Beatrix of the Netherlands

Beatrix
Queen Beatrix in 2008
Queen of the Netherlands
Reign	30 April 1980 – present
Predecessor	Juliana
Heir apparent	Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
Prime Ministers	See list
Spouse	Claus von Amsberg m. 1966–2002 (his death)
Issue
Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange Prince Friso Prince Constantijn
Full name
Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard
House	House of Orange-Nassau
Father	Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld
Mother	Juliana of the Netherlands
Born	31 January 1938 (1938-01-31) (age 73) Baarn, Netherlands
Signature
Religion	Christian (Protestant Church in the Netherlands)

Beatrix (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard; born 31 January 1938) is the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands comprising the Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and Aruba. She is the first daughter of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. She studied law at Leiden University. In 1966, she married Claus von Amsberg, with whom she had three children: Prince Willem-Alexander (born 1967), Prince Friso (born 1968), and Prince Constantijn (born 1969). When her mother Juliana abdicated on 30 April 1980, Beatrix succeeded her as Queen of the Netherlands. On 6 October 2002 Prince Claus of the Netherlands died.

Early life

Beatrix as an infant with her mother Juliana in 1938

Princess Beatrix was born Princess Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld on 31 January 1938 at the Soestdijk Palace in Baarn, Netherlands. She was the eldest daughter of Crown Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.^[1] Beatrix's five godparents are King Leopold III of the Belgians, Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, Princess Elisabeth of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg, and Countess Allene de Kotzebue.^[2] When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her first sister Princess Irene was born.^[1]

Princesses Margriet, Irene and Beatrix during World War II

When World War II broke out in the Netherlands in May 1940, the Dutch Royal Family fled to London, United Kingdom. One month later, Beatrix went to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada with her mother Juliana and her sister Irene, while her father Bernhard and maternal grandmother Queen Wilhelmina remained in London.^[1] The family lived at the Stornoway residence.^[3] In thanks for the protection of her and her daughters, (then) Princess Juliana established the delivery of tulips to the Canadian government every spring, which are the centrepiece of the Canadian Tulip Festival. Her second sister Princess Margriet was born in 1943.^[1] During their exile in Canada, Beatrix attended nursery and the primary school^[4] Rockcliffe Park Public School.^[5]

The family returned to the Netherlands on 2 August 1945. Beatrix went to the progressive primary school De Werkplaats in Bilthoven. Her third sister Princess Christina was born in 1947.^[1] On 6 September 1948, her mother Juliana succeeded her grandmother Wilhelmina as Queen of the Netherlands, and Beatrix became the heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands at the age of ten.^{[citation needed]}

Education

Princess Beatrix and Queen Juliana in 1960

In April 1950, Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, a part of Baarnsch Lyceum, where, in 1956, she passed her school-graduation examinations in the subjects of arts and classics.^[6]

On 31 January 1956, Princess Beatrix celebrated her 18th birthday. From that date, under the Constitution of the Netherlands, she was entitled to assume the Royal Prerogative. At that time, her mother installed her in the Council of State.^{[citation needed]}

The same year, at Leiden University her university studies began. In her first years at the university, she studied sociology, jurisprudence, economics, parliamentary history and constitutional law.^[6] In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, international affairs, international law, history and European law.^{[citation needed]}

The Princess also visited various European and international organisations in Geneva, Strasbourg, Paris, and Brussels. She was also an active member of the VVSL (Female Union for Students in Leiden), now called L.S.V.Minerva, after it had merged with the Leidsch Studenten Corps (which before then was male-only). In the summer of 1959, she passed her preliminary examination in law, and she obtained her law degree in July 1961.^[6]

Political involvement and marriage

Dutch Royal Family

HM The Queen * HRH The Prince of Orange * HRH Princess Máxima * HRH The Hereditary Princess of Orange * HRH Princess Alexia * HRH Princess Ariane * HRH Prince Friso HRH Princess Mabel Countess Luana Countess Zaria HRH Prince Constantijn * HRH Princess Laurentien * Countess Eloise * Count Claus-Casimir * Countess Leonore * Extended royal family HRH Princess Irene HRH the Duke of Parma HRH The Duchess of Parma HRH the Countess of Colorno Tjalling ten Cate HRH the Count of Bardi HRH the Marchioness of Sala HRH Princess Margriet * Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven * HH Prince Maurits * HH Princess Marilène * HH Prince Bernhard * HH Princess Annette * HH Prince Pieter-Christiaan HH Princess Anita HH Prince Floris HH Princess Aimée HRH Princess Christina Bernardo Guillermo Eva Prinz-Valdes Nicolás Guillermo Juliana Guillermo * Member of the Dutch Royal House

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Her appearance on the political scene was almost immediately marked by controversy. In 1965, Princess Beatrix became engaged to the German aristocrat Claus von Amsberg, a diplomat working for the German Foreign Office. Their marriage caused a massive protest during the wedding day in Amsterdam on 10 March 1966. Prince Claus had served in the Hitler Youth and the Wehrmacht and was, therefore, associated by a part of the Dutch population with German Nazism. Protests included such memorable slogans as "Claus 'raus!" (Claus out!) and "Mijn fiets terug" (Give me back my bike), a reference to the memory of occupying German soldiers confiscating Dutch bicycles. A smoke bomb was thrown at the wedding carriage by a group of Provos causing a violent street battle with the police. As time went on, however, Prince Claus became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy and his 2002 death was widely mourned.

An even more violent riot occurred on 30 April 1980, during the investiture (sovereigns of the Netherlands are not crowned as such) of Queen Beatrix. Some people, including socialist squatters, used the occasion to protest against poor housing conditions in the Netherlands and against the monarchy in general, using the also memorable slogan "Geen woning; geen Kroning" (No house; no coronation). Clashes with the police and security forces turned brutal and violent. The latter event is reflected in contemporary Dutch literature in the books of A.F.Th. van der Heijden.

Queen Beatrix is a member of the Bilderberg Group^[7] and an honorary member of the Club of Rome.^[8]

Queen of the Netherlands

On 30 April 1980, Beatrix became Queen of the Netherlands when her mother abdicated. In domestic matters, she has little political say; however, in international relations, the Queen has much more latitude. In 1994, the minister of Foreign Affairs conveyed in Parliament that a Dutch embassy in Jordan had been opened at her request.

Queen Beatrix and President Vladimir Putin during his state visit to the Netherlands in 2005

On 6 October 2002, the Queen's husband, Prince Claus died after a long illness. A year and a half later, her mother died after a long battle with senile dementia, while her father succumbed to cancer in December 2004.

Beatrix is rarely quoted directly in the press, since the government information service (Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst) makes it a condition of interviews that she may not be quoted. This policy was introduced shortly after her inauguration, reportedly to protect her from political complications that may arise from "off-the-cuff" remarks. It does not apply to her son Prince Willem-Alexander.

On 8 February 2005, Beatrix received a rare honorary doctorate from Leiden University, an honour the Queen does not usually accept. In her acceptance speech she reflected on the monarchy and her own 25 years as queen.^[9] The speech was broadcast live.^[10]

Queen Beatrix and Prince Willem-Alexander in the Golden Carriage in 2007

On 29 April and 30 April 2005, she celebrated the 25th anniversary of her reign. She was interviewed on Dutch television, was offered a concert on Dam Square in Amsterdam, and a celebration took place in The Hague, the country's seat of government.

On 30 April 2009 the Queen and the royal family were targeted in a car attack by a man called Karst Tates. Tates crashed his car into a parade in Apeldoorn, narrowly missing a bus carrying the Queen. Five people were killed instantly; and two victims and the assailant Tates died later. Other victims of the crash were in a critical life threatening situation. One week after the attack another victim had succumbed to sustained injuries. The royal party were unharmed, but the Queen and members of her family saw the crash at close range and were visibly shaken. Within hours, Queen Beatrix made a rare televised address to express her shock and condolences. The man apparently told police he was deliberately targeting the royal family.^[11] It is thought to be the first physical attack on Dutch royalty in modern times.

Royal Finances

The royal palaces are the property of the Dutch state and given for the use of the reigning monarch;^[12] While the House of Orange-Nassau possesses a large number of personal belongings, items such as paintings, historical artifacts and jewellery are usually associated with the performance of royal duties and/or the decoration of royal residences. As such, these items have a cultural significance beyond that of simple artworks and jewellery, and have therefore been placed in the hands of trusts: the House of Orange-Nassau Archives Trust and the House of Orange-Nassau Historic Collections Trust. Part of the collection is on permanent loan to Het Loo Palace Museum in Apeldoorn and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Queen Juliana had sold the remaining royal palaces and had put the cultural assets (paintings, antiques, books, etc.) into non-personal trusts.

The Crown Jewels, comprising the crown, orb and sceptre, Sword of State, royal banner, and ermine mantle have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services. Placing these goods in the hands of a trust ensures that they will remain at the disposal of the monarch in perpetuity.^[13] The Royal Archives house the personal archives of the royal family.^[14] This includes books, photographs, and artworks, as well as the books of the House of Orange-Nassau and the music library. The library was begun in 1813, following the return of the Orange-Nassaus to the Netherlands. King William I allowed the Stadtholder's library to remain part of the Royal Library in The Hague. The library houses a collection of some 70,000 books, journals and brochures. The music library has 6,000 scores, going back to the mid 18th century.

The Royal House Finances Act (1972)^[15] as amended in 2008 sets allowances for the King (or Queen Regnant), the Heir to the Throne, and the former sovereign who has abdicated. Provision is also made for their spouses (and in the case of death, for the surviving spouse). The allowances have two components: income (A-component) and personnel and materials (B-component). Annual increases or decreases are provided for: the A component is linked to changes in the annual salary of the Vice-President of the Council of State; the B-component is linked to changes in civil service pay and the cost of living.

In 2009, the Government decided that the annual State Budget of the Netherlands should show in a transparent way all the costs of the Royal House, some of which had previously been borne by various Government Ministries.^[16] Three sets of costs are now separately allocated in the annual budget for the Royal House (Budget I of the annual State Budget). These are:

• Allowances paid under the Royal House Finances Act. They comprise the income and personnel and materials components mentioned above.
• Expenses incurred in the performance of official duties. They include costs which had been previously been borne by the budgets of three Government Ministries (Interior, Transport and Water Management, Health and Welfare) and which are now attributed to the Royal budget in the interest of transparency. They also include the costs relating to royal flights and the royal yacht, Groene Draeck.
• Other expenses relating to the management of the Royal House. They relate to expenses for the Government Information Service (AZ/RVD) in connection with the Royal House, the cost of the Royal Military Household, the Queen's Cabinet and the travel and other costs incurred by royal visits to Netherlands Antilles and Aruba

Costs relating to the security of members of the Royal House, State Visits, and the maintenance and upkeep of the Royal Palaces (which are considered to be national monuments) continue to be funded by the budgets of the appropriate Government Ministries and are not included in the budget for the Royal House.^[17]

According to the State Budget for 2010, the budgetary allocation for the Royal House in 2010 is €39.643 million.^[18] There are the following categories of expenditure:

• Allowances paid to the Queen, the Prince of Orange and Princess Máxima under the Royal House Finances Act. They total some €7.102 million in 2010.
• Expenses incurred in the performance of official duties. They total some €26.818 million in 2010.
• Other expenses relating to the management of the Royal House. They total some €5.723 million in 2010.

Personal wealth

In 2009, Forbes estimated her wealth at US$300 million but gave no details to substantiate this figure.^[19]

Titles, styles, and honours

Royal Monogram of Queen Beatrix

Main article: List of titles and honours of Beatrix of the Netherlands

Queen Beatrix has held titles throughout her life, as a granddaughter or daughter of a monarch, and eventually as the Sovereign. Queen Beatrix's official title is Her Majesty Beatrix, by the Grace of God, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc. etc. etc. The triple 'etc.' refers to the title Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld and many dormant titles still formally borne by the Queen. The Queen signs official documents with only "Beatrix". In common parlance she is The Queen or Her Majesty. But when in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as "Your Majesty" or in Dutch as "Uwe Majesteit"^[20] and thereafter as "Madam" or in Dutch as "Mevrouw" which is the official etiquette though she prefers to be called "your majesty" at all time.

Beatrix has received honours and awards from countries around the world, both during her life as princess as well as the monarch. In capacity as the Sovereign she is Grand Master of the Military Order of William (Militaire Willemsorde) and the other Dutch orders of merit. She is the 975th Member and Lady of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, the 1,187th Dame of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain and has received numerous other medals and decorations.

Coat of Arms

Main article: Coat of Arms of the Netherlands

Issue

Name	Birth	Marriage
		Date	Spouse	Issue
Prince Willem-Alexander	27 April 1967	2 February 2002	Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti	Princess Catharina-Amalia Princess Alexia Princess Ariane
Prince Friso	25 September 1968	24 April 2004	Mabel Wisse Smit	Countess Luana Countess Zaria
Prince Constantijn	11 October 1969	19 May 2001	Laurentien Brinkhorst	Countess Eloise Count Claus-Casimir Countess Leonore

Ancestry

See also: Dutch monarchs family tree

Prime Ministers during the Queen's reign

Prime Ministers during the Queen's reign

Polity	Prime Minister	Start year	End year
Aruba	Henny Eman	1986	1989[22]
	Nelson O. Oduber	1989	1994
	Henny Eman	1994	2001
	Nelson O. Oduber	2001	2009
	Mike Eman	2009	present
Netherlands	Dries van Agt	1977	1982
	Ruud Lubbers	1982	1994
	Wim Kok	1994	2002
	Jan Peter Balkenende	2002	2010
	Mark Rutte	2010	present
Netherlands Antilles	Dominico Martina	1979	1984
	Maria Liberia Peters	1984	1986
	Dominico Martina	1986	1988
	Maria Liberia Peters	1988	1993
	Susanne Camelia-Römer	1993
	Alejandro Felippe Paula
	Miguel Arcangel Pourier	1994	1998
	Susanne Camelia-Römer	1998	1999
	Miguel Arcangel Pourier	1999	2002
	Etienne Ys	2002	2003
	Ben Komproe	2003
	Mirna Louisa-Godett	2003	2004
	Etienne Ys	2004	2006
	Emily de Jongh-Elhage	2006	2010
Curaçao	Gerrit Schotte	2010	present
Sint Maarten	Sarah Wescot-Williams	2010	present

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Youth. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
2. ^ De vijf peetouders van prinses Beatrix. The Memory of the Netherlands. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
3. ^ "CBC News". Cbc.ca. 18 January 2008. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/royalty/. Retrieved 2010-03-05. 
4. ^ Education. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on 2008-07-11.
5. ^ "National Capital Commission". Canadascapital.gc.ca. http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/bins/ncc_web_content_page.asp?cid=16297-16298-10118-10120&lang=1&bhcp=1. Retrieved 2010-03-05. 
6. ^ ^{a b c} "Het Koninklijk Huis". Koninklijkhuis.nl. http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/Wie_is_wie/H_M_de_Koningin/Studie. Retrieved 2010-03-05. 
7. ^ "Bilderberg Meeting of 1997 Assembles". PR Newswire. 13 June 1997. http://www.prnewswire.de/cgi/release?id=42594. 
8. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
9. ^ The complete text of the speech can be found at http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/NL/nieuws/nieuws.html?Toespraken/2223.html
10. ^ The complete broadcast is available at http://cgi.omroep.nl/cgi-bin/streams?/nos/nieuws/2005/februari/video/080205/beatrix_toespraak.wmv
11. ^ NOS. "Koninklijke familie was doelwit (Royal family was the target) (Dutch)". http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/4/30/300409_persconferentie.html. Retrieved 2009-05-01. 
12. ^ "Duth Royal House - Palaces and Immovable Property". Archived from the original on 22 June 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070622001117/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13342. Retrieved 2008-06-29. 
13. ^ "Dutch Royal House - Movable Property". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929135903/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13343. Retrieved 2008-06-29. 
14. ^ "Dutch Royal House - Royal Archives". Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080621112734/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13380. Retrieved 2008-06-29. 
15. ^ "Royal House Finances Act 1972". http://www.st-ab.nl/wetten/0484_Wet_financieel_statuut_van_het_Koninklijk_Huis.htm. 
16. ^ "Cabinet opinion on Report on cost of Royal House". http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/kamerstukken/2009/03/19/brief-aan-de-tweede-kamer-over-stuurgroep-zalm.html. 
17. ^ "Report on cost of Royal House". http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-en-publicaties/kamerstukken/2009/03/03/rapport-herziening-stelsel-kosten-koninklijk-huis.html. 
18. ^ "Budget for The King 2010". http://www.rijksbegroting.nl/2010/overzicht/begrotingsstaat,I-Huis-der-Koningin.html. 
19. ^ "In Pictures: The World's Richest Royals". Forbes.com. 30 August 2007. http://www.forbes.com/2007/08/30/worlds-richest-royals-biz-royals07-cx_lk_0830royalintro_slide_15.html?thisSpeed=30000. Retrieved 2010-03-05. 
20. ^ "The Dutch Royal House; FAQ; "How should I address members of the Royal House?"". Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070610075751/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13853. Retrieved 2008-06-29. 
21. ^ "Dutch Royal House - Coat of Arms and standard". Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080621112631/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/content.jsp?objectid=13334. Retrieved 2008-06-29. 
22. ^ Aruba received status aparte in 1986.

External links

• Beatrix van Oranje-Nassau (1938-) on Familypedia
• Queen Beatrix: Official website

Beatrix of the Netherlands House of Orange-Nassau Cadet branch of the House of Lippe Born: 31 January 1938
Regnal titles
Preceded by Juliana	Queen of the Netherlands 30 April 1980–present	Incumbent Heir: Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
Dutch royalty
Preceded by Princess Juliana later became Queen Juliana	Heir to the Dutch throne as heiress presumptive 6 September 1948 – 30 April 1980	Succeeded by Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
British royalty
Preceded by Huberta Deuse	Line of succession to the British throne	Succeeded by Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands

Persondata
Name	Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1938-1-31
Place of birth	Soestdijk Palace, Baarn, Netherlands
Date of death	Living
Place of death