comma: 1.234.567'89)^{[citation needed]}

• In Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovenia and much of Europe: 1 234 567,89 or 1.234.567,89. In handwriting, 1˙234˙567,89 is also seen, but never in Denmark, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden or Slovenia. In Italy a straight apostrophe is also used in handwriting: 1'234'567,89.

• In Switzerland: There are two cases. 1'234'567.89 is used for currency values. An apostrophe as thousand separator along with a "." as decimal symbol. For other values the SI style 1 234 567,89 is used with a "," as decimal symbol. When handwriting, a straight apostrophe is often used as the thousand separator for non-currency values: 1'234'567,89.

• In Australia, English Canada, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea (both), Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States: 1,234,567.89 or 1,234,567·89; the latter is more commonly found in older, and especially handwritten, documents.

• In Croatia, the comma is used as the decimal separator and the thousands are either separated with blanks (whitespaces) or alternating dots and commas, e.g., either 1 234 567 890 123,45 or 1,234.567,890.123,45.

• SI style: 1 234 567.89 or 1 234 567,89 (in their own publications the dot is used in the English version and the comma in the French version).

• In China, comma and space are used to mark digit groups because dot is used as decimal mark. There is no universal convention on digit grouping, so both thousands grouping and no digit grouping can be found. However, grouping can also be done every four digits: 123,4567.89, since names for large numbers in Chinese are based on powers of 10,000 (e.g. the next new word is for 10⁸). Japan is similar.

• In Mexico: 1'234,567.89; for million separator an apostrophe is used.

Hindi (Transliteration)	Value
एक (Ek)	1
दस (Das)	10
सौ (Sau)	100
सहस्त्र (Sahastr) / हजार (Hazaar)	1,000
लाख (Lakh)	1,00,000
करोड़ (Crore)	1,00,00,000
अरब (Arawb)	1,00,00,00,000
खरब (Kharawb)	1,00,00,00,00,000
नील (Neel)	1,00,00,00,00,00,000
पद्म (Padma)	1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000
शंख (Shankh)	1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000
महाशंख (Mahashankh)	1,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000

Indian English	Value
One	1
Ten	10
Hundred	100
Thousand	1,000
Lakh	1,00,000
Crore	1,00,00,000
Thousand Crore	1,000,00,00,000
Lakh Crore	1,00,000,00,00,000

• In India, due to a numeral system using lakhs (lacs) (1,00,000 equal to 100 000) and crores (1,00,00,000 equal to 10 000 000), comma is used at levels of thousand, lakh and crore, for example, 10 million (1 crore) would be written as 1,00,00,000.

See also

• Algorism
• International System of Units

References

1. ^ Reimer, L., and Reimer, W. Mathematicians Are People, Too: Stories from the Lives of Great Mathematicians, Vol. 2. 1995. pp. 22-22. Parsippany, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. as Dale Seymor Publications. ISBN 0-86651-823-1.
2. ^ Khwarizmi, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-, Oxford Islamic Studies Online
3. ^ Enciclopedia Universal Santillana, 1996 by SANTILLANA S.A., Barcelona, Spain. ISBN 84-294-5129-3. Comma, def.2: "coma: MAT. Signo utilizado en los números no enteros para separar la parte entera de la parte decimal o fraccionaria; p.ej., 2,123."
4. ^ Reimer, L., and Reimer, W. Mathematicians Are People, Too: Stories from the Lives of Great Mathematicians, Vol. 1. 1990 p. 41. Parsippany, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. as Dale Seymor Publications. ISBN 0-86651-509-7.
5. ^ Government Notice R. 1144, Government Gazette 4326, 5 July 1974
6. ^ Grammar of Interlingua: Parts of Speech - Numerals
7. ^ Perlis, Alan, The American Side of the Development of ALGOL, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, August 1978.
8. ^ [1], Resolution 10.
9. ^ ^{a b} Iverson, Cheryl, et al. (eds) (2007). AMA Manual of Style (10th ed.). Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 793. ISBN 9780195176339. 
10. ^ "Decimals Score a Point on International Standards". 2006-11-22. http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb2006_1122.htm#decimal. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
11. ^ ^{a b} International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Rules and style conventions for expressing values of quantities, Formatting numbers, and the decimal marker.
12. ^ "Guidelines for drafting IUPAC technical reports and recommendations". 2007. http://old.iupac.org/reports/provisional/guidelines.html. Retrieved 2008-11-27. 
13. ^ IBM. "NLS Information & Design Guide Vol 2, Reference Manual, SE09-8002". http://www.xencraft.com/resources/multi-currency.html#fraction. Retrieved 2010-08-02. 
14. ^ GCIS (2011). "'Editorial Style Guide', Government Communications & Information System, Pretoria". http://www.gcis.gov.za/resource_centre/guidelines/styleguide/editorial_styleguide_2011.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-04. 
15. ^ Pournader, Roozbeh (2000-10-15). "Persian decimal separator". Unicode Mail List Archive. Unicode Consortium. http://unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/Archives-Old/UML024/1289.html. Retrieved 2008-06-21. 
16. ^ "The Decimal Numeral". Academic Grammar of New Persian. Archived from the original on 2006-06-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20060620042521/http://www.fazel.de/dastur/EN/2-1-05-001-1-3_decimal_numeral.html. Retrieved 2006-06-19. 
17. ^ Descriptive Grammar of New Persian (archived)