Cabinet of the Netherlands

Netherlands

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the Netherlands

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The cabinet of the Netherlands is the main executive body of the Dutch government. The current cabinet of the Netherlands is the Rutte cabinet.

Composition and role

The Hague's Binnenhof. The Ministry of General Affairs, where the cabinet meets every Friday, is in the centre.

The cabinet consists of the ministers and state secretaries. The cabinet is led by the Prime Minister. There are between 12 and 14 Ministers, most of whom are also heads of specific government ministries, although there are often one or two ministers without portfolio who have areas of responsibility inside one or more ministries. For instance there has for some time been a minister for development cooperation, who works within the ministry of Foreign Affairs. Most ministries also have a state secretary who is responsible for part of the relevant portfolio. Two state secretaries (namely, those for European Affairs and International Trade) are given the right to call themselves "Minister" in other countries and be treated as such for protocolary purposes, while not having any of the domestic rights given specifically to Ministers. Most significantly, state secretaries are not members of the Council of Ministers.

The policy of a cabinet is coordinated by the Council of Ministers, in which all ministers, including ministers without portfolio, take part. The Council initiates laws and policy. State secretaries do not attend the Council of Ministers unless invited, and even then they have no voting rights in the Council. The Council meets every Friday in the Trêveszaal (the Room of Treaties) in the Binnenhof. Meetings are chaired by the Prime Minister, or an acting Prime Minister if necessary. The Council makes decisions in a collegial manner; all ministers, including the Prime Minister, are (theoretically) equal. Behind the closed doors of the Trêveszaal, ministers can freely debate proposed decisions and express their opinion on any aspect of cabinet policy. Once a decision is made by the Council, all individual members are bound by it and are obliged to support it publicly. A member of Cabinet who is not prepared to publicly support a decision of the Council is obliged to step down. Typically, a good deal of effort is put into reaching relative consensus on any decision. A process of voting within the Council does exist, but is hardly ever used.

Together with the Queen, the Council of Ministers forms the Government, which makes all the major decisions. In practice, the Queen does not participate in the daily decision-making of government, although she is kept up to date by weekly meetings (on Tuesday) with the Prime Minister. It should be noted that the Dutch constitution does not speak of cabinet, but instead only of the Council of Ministers and Government.

The ministers, individually and collectively (as cabinet), are responsible to the States-General for government policy and must enjoy its confidence. It is not possible for a minister to be a member of parliament. Ministers or state secretaries who are no longer supported by a parliamentary majority are also expected by convention to step down. In contrast to the Westminster system, Dutch ministers may not simultaneously also be members of the States-General, although many ministers are appointed from the States-General - whereupon their seats become vacant.

An important question is whether the relationship between the cabinet and parliament should be dualistic or monistic. That is, whether ministers and leaders of governing parliamentary parties should prepare important political decisions. According to the dualistic position, members of parliament of governing parties should function independently of the Cabinet. The monistic position, by contrast, is that the Cabinet plays an important role in proposing legislation and policy.

Formation

Main article: Dutch cabinet formation

After a general election, or if a cabinet resigns during a parliamentary term, the process of cabinet formation starts. Because of the multi-party system of the Netherlands, no single party has ever had a majority in parliament since 1900, and formation of a coalition of two or often three parties is always necessary. This is a time-consuming process. The Queen takes an important role in cabinet formation. The entire procedure is regulated by tradition and convention, with only the final appointment process specified by law.

Initially, the Queen has secret individual meetings with the presidents of the Senate and House of Representatives, and the vice-chair of the Raad van State. Next she has a meeting with the leader of each parliamentary party in the House of Representatives. She follows this up by appointing an informateur who explores the options of a new cabinet. The informateur is often a relative outsider and a veteran politician, who has retired from active politics, perhaps a member of the Senate or Raad van State, though by convention he or she has a background in the largest party in the House of Representatives. The Queen may appoint multiple informateurs, with backgrounds in other parties. The informateur is given a specific task by the Queen, often to "seek a coalition of parties with programmatic agreement and a majority in parliament." The informateur has one-on-one meetings with the leaders of the parliamentary parties, and chairs sessions of negotiations between the chairs of parliamentary parties as they compromise in order to achieve agreement. If negotiations break down, a new informateur is appointed and the information process begins afresh.

Once an informateur is successful, the Queen appoints the formateur, conventionally the leader of the largest party in the prospective coalition and the likely Prime Minister. He or she leads any remaining negotiations between those parties willing to cooperate to form a cabinet. Often, these negotiations cover the details of the program of policies, the composition of the Cabinet, and the division of Ministerial portfolios.

If the formateur is successful, the Queen appoints all ministers and state secretaries individually by Royal Decision (Koninklijk Besluit). Each Minister privately swears an oath of loyalty to the Constitution. After this the entire Council of Ministers and the Queen are photographed on the stairs of the palace Huis ten Bosch during the bordes scene. The new cabinet then proposes its plans to parliament.

Between the dissolution of the States-General before general elections and the appointment of a new Cabinet, the incumbent Cabinet is termed Demissionary cabinet/demissionair, that is, a caretaker government limiting itself to urgent and pressing matters and traditionally not taking any controversial decisions. If a Cabinet falls during a parliamentary term because one of the coalition partners withdraws its support, the coalition partner in question may leave. This does not result in a demissionair Cabinet, unless the Prime Minister is granted a dissolution of the States-General. Instead, the remaining parties in the governing coalition form a rompkabinet ("rump cabinet"). If the parties do not between them control a majority of the House of Representatives, the Cabinet continues as a minority government.

The formation is often considered as important as or even more important than the elections themselves. Because of the importance of negotiations, which can lead to policies that no party has promoted during the election, cabinet formations are sometimes seen as undemocratic. Recently it was attempted to make the process more democratic, with the formateur and informateur accounting for their actions before both the House of Representatives and the Queen. Another source of discontent with this process is the role of the monarch in it.

Incumbent Cabinet

Position		Portfolio	Name	Party
	Prime Minister	General Affairs	Mark Rutte	VVD
	Deputy Prime Minister / Minister	Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation	Maxime Verhagen	CDA
	Minister	Interior and Kingdom Relations	Piet Hein Donner	CDA
	Minister	Foreign Affairs	Uri Rosenthal	VVD
	Minister	Finance	Jan Kees de Jager	CDA
	Minister	Security and Justice	Ivo Opstelten	VVD
	Minister	Defence	Hans Hillen	CDA
	Minister	Education, Culture and Science	Marja van Bijsterveldt	CDA
	Minister	Infrastructure and the Environment	Melanie Schultz van Haegen	VVD
	Minister	Social Affairs and Employment	Henk Kamp	VVD
	Minister	Health, Welfare and Sport	Edith Schippers	VVD
	Minister without portfolio	Immigration and Asylum (within Interior and Kingdom Relations)	Gerd Leers	CDA
	State Secretary*	Foreign Affairs (European cooperation and Development cooperation)	Ben Knapen	CDA
	State Secretary*	Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (Agriculture, Nature, Food quality, Trade, Tourism, Postal affairs)	Henk Bleker	CDA
	State Secretary	Finance (Fiscal affairs, Finances of lower governments)	Frans Weekers	VVD
	State Secretary	Security and Justice (Prevention, Family law, Youth justice, Copyright law)	Fred Teeven	VVD
	State Secretary	Education, Culture and Science (Higher education, Science and Knowledge, Teachers, Culture)	Halbe Zijlstra	VVD
	State Secretary	Infrastructure and the Environment (Water policy, Environment, Aviation)	Joop Atsma	CDA
	State Secretary	Social Affairs and Employment (Unemployment insurances (partial), Equality, Long-term unemployment, Poverty, Health and Safety)	Paul de Krom	VVD
	State Secretary	Health, Welfare and Sport (Nursing and care, Elderly policy, Youth policy, Biotechnology)	Marlies Veldhuijzen van Zanten-Hyllner	CDA
* The state secretaries for Foreign Affairs and for Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation are allowed to use a ministerial title while on foreign business.
Source: (NOS)

Ministries

Main article: Dutch ministries

There are thirteen ministries, all with their own minister, there are also several ministers without portfolio and about as many state secretaries. The ministries are:

• Ministry of General Affairs, occupied with coordination of government policy;
• Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (Netherlands) occupied with a range of tasks including the police, the civil service and the constitution. Historically most ministries split from this ministry, when portfolios like social affairs, education and agriculture became more important;
• Ministry of Justice occupied with legislation, sanctions and immigration;
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs which has traditionally had a minister without portfolio for international development and a state secretary for European Affairs;
• Ministry of Defense, occupied with coordinating the military of the Netherlands;
• Ministry of Finance which is responsible for taxation, the national budget and monetary affairs;
• Ministry of Economic Affairs, which has a declining number of portfolios within its jurisdiction, now limited to coordination of the Economy of the Netherlands, telecommunication and innovation. It traditionally has a state secretary for international trade;
• Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment, occupied with coordinating the Dutch system of social security and employment;
• Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, traditionally led by a minister and two state secretaries one of whom is typically occupied with culture and the Netherlands Public Broadcasting;
• Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports;
• Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, which occupied with planning use of land in the densely populated Netherlands;
• Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Netherlands), which occupied with infrastructure and the Dutch system of defenses against the water;
• Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality.

History

For historical Cabinets, see List of cabinets of the Netherlands.

The first real cabinet was formed in 1848 after a constitution was adopted which limited the power of the King and introduced the principle of ministerial responsibility to parliament. Until 1888 cabinets lacked a real coordinating role, and instead ministers were focused on their own department. After 1888 cabinets became more political.

Of the 28 coalitions since the Second World War, only 3 were without the largest party (all three times PvdA) and the largest number of parties in a coalition was 5 (in 1971 and 1973). After that, the three major Christian-democratic parties merged into CDA, and 2- or 3-party coalitions became standard.

Since 1945 there have been 28 cabinets, which were headed by 15 prime ministers. Willem Drees and Jan Peter Balkenende both chaired the most cabinets (4) and Ruud Lubbers was prime minister the longest (between 1982 and 1994). The third Lubbers cabinet is the longest lasting cabinet since the Second World War (1749 days); only the cabinet led by Theo Heemskerk sat longer (2025 days). The first Balkenende cabinet is the shortest lasting normal cabinet since the Second World War (87 days); only the fourth cabinet of Hendrikus Colijn lasted shorter (10 days).

Council of Ministers of the Kingdom

The Cabinet of the Netherlands also takes responsibility for day-to-day affairs in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is distinct from the Netherlands, as it also includes the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. If affairs are decided which are of vital importance of the Kingdom as a whole, the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands is joined by one one Minister Plenipotentiary for Aruba and one for the other Antilles to form the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom.

• Living former members of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands

Types

There are different types of cabinets:

• A demissionary cabinet ("demissionair kabinet") is a caretaker government during the election campaign and the formation of a new cabinet.
• An extra-parliamentary cabinet ("extraparlementair kabinet") not based on a parliamentary majority. The last extra-parliamentary cabinet was the Den Uyl cabinet. It consisted of members of the three progressive parties (the social-democratic PvdA, the social-liberal D66, and the progressive-Christian PPR) and progressive members from the Christian-democratic ARP and KVP. It is contrasted with a parliamentary cabinet, which does have an explicit majority in parliament.
• A rump cabinet ("romp kabinet") is the continuation of a Dutch cabinet when it has lost a coalition partner, a form of minority government, where the cabinet has not become demissionary, but seeks support from a majority of parliament to finish the work that was already introduced by the cabinet to the parliament. Normally the Dutch Monarch will call for dissolution of parliament somewhat later, since the basis behind the coalition agreement is gone.
• A Broad basis cabinet ("brede basiskabinet") is an oversized cabinet or national cabinet. Between 1945 and 1959 several cabinets were formed in the Netherlands with more parties than necessary for a parliamentary majority. The first one of which was the Schermerhorn cabinet. Other parties were included to give the cabinet and its far-reaching proposals, like the formation of a welfare state, a broad basis in parliament and society. The core of these cabinets were formed by the social democratic PvdA and the catholic KVP, the Roman-Red alliance which by themselves had a large majority in parliament.

Also see

• List of Dutch cabinets

References