- Elections in the Netherlands
-
Netherlands 
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Elections in the Netherlands are held for six territorial levels of government: the European Union, the state, the twelve Provinces of the Netherlands, the 25 water boards, the 418 municipalities (and the 3 public bodies in the Caribbean Netherlands) and in two cities (Amsterdam and Rotterdam) for neighbourhood councils (stadsdeelraden). Apart from elections, referenda are also held occasionally, a fairly recent phenomenon in Dutch politics. The most recent national election results and an overview of the resulting seat assignments and coalitions since World War II are shown at the bottom of this page.
At the national level, the legislative power is invested in the States-General (Staten-Generaal), which is bicameral. The House of Representatives (Tweede Kamer) has 150 members, elected for a four year term by proportional representation. Elections are also called after dissolution of the House of Representatives. All elections are direct, except for the Senate (Eerste Kamer), which has 75 members, elected for a four year term through the provincial councillors on the basis of the proportional representation at the provincial elections.
The Netherlands has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which usually no one party ever secures an overall majority of votes (except occasionally in very small municipalities, such as in Tubbergen), so several parties must cooperate to form a coalition government. This usually includes the party supported by a plurality of voters, with only three exceptions since World War II, in 1971, 1977 and 1982, when the Dutch Labour Party (PvdA) was the largest party but did not take part in the coalition.
Candidates to the elections of the House of Representatives are chosen from party lists resulting in proportional representation. The threshold is 1/150th of the total number of valid votes.
During the municipal elections of 2006, elections were electronic throughout the country. As a result, results were known before the end of the day, a mere two hours after the closing of the poll stations. For the national elections in November of that same year, however, several polling stations decided to return to paper and red pencil because of security issues with the voting machines. Since then, most elections have been held using paper and pencil.
The most recent elections were the provincial elections on 2 March 2011. The next elections will be the municipal elections on 5 March 2014.
Contents
Timing
The maximum parliamentary term is four years and elections are generally held about four years after the previous one. Normal elections, i.e. after the House of Representatives has fulfilled its term, take place in March. If municipal or provincial elections are already taking place in March of that year, the parliamentary elections are postponed to May. The elections are planned for spring to ensure that a new cabinet is formed in time to present its plans on the most important day in the Dutch Parliament, Prinsjesdag[1]. If the House of Representatives is dissolved, due to a severe conflict between the House of Representatives and cabinet, or within the cabinet, new elections (called dissolution elections) take place as soon as possible, usually two months to give parties time to prepare. The term of the next House can be shortened or prolonged by almost a year to ensure the next normal elections again happen in March or May.
Municipal and provincial elections always take place every four years, in March; municipal elections always two years after a year divisible by four, and provincial elections one year after municipal elections. City councils and States-Provincial cannot be dissolved, so no dissolution elections can occur. An exception to the four year term is made when two or more municipalities merge and new elections take place for the merged municipality. Senate elections also take place every four year, in May following the provincial elections. The Senate can be dissolved, and subsequently dissolution elections take place, but since the States-Provincial remain the same, this seldom occurs. A Senate chosen by dissolution elections sits out the remainder of its predecessor's term.
Elections usually take place on Wednesdays, but the government can decide to change this to a Tuesday, Thursday or Friday if there are good reasons to do so (e.g. when the election day coincides with a national holiday). Elections for the European Parliament always take place on a Thursday.
Eligibility
Every Dutch citizen who has reached the age of 18 is eligible to vote (actief kiesrecht) or to get elected as member of the House of Representatives (passief kiesrecht). Notable exception is the municipal election, where persons younger than 18 can be elected, but may not take seat until their 18th birthday. Also, for the municipal election one does not have to be Dutch; residents who are citizens of another EU country are also eligible to vote, as well as citizens of other countries who have lived (legally) in the Netherlands for five years. Someone may be deprived of these rights if they are mentally incapable of making a reasoned choice or have lost their right to vote by court sentence. Two weeks before an election all voters receive a card, which is the evidence that one is a registered voter and must be handed over in order to vote. As of 1970, voting is not compulsory.
It is not necessary or even possible to register as a voter for elections in the Netherlands: everyone living in the Netherlands should be registered as a resident with the municipality they are living in (including their nationality and date of birth). The electoral register is derived from this data.
Dutch citizens who live abroad (and have deregistered themselves as a Dutch resident) are allowed vote for the House of Representatives and for the European Parliament, but not for municipal or provincial elections. They do need to register themselves as a voter.
System
As described above, the House of Representatives is elected using a system of open party lists, resulting in proportional representation.
Election
Voting using "paper and red pencil": the voter colours the box in front of their favourite candidate red
For all elections except water board elections, votings are organized per municipality. At every municipality, there are multiple voting stations, usually in communal buildings, such as churches, schools, and recently, railway stations. There are two different systems: using the calling card (oproepkaart) or the voting pass (stempas). With the oproepkaart, voters can only vote at the closest voting station, using their card, or if lost, their identification. With the stempas, users can vote at any station in the municipality, but need the stempas. If it is lost, a replacement can be requested, but only until a few days before the elections. A stempas (of different type) can also be requested to vote in a different municipality.
When arriving at a voting station, voters hand in their card or pass to one of the three attendants of the voting station, who checks the card, invalidates it and points the voter to the booth.
Voting is done in one of two ways: using a red pencil or a voting machine. In 2005, almost no municipalities planned to vote with the pencil anymore. However, serious doubt was raised over the computers, both in being easy to manipulate, and being able to be electronically eavesdropped from a distance.[2][3] This led to a run on foreign voting computers and reintroduction of the red pencil in some municipalities in 2006, occasionally using converted medical waste disposal containers as voting boxes.
Dutch citizens living abroad are able to vote by registering in advance and then using a postal vote or, more recently, voting over the internet. The results are counted by the municipality of The Hague and included in its own results.
Post-election
Polls close at 21:00 and votes are called immediately. For national elections, the first results usually come in five minutes after the polls are closed (from the municipalities with the fewest inhabitants, Schiermonnikoog and Renswoude). The final results are known around midnight and semi-officially announced the next morning, after which the 150 seats allocated. However, over the course of the days recounting might reveal some minor shifts in seating.
Seat assignment
The electorate in the Netherlands during the last general elections in 2010 was 12,524,152, of whom 75% voted, resulting in 9,442,977 votes (of which 9,416,001 valid votes). With 150 seats, that means a quota of 62,773 votes per seat, the so called Hare quota. Since the electoral threshold is equal to the quota, that is also the number of votes required to get one seat in the House of Representatives.
However, the way residual seats are assigned, by using the D'Hondt method, a highest averages method, means that smaller parties are unlikely to get a residual seat, while larger parties have a bigger chance of getting one and may even get more than one. Firstly, numbers of seats are always rounded down, meaning there are always residual seats and parties that did not reach the quota do not get any seats (they do not take part in the following calculation). Next, the number of votes is divided by the assigned seats plus one. The party with the highest resulting number then gets one extra seat. Next, the process is repeated, with the party that got the extra seat participating again, albeit with a number one higher because they got an extra seat (the calculation stays the same for the other parties, which got no extra seat). But later on in the process, that party may get another extra seat. And since there are many parties in the House of Representatives, this is not unlikely to happen.
- For example, in 2003 (see table here), the three biggest parties each got two of the six residual seats, even the VVD (150*0.179=26.85, but they got 28 seats, representing 18.7% of the seats instead of 17.9%), whereas the Socialist Party got none (150*0.063 = 9.45, but they got only 9 seats, representing 6% of the seats instead of 6.3%).
When the largest party gets over 35% of the votes and is considerably bigger than the next biggest party, that party may even get as much as 3 or even 4 residual seats. This has, however, never happened. The percentage of votes for the biggest party is usually around 30% and rarely goes far beyond that. The largest result ever was at the 1989 elections, when CDA got 35.3% of the votes. Even then, however, CDA only got two residual seats because next biggest party (PvdA) had 31.9% of the votes. The biggest difference between the first and second party was at the 2002 elections, the most dramatic elections in Dutch history, when especially PvdA lost many votes to LPF, which became second biggest after CDA with 17.0% of the votes. CDA, however, had only 27.9% of the votes and therefore still only got 2 residual seats.
Parties may, however, form an alliance (lijstencombinatie), in which case they participate in the above calculations as one party and get a bigger chance of gaining residual seats (or getting one in the first place). The division of those seats between those parties is, however, done in a different way, by using the largest remainder method, which favours the smaller parties rather than the bigger ones if there is a considerable difference in size. But the overall advantage is greatest for small parties of comparable size.
Assigning people to seats
After seats are assigned to the parties, people have to be assigned to the seats. The Netherlands has 20 electoral districts, in each of them a party can use different lists. In theory, a party can place different candidates on each of the 20 different lists. However, it is usual that at least the candidate ranked first on the list is the same person throughout the country. It is even quite common that parties use the same list in every district, or vary only the last five candidates per district. Usually these five candidates are locally well known politicians, parties hope to attract extra votes with these candidates. However, because of their low position on the list, chances are low that these local candidates are elected.
The first step in the process of assigning people to the seats is calculating how many seats each of the different lists of a party gets, by adding the number of votes on each of the different lists together. If a party used the same list in more than one electoral district, these lists are seen as one list. Seat assignment to the different lists is done by using the largest remainder method.
The second step is calculating which candidate received on his or her own more votes than 25% of the electoral quota, by adding up all votes for a particular candidate on the different lists. These candidates are declared elected independent of the list order, and get one of the seats of the list where they received the most votes. If more candidates are elected on a list than the list received seats, the candidate with the lowest total number of votes is transferred to the list where he had his second best result.
As a third step, the remaining seats (if there are any) are assigned to the remaining candidates, based on their order on the list. When candidates are elected on more than one list in this way, the candidate gets the seat on the list where he or she received the most votes. This is continued until every seat is assigned. If one of these elected candidates later decides to leave parliament, then his seat is assigned to the next person on the list of the district he 'represents'.
An exception to the above exists in the form of lijstduwer ('list pushers'), famous people (former politicians, but also sports people) who are put on the candidate list but will not accept a seat when they get enough votes for one. During the municipal elections in 2006 professor Joop van Holsteyn criticised this practise, saying someone on a candidate list should also be a serious candidate. This view is shared by other politicologists, but less so by politicians, who say that lijstduwers are on the list not to get elected but to show that they support that party and that the fact that they are at the bottom of the list makes it obvious they are not intended to get a seat. Still, writer Ronald Giphart (1998) and skater Hilbert van der Duim (1994) got a city council seat, which Giphart refused to fill. Professor Rudy Andeweg says this is close to fraud because the law requires someone on the candidate list to declare in writing to be willing to fill a seat.
An example from the municipality of Oude IJsselstreek. The city council elections of 2010 resulted a total of 17.852 valid votes. The CDA party achieved 4.440 votes. Of the thirty CDA candidates on the list, 22 were given at least one vote each:[4]
- van de Wardt, P. 2.061
- Aalbers-van Ham, A.A.F.J. 224
- Steentjes, B.W.J. 451
- Bergevoet, R.J.W.M. 245
- Tekinerdoğan, M. 417
- Ermers-Mulder, A.G.M. 66
- Hettinga, M.A.J. 99
- Toussaint, C.P. 29
- van Bergen, J.H. 37
- Berentschot, H.J. 77
- Hendriksen-Löverink, S.A.M. 150
- Büchner, A.C.A. 31
- Sorgedrager-Carreira da Cunha Sant'Anna Sorgedrager, M.P. 22
- Hakvoort, G.W.M. 219
- Lammers-te Lindert, E.H.A. 19
- Vesters, J.M.G.M. 28
- Rootmensen-Bulsink, J.W. 45
- Ross, A.G.M. 59
- Koskamp, A.H. 35
- Roelofs, W.T.H.M. 91
- Ernst, F.F.J. 15
- Löverink, B.A.S. 20
(The last number is the amount of personal votes.)
As the total number of votes in the municipality is 17,852 and the council has 27 seats, 661 votes count for one seat. As the CDA has 4,440 votes it is entitled to seven seats.
First, it has to be checked who of the CDA candidates has more than a quarter of the kiesdeler. (661 divided by four makes 165 votes.) This is true for the candidates number 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 and 14 (in this order). Those six are elected.
Second, the rest of the CDA seats (one) is given to the person first on the list. As candidates number 1-5 already have seats, this last seat goes to number 6.
Other elections
Water boards
Elections for the water boards have some similarities to other elections mentioned above, but also some distinctive differences. Similar to e.g. municipal elections, there are national parties and local parties, and the party list system is used with proportional representation. Residents of 18 and over can vote and elections take place every four years.
In contrast to other elections, not all members of the water board are chosen by the residents of the water board area. The members of each water board are divided into four categories: inhabitants, agriculture, nature and commercial. Only board members in the inhabitants category are chosen in direct elections, the members in the other categories are appointed by representing organisations, e.g. chambers of commerce in the industry category. Another difference is that voting does not take place in person, but only by post (and sometimes telephone or the internet), over a period of about two weeks.
Latest national elections
Dutch general elections
Further information: Dutch general election, 2010Summary of the 9 June 2010 Dutch House of Representatives election results List Party Political Ideology Lijsttrekker Votes Seats +/- Vote % Seat % List People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
(Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie, VVD)Conservative liberalism Mark Rutte 1,929,575 31 +9 20.5 20.7 List Labour Party
(Partij van de Arbeid, PvdA)Social Democracy Job Cohen 1,848,805 30 -3 19.6 20.0 List Party for Freedom
(Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV)Liberal conservatism/National conservatism Geert Wilders 1,454,493 24 +15 15.5 16.0 List Christian Democratic Appeal
(Christen-Democratisch Appèl, CDA)Christian Democracy Jan Peter Balkenende 1,281,886 21 -20 13.6 14.0 List Socialist Party
(Socialistische Partij, SP)Democratic socialism Emile Roemer 924,696 15 -10 9.8 10.0 List Democrats 66
(Democraten 66, D66)Social liberalism/Radicalism/Progressivism Alexander Pechtold 654,167 10 +7 7.0 6.7 List GreenLeft
(GroenLinks, GL)Green Politics/Progressivism/Activism Femke Halsema 628,096 10 +3 6.7 6.7 List ChristianUnion
(ChristenUnie, CU)Christian democracy/Social conservatism André Rouvoet 305,094 5 -1 3.2 3.3 List Reformed Political Party
(Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, SGP)Christian right/Social conservatism Kees van der Staaij 163,581 2 +0 1.7 1.3 List Party for the Animals
(Partij voor de Dieren, PvdD)Animal welfare/Animal rights Marianne Thieme 122,317 2 +0 1.3 1.3 List Proud of the Netherlands
(Trots Op Nederland, Trots)Liberal conservatism/National conservatism/Cultural conservatism Rita Verdonk 52,937 0 +0 0.6 0.0 List Party for Human and Spirit
(Partij voor Mens en Spirit, MenS)Spiritual politics Lea Manders 26,196 0 +0 0.3 0.0 List Pirate Party
(Piratenpartij)IP reform, Civil rights, Govt. transparency Samir Allioui 10,471 0 +0 0.1 0.0 List Empty list
(List 17 / Feijen List)
(Lijst 17 / Lijst Feijen)Youth rights Lot Feijen 7,456 0 +0 0.1 0.0 List New Netherlands
(Nieuw Nederland)Jan-Frank Koers 2,010 0 +0 0.0 0.0 List Partij één Yesim Candan 2,042 0 +0 0.0 0.0 List Heel NL Daisha de Wijs 1,255 0 +0 0.0 0.0 List Empty list
(Evangelical Party Netherlands / Laclé List)
(Evangelische Partij Nederland / Lijst Laclé)[a]Evangelicalism Yvette Laclé 924 0 +0 0.0 0.0 Total 9,416,001 150 0 100.0 100.0 Invalid / Blank 26,976 – – 0.3 – Turnout 9,442,977 – – 75.4 – Source: "Uitslag verkiezing leden Tweede Kamer van 9 juni 2010". Nederlandse Kiesraad. 15 June 2010. http://www.kiesraad.nl/nl/Actueel/Nieuwsberichten/%282047%29-Actueel-Nieuwsberichten-2010/Uitslag_verkiezing_leden_Tweede_Kamer_van_9_juni_2010.html. ^a Evangelical Party Netherlands did not register before the deadline and thus participates as an Empty list.[5]
Dutch senate elections The Senate is elected indirectly, by the provincial councillors (who are themselves chosen in direct elections). It is composed as follows:
Party breakdown of the Senate after the 2011 indirect elections Parties Seats 2011 Seats 2007 Seats 2003 Seats 1999 Seats 1995 Seats 1991 People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) 16 14 15 19 23 12 Labour Party (PvdA) 14 14 19 15 14 16 Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) 11 21 23 20 19 27 Party for Freedom (PVV) 10 Socialist Party (SP) 8 12 4 2 1 Democrats 66 (D66) 5 2 3 4 7 12 GreenLeft (GL) 5 4 5 8 4 4 Christian Union (CU) 2 4 2 4 2* 2* Political Reformed Party (SGP) 1 2 2 2 2 2 50PLUS (50+) 1 Party for the Animals (PvdD) 1 1 Independent Senate Group (OSF) 1 1 1 1 1 Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) 1 General Elderly Alliance (AOV) 2 Total 75 75 75 75 75 75 * Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) and Reformed Political League (GPV)
Dutch European Parliament elections
Further information: European Parliament election, 2009 (Netherlands)Summary of the 4 June 2009 European Parliament election results in the Netherlands Lists Votes % Change Seats Change List National Party EU Party EP Group list Christian Democratic Appeal Christen-Democratisch Appèl EPP EPP 913.233 20,05 −4,33 5 −2 list Party for Freedom Partij voor de Vrijheid none NI 772.746 16,97 +16,97 4 +4 list Labour Party Partij van de Arbeid PES S&D 548.691 12,05 −11,60 3 −4 list People's Party for Freedom and Democracy Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie ELDR ALDE 518.643 11,39 −1,81 3 −1 list Democrats 66 Democraten 66 ELDR ALDE 515.422 11,32 +7,08 3 +2 list GreenLeft GroenLinks EGP Greens-EFA 404.020 8,87 +1,53 3 +1 list Socialist Party Socialistische Partij none EUL/NGL 323.269 7,10 +0,13 2 ±0 list ChristianUnion – Reformed Political Party ChristenUnie–SGP ECPM / none ECR / EFD 310.540 6,82 +0,91 2 ±0 list Party for the Animals Partij voor de Dieren none 157.735 3,46 +0,32 0 ±0 list European Whistle-Blower Party Europese klokkenluiderspartij none 21.448 0,47 +0,47 0 ±0 list Newropeans Newropeans none 19.840 0,44 +0,44 0 ±0 list Libertas Libertas Libertas.eu EFD 14.612 0,32 +0,32 0 ±0 list Liberal Democratic Party Liberaal Democratische Partij none 10.757 0,24 +0,24 0 ±0 list The Greens De Groenen EGP Greens-EFA 8.517 0,19 +0,19 0 ±0 list Solidara none 7.533 0,17 +0,17 0 ±0 list Europe Cheap! & Sustainable Europa Voordelig! & Duurzaam none 4.431 0,10 +0,10 0 ±0 list Party for European politics Partij voor Europese Politiek none 2.427 0,05 +0,05 0 ±0 Total valid votes 4.553.864 100 25 -2 Invalid votes 9.866 Blank votes 10.013 Total votes 4.573.743 Electorate 12.378.500 Turnout 36,9% Source: [6] Latest municipal elections
The 2010 Dutch municipal election saw a success for the right-wing VVD, social-liberal D66 and local parties. The PVV, the most right-wing party in the Dutch parliament, only participated in two municipalities, but had a big success by becoming the first and second biggest party respectively. CDA, PvdA and SP lost the most seats, but CDA still remained the largest party in total.[7]
Next elections
The next elections in the Netherlands are planned for (in chronological order):[8]
- Municipalities: 5 March 2014
- European Parliament: 2014
- Provinces: March 2015
- House of Representatives: 13 May 2015
- Senate (indirect elections): May 2015
Election results and cabinets since World War II
The following tables show the national election results and cabinets in the Netherlands since World War II. Per table, only parties that ever got seats over that period are listed (the number of participating parties in Dutch national elections is usually around 20).
The numbers give the number of seats for each party. The total number of seats in parliament is 150, so a coalition needs at least 76 seats for a majority.
In each table, the parties are split in three groups; parties that have been in government, minor parties and extinct parties. Within each group, the parties are grouped roughly according to the scheme leftwing - christian - rightwing.
columns Elections Election years (linking to the relevant articles) sc 'seat change'; the number of seats that changed between parties. Numbers between brackets assume merging parties to be the same as the new party Cabinet The resulting cabinets (not necessarily in the same year) Term The duration of the term of that cabinet, in months % percentage of seats held by the government parties. (Note that the other numbers are seats, not percentages.) cells bold party in cabinet (government) - not enough votes to get a seat in parliament party didn't exist then or did not participate nationally no elections Party name abbreviations
GrL = GroenLinks (a merger of PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP)
ChU = ChristenUnie (a merger of RPF and GVP)Elections sc Cabinet Term
(months)% PvdA D66 ChU CDA VVD SP GrL PvdD SGP PVV CPN PSP PPR EVP DS70 RPF GPV BP LN AOV U55 CP CD LPF 2010 ? Rutte(3) ? 35 30 10 5 21 31 15 10 2 2 24 2006 30 Balkenende IV 44 53 33 3 6 41 22 25 7 2 2 9 - - - Balkenende III(1) 7 48 42 6 3 44 28 9 8 2 8 2003 24 Balkenende II 38 52 42 6 3 44 28 9 8 2 8 2002 (36) Balkenende I 10 62 23 7 4 43 24 9 10 2 << ChU 2 26 1998 25 Kok II 47 65 45 14 29 38 5 11 3 3 2 1994 34 Kok I 48 61 37 24 34 31 2 5 2 3 2 6 1 3 1989 (8) Lubbers III 57 69 49 12 54 22 - 6 3 << GrL 1 2 1 1986 17 Lubbers II 40 54 52 9 54 27 - 3 - 1 2 - 1 1 - - 1982 15 Lubbers I 44 54 47 6 45 36 - 3 3 3 2 1 - 2 1 1 - - van Agt III(1) 5 43 44 17 48 26 - 3 3 3 3 - 2 1 1981 14 van Agt II 8 73 44 17 48 26 - 3 3 3 3 - 2 1 1977 (19) Van Agt I 45 51 53 8 49 28 - 3 2 1 3 1 - 1 1 In 1977, KVP, ARP and CHU merged into CDA.
DS'70 split off from PvdA
KNP is former Lijst Welter, which split off from KVP in 1948, but returned to that party in 1955
PvdV is the forerunner of VVDElections sc Cabinet Term
(months)% PvdA DS70 D66 PPR KVP ARP CHU VVD CPN PSP SGP GPV RKPN BP NMP KNP PvdV 1972 20 Den Uyl(2) 55 65 43 6 6 7 27 14 7 22 7 2 3 2 1 3 - - - Biesheuvel II(1) 9 49 39 8 11 2 35 13 10 16 6 2 3 2 1 2 1971 19 Biesheuvel I 13 55 39 8 11 2 35 13 10 16 6 2 3 2 1 2 1967 15 De Jong 51 57 37 7 42 15 12 17 5 4 3 1 7 - - Zijlstra(1) 4 42 43 50 13 13 16 4 4 3 1 3 - - Cals 19 71 43 50 13 13 16 4 4 3 1 3 1963 9 Marijnen 21 61 43 50 13 13 16 4 4 3 1 3 1959 8 De Quay 50 50 48 49 14 12 19 3 2 3 - - - - Beel II(1) 5 51 50 49 15 13 13 7 3 - expansion from 100 to 150 seats - 85 50 49 15 13 13 7 3 - 1956 7 Drees IV 26 85 34 33 10 8 9 4 2 - 1952 6 Drees III 49 81 30 30 12 9 9 6 2 - 2 - - Drees II 18 76 27 32 13 9 8 8 2 - 1 1948 (4) Drees I 31 76 27 32 13 9 8 8 2 - 1 1946 ? Beel I 25 61 29 32 13 8 10 2 6 - ? Schermerhorn-Drees(2) 13 (no elections - appointed by queen) 1940-1945: War cabinets without elections (1) minority caretaker cabinet
(2) extra-parliamentary cabinet
(3) minority cabinetSee also
- Politics of the Netherlands
- Electoral calendar
- Electoral system
- Historic composition of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
References
- ^ Tweede Kamer. "Kamerstuk Tweede Kamer 1984-1985 kamerstuknummer 18807 ondernummer 2" (in Dutch). Staten-Generaal Digitaal. p. 12. http://statengeneraaldigitaal.nl/document?id=sgd:mpeg21:19841985:0007730&zoom=0.5&highlights=aan&pagina=12. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
- ^ Wij vertrouwen stemcomputers niet
- ^ eenvandaag news item on the voting computer security.
- ^ Gemeente Oude IJsselstreek, last seen March 3rd, 2010.
- ^ "Evangelische Partij Nederland". parlement.com. http://www.parlement.com/9353000/1f/j9vvhy5i95k8zxl/vif4cnng0pzp. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- ^ Minutes Dutch EP election 2009 in .pdf and Dutch
- ^ Dutch Local Election Results. Right-Wing and Liberals Winners. Leftists Lose.
- ^ [1]
External links
- Adam Carr's Election Archive
- latest election (with party logos)
- election results, national results since 1850 and results of provincial elections 2nd half 20th century
- Dutch election results, national results since 1918, by province.
- Interview/NSS Weekly Electoral Poll
- Peil.nl Weekly Electoral Poll
- NSD: European Election Database - Netherlands publishes regional level election data (NUTS 1-3); allows for comparisons of election results, 1994–2010
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