- Japanese numerals
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UrnfieldList of numeral system topics Positional systems by base Decimal (10) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 60, 64 List of numeral systems The system of Japanese numerals is the system of number names used in the Japanese language. The Japanese numerals in writing are entirely based on the Chinese numerals and the grouping of large numbers follow the Chinese tradition of grouping by 10,000. Two sets of pronunciations for the numerals exist in Japanese: one is based on Sino-Japanese (on'yomi) readings of the Chinese characters and the other is based on the Japanese yamato kotoba (native words, kun'yomi readings).
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Basic numbering in Japanese
There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese, in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) or in Chinese numerals (一, 二, 三). The Arabic numerals are more often used in horizontal writing, and the Chinese numerals are more common in vertical writing.
Some numbers have multiple names.
Number Character Preferred reading On reading Kun reading 0 零 / 〇* zero rei / れい zero / ぜろ 1 一 ichi ichi / いち hito(tsu) / ひと・つ 2 二 ni ni, ji / に, じ futa(tsu) / ふた・つ 3 三 san san / さん mi(ttsu) / み・っつ 4 四 yon shi / し yon, yo(ttsu) / よん、よ・っつ 5 五 go go / ご itsu(tsu) / いつ・つ 6 六 roku roku / ろく mu(ttsu) / む・っつ 7 七 nana shichi / しち nana(tsu) / なな・つ 8 八 hachi hachi / はち ya(ttsu) / や・っつ 9 九 kyū kyū, ku / きゅう, く kokono(tsu) / ここの・つ 10 十 jū jū / じゅう tō / とお 20 二十 ni-jū ni-jū / にじゅう hata(chi) / はた・ち 30 三十 san-jū san-jū / さんじゅう miso / みそ 100 百 hyaku hyaku / ひゃく (momo / もも) 1,000 千 sen sen / せん (chi / ち) 10,000 万 man man / まん (yorozu / よろず) 100,000,000 億 oku oku / おく - 1,000,000,000,000 兆 chō chō / ちょう - * The special reading maru (which means "round" or "circle") is also found. It is used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the famous 109 store in Shibuya, Tokyo which is read as ichi-maru-kyū. (It can also be read as 'ten-nine' - pronounced tō-kyū - which is a pun on the name of the Tokyu department store which owns the building.) This usage of maru for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as oh. It literally means a circle. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or rei (零).
Starting at 万, numbers begin with 一 (ichi) if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just 百 hyaku, and 1000 is just 千 sen, but 10,000 is 一万 ichiman, not just *man.
The numbers 4 and 9 are considered unlucky in Japanese: 4, pronounced shi, is a homophone for death (死); 9, when pronounced ku, is a homophone for suffering (苦). See tetraphobia. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from Western tradition.
In modern Japanese, the digits are given the on readings except 4 and 7, which are called yon and nana respectively. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases. For instance, the decimal fraction 4.79 is always read yon-ten nana kyū, though April, July, and September are called shi-gatsu (4th month), shichi-gatsu (7th month), and ku-gatsu (9th month) respectively. Intermediate numbers are made by combining these elements:
- Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit)-jū".
- Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit)-hyaku".
- Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit)-sen".
- Additionally, the tens from 30 to 90 in kun reading are formed by "(digit)-so", where the digit is also in kun reading: miso (30), yoso (40), iso (50), muso (60), nanaso (70), yaso (80), kokonoso (90). Variations include i for 50 and the suffix -ji for 20 through 90. However, for the most part, these are not in use in modern Japanese.
There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving voicing or gemination of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. rendaku): e.g. roku "six" and hyaku "hundred" yield roppyaku "six hundred".
In large numbers, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied.
Number Character Reading 11 十一 jū ichi 17 十七 jū nana, jū shichi 151 百五十一 hyaku go-jū ichi 302 三百二 san-byaku ni* 469 四百六十九 yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū 2025 二千二十五 ni-sen ni-jū go * Hyaku becomes byaku due to rendaku.
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Large numbers
Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits in myriads (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1000):
Rank 104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 1048 1052 or 1056 1056 or 1064 1060 or 1072 1064 or 1080 1068 or 1088 Character 万 億 兆 京 垓
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