19th United States Congress

19th United States Congress
United States Capitol (1827)
Duration: March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1827
Senate President:	John C. Calhoun
Senate Pres. pro tem:	John Gaillard Nathaniel Macon
House Speaker:	John W. Taylor
Members:	48 Senators 213 Representatives 3 Non-voting members
Senate Majority:	Jackson Men
House Majority:	Anti-Jackson
Sessions
Special: March 4, 1825 – March 9, 1825 1st: December 5, 1825 – May 22, 1826 2nd: December 4, 1826 – March 3, 1827
<18th 20th>

The Nineteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1825 to March 3, 1827, during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President John Quincy Adams. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Fourth Census of the United States in 1820. The Senate had a majority of Jackson Men, while the House had an Anti-Jackson (pro-Adams) majority.

Major events

Main articles: 1825 in the United States, 1826 in the United States, and 1827 in the United States

• March 4, 1825: John Quincy Adams inaugurated as President of the United States
• October 26, 1825: The Erie Canal opened, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.
• July 4, 1826: Both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died on the 50th Anniversary of America's Independence

Major legislation

Main article: List of United States federal legislation, 1789-1901#19th United States Congress

• [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]

Treaties signed

• November 7, 1825: Treaty of St. Louis: 1,400 Missouri Shawnees were forcibly relocated from Missouri to Kansas
• January 24, 1826: Treaty of Washington between the United States government and the Creek National Council, in which they ceded much of their land in Georgia

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

	Party (Shading shows control)			Total	Vacant
	Anti-Jacksonian (A)	Jacksonian (J)	Other
End of the previous congress	(Adams & Clay factions) 12	(Jackson faction) 16	(Crawford faction) 20	48	0
Begin	20	25	0	45	3
End	23			48	0
Final voting share	47.9%	52.1%	0.0%
Beginning of the next congress	21	27	0	48	0

House of Representatives

	Party (Shading shows control)			Total	Vacant
	Anti-Jacksonian (A)	Jacksonian (J)	Other
End of the previous congress	(Adams & Clay factions) 87	(Jacksonian) 71	(Crawford faction) 55	213	0
Begin	108	105	0	213	0
End	119	103		222
Final voting share	53.6%	46.4%	0.0%
Beginning of the next congress	102	110	0	212	1

Leadership

President of the Senate
John C. Calhoun

Senate

• President: John C. Calhoun (J)
• President pro tempore: John Gaillard (J), until December 4, 1825
  • Nathaniel Macon (J), from May 20, 1826

House of Representatives

• Speaker: John W. Taylor (A)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1826; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1828; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1830.

Alabama 2. William R. D. King (J) 3. Henry H. Chambers (J), until January 24, 1826 Israel Pickens (J), February 17, 1826 – November 27, 1826 John McKinley (J), from November 27, 1826 Connecticut 1. Henry W. Edwards (J) 3. Calvin Willey (A), from May 4, 1825 Delaware 2. Nicholas Van Dyke (A), until May 21, 1826 Daniel Rodney (A), November 8, 1826 – January 12, 1827 Henry M. Ridgely (J), from January 23, 1827 1. Thomas Clayton (A) Georgia 2. Thomas W. Cobb (J) 3. John Macpherson Berrien (J) Illinois 2. Jesse B. Thomas (A) 3. Elias K. Kane (J) Indiana 1. James Noble (A) 3. William Hendricks (A) Kentucky 2. Richard M. Johnson (J) 3. John Rowan (J) Louisiana 3. Josiah S. Johnston (A) 2. Dominique J. Bouligny (A) Maine 2. John Chandler (J) 1. John Holmes (A) Maryland 3. Edward Lloyd (J), until January 14, 1826 Ezekiel F. Chambers (A), from January 24, 1826 1. Samuel Smith (J) Massachusetts 1. Elijah H. Mills (A) 2. James Lloyd (A), until May 23, 1826 Nathaniel Silsbee (A), from May 31, 1826 Mississippi 2. Thomas H. Williams (J) 1. David Holmes (J), until September 25, 1825 Powhatan Ellis (J), September 28, 1825 – January 28, 1826 Thomas B. Reed (J), from January 28, 1826

Missouri 3. David Barton (A) 1. Thomas H. Benton (J) New Hampshire 2. Samuel Bell (A) 3. Levi Woodbury (J), from March 16, 1825 New Jersey 2. Mahlon Dickerson (J) 1. Joseph McIlvaine (A), until August 19, 1826 Ephraim Bateman (A), from November 10, 1826 New York 1. Martin Van Buren (J) 3. Nathan Sanford (A), from January 14, 1826 North Carolina 3. Nathaniel Macon (J) 2. John Branch (J) Ohio 1. Benjamin Ruggles (A) 3. William Henry Harrison (A) Pennsylvania 1. William Findlay (J) 3. William Marks (A) Rhode Island 2. Nehemiah R. Knight (A) 1. James De Wolf (A), until October 31, 1825 Asher Robbins (A), from October 31, 1825 South Carolina 3. John Gaillard (J), until February 26, 1826 William Harper (J), March 8, 1826 – November 29, 1826 William Smith (J), from November 29, 1826 2. Robert Y. Hayne (J) Tennessee 1. John H. Eaton (J) 2. Andrew Jackson (J), until October 14, 1825 Hugh Lawson White (J), from October 28, 1825 Vermont 1. Horatio Seymour (A) 3. Dudley Chase (A) Virginia 2. Littleton W. Tazewell (J) 1. James Barbour (J), until March 7, 1825 John Randolph (J), from December 26, 1825

House of Representatives

See also: United States House of Representatives elections, 1824

Alabama 1. Gabriel Moore (J) 2. John McKee (J) 3. George W. Owen (J) Connecticut All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. At-large. John Baldwin (A) At-large. Noyes Barber (A) At-large. Ralph I. Ingersoll (A) At-large. Orange Merwin (A) At-large. Elisha Phelps (A) At-large. Gideon Tomlinson (A) Delaware At-large. Louis McLane (J) Georgia All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. At-large. George Cary (J) At-large. Alfred Cuthbert (J) At-large. John Forsyth (J) At-large. Charles E. Haynes (J) At-large. James Meriwether (J) At-large. Edward F. Tattnall (J) At-large. Wiley Thompson (J) Illinois At-large. Daniel P. Cook (A) Indiana 1. Ratliff Boon (J) 2. Jonathan Jennings (A) 3. John Test (A) Kentucky 1. David Trimble (A) 2. Thomas Metcalfe (A) 3. Henry Clay (A), until March 6, 1825 James Clark (A), from August 1, 1825 4. Robert P. Letcher (A) 5. James Johnson (J), until August 13, 1826 Robert L. McHatton (J), intalled December 7, 1826 6. Joseph Lecompte (J) 7. Thomas P. Moore (J) 8. Richard A. Buckner (A) 9. Charles A. Wickliffe (J) 10. Francis Johnson (A) 11. William S. Young (A) 12. Robert P. Henry (J), until August 25, 1826 John F. Henry (A), from December 11, 1826 Louisiana 1. Edward Livingston (J) 2. Henry H. Gurley (A) 3. William L. Brent (A) Maine 1. William Burleigh (A) 2. John Anderson (J) 3. Ebenezer Herrick (A) 4. Peleg Sprague (A) 5. Enoch Lincoln (A), until 1826 (before September 11, 1826 -- [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]) James W. Ripley (J), from September 11, 1826 6. Jeremiah O'Brien (A) 7. David Kidder (A) Maryland The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives. 1. Clement Dorsey (A) 2. Joseph Kent (A), until January 6, 1826 John C. Weems (J), from February 1, 1826 3. George Peter (J) 4. Thomas C. Worthington (A) 5. John Barney (A) 5. Peter Little (A) 6. George E. Mitchell (J) 7. John L. Kerr (A) 8. Robert N. Martin (A) Massachusetts 1. Daniel Webster (A) 2. Benjamin W. Crowninshield (A) 3. John Varnum (A) 4. Edward Everett (A) 5. John Davis (A) 6. John Locke (A) 7. Samuel C. Allen (A) 8. Samuel Lathrop (A) 9. Henry W. Dwight (A) 10. John Bailey (A) 11. Aaron Hobart (A) 12. Francis Baylies (J) 13. John Reed, Jr. (A) Mississippi At-large. Christopher Rankin (J), until March 14, 1826 William Haile (J), from July 10, 1826 Missouri At-large. John Scott (A) New Hampshire All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. At-large. Ichabod Bartlett (A) At-large. Titus Brown (A) At-large. Nehemiah Eastman (A) At-large. Jonathan Harvey (J) At-large. Joseph Healy (A) At-large. Thomas Whipple, Jr. (A) New Jersey All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. At-large. George Cassedy (J) At-large. Lewis Condict (A) At-large. Daniel Garrison (J) At-large. George Holcombe (J) At-large. Samuel Swan (A) At-large. Ebenezer Tucker (A) New York There were three plural districts, the 20th & 26th had two representatives each, the 3rd had three representatives. 1. Silas Wood (A) 2. Joshua Sands (A) 3. Churchill C. Cambreleng (J) 3. Jeromus Johnson (J) 3. Gulian C. Verplanck (J) 4. Aaron Ward (A) 5. Bartow White (A) 6. John Hallock, Jr. (J) 7. Abraham B. Hasbrouck (A) 8. James Strong (A) 9. William McManus (A) 10. Stephen Van Rensselaer (A) 11. Henry Ashley (J) 12. William Dietz (J) 13. William G. Angel (J) 14. Henry R. Storrs (A) 15. Michael Hoffman (J) 16. Henry Markell (A) 17. John W. Taylor (A) 18. Henry C. Martindale (A) 19. Henry H. Ross (A) 20. Nicoll Fosdick (A) 20. Egbert Ten Eyck (J), until December 15, 1825 Daniel Hugunin, Jr. (A), from December 15, 1825 21. Elias Whitmore (A) 22. John Miller (A) 23. Luther Badger (A) 24. Charles Kellogg (J) 25. Charles Humphrey (A) 26. Dudley Marvin (A) 26. Robert S. Rose (A) 27. Moses Hayden (A) 28. Timothy H. Porter (A) 29. Parmenio Adams (A) 30. Daniel G. Garnsey (J)

North Carolina 1. Lemuel Sawyer (J) 2. Willis Alston (J) 3. Richard Hines (J) 4. John H. Bryan (J) 5. Gabriel Holmes (J) 6. Weldon N. Edwards (J) 7. Archibald McNeill (J) 8. Willie P. Mangum (J), until March 18, 1826 Daniel L. Barringer (J), from December 4, 1826 9. Romulus M. Saunders (J) 10. John Long (A) 11. Henry W. Connor (J) 12. Samuel P. Carson (J) 13. Lewis Williams (A) Ohio 1. James Findlay (J) 2. John Woods (A) 3. William McLean (A) 4. Joseph Vance (A) 5. John W. Campbell(A) 6. John Thomson (J) 7. Samuel F. Vinton (A) 8. William Wilson (A) 9. Philemon Beecher (A) 10. David Jennings (A), until May 25, 1826 Thomas Shannon (A), from December 4, 1826 11. John C. Wright (A) 12. John Sloane (A) 13. Elisha Whittlesey (A) 14. Mordecai Bartley (A) Pennsylvania There were six plural districts, the 7th, 8th, 11th & 16th had two representatives each, the 4th & 9th had three representatives each. 1. John Wurts (J) 2. Joseph Hemphill (J), until 1826 (before October 10, 1826 — [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]) Thomas Kittera (A), from October 10, 1826 3. Daniel H. Miller (J) 4. James Buchanan (J) 4. Samuel Edwards (J) 4. Charles Miner (A) 5. Philip S. Markley (A) 6. Robert Harris (J) 7. William Addams (J) 7. Henry Wilson (J), until August 14, 1826 Jacob Krebs (J), from December 4, 1826 8. Samuel D. Ingham (J) 8. George Wolf (J) 9. George Kremer (J) 9. Samuel McKean (J) 9. Espy Van Horne (J) 10. James S. Mitchell (J) 11. John Findlay (J) 11. James Wilson (A) 12. John Mitchell (J) 13. Alexander Thomson (J), until May 1, 1826 Chauncey Forward (J), from December 4, 1826 14. Andrew Stewart (J) 15. Joseph Lawrence (A) 16. James Allison, Jr. (J), until 1825 (before the assembling of Congress)— [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]) Robert Orr, Jr. (J), from October 11, 1825 16. James S. Stevenson (J) 17. George Plumer (J) 18. Patrick Farrelly (J), until January 12, 1826 Thomas H. Sill (A), from March 14, 1826 Rhode Island Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. At-large. Tristam Burges (A) At-large. Dutee J. Pearce (A) South Carolina 1. Joel R. Poinsett (J), until March 7, 1825 William Drayton (J), from May 17, 1825 2. James Hamilton, Jr. (J) 3. Thomas R. Mitchell (J) 4. Andrew R. Govan (J) 5. George McDuffie (J) 6. John Wilson (J) 7. Joseph Gist (J) 8. John Carter (J) 9. Starling Tucker (J) Tennessee 1. John Blair (J) 2. John Cocke (J) 3. James C. Mitchell (J) 4. Jacob C. Isacks (J) 5. Robert Allen (J) 6. James K. Polk (J) 7. Samuel Houston (J) 8. John H. Marable (J) 9. Adam R. Alexander (J) Vermont 1. William C. Bradley (A) 2. Rollin C. Mallary (A) 3. George E. Wales (A) 4. Ezra Meech (J) 5. John Mattocks (A) Virginia 1. Thomas Newton, Jr. (A) 2. James Trezvant (J) 3. William S. Archer (J) 4. Mark Alexander (J) 5. John Randolph (J), until December 26, 1825 George W. Crump (J), from January 21, 1826 6. Thomas Davenport (J) 7. Nathaniel H. Claiborne (J) 8. Burwell Bassett (J) 9. Andrew Stevenson (J) 10. William C. Rives (J) 11. Robert Taylor(A) 12. Robert S. Garnett (J) 13. John Taliaferro (A) 14. Charles F. Mercer (A) 15. John S. Barbour (J) 16. William Armstrong (A) 17. Alfred H. Powell (A) 18. Joseph Johnson (J) 19. William McCoy (J) 20. John Floyd (J) 21. William Smith (J) 22. Benjamin Estil (A) Non-voting members Arkansas Territory. Henry W. Conway Florida Territory. Joseph M. White Michigan Territory. Austin E. Wing

Changes in membership

This count reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• replacements: 7
  • Adams (A): 3-seat net gain
  • Jacksonian (J): no net change
• deaths: 4
• resignations: 6
• interim appointments: 4
• Total seats with changes: 13

See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate

State (class)	Former senator	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's installation
New Hampshire (3)	Vacant	Seat remained vacant	Levi Woodbury (J)	Installed March 16, 1825
Connecticut (3)	Vacant	Seat remained vacant	Calvin Willey (A)	Installed May 4, 1825
New York (3)	Vacant	Seat remained vacant	Nathan Sanford (A)	Installed January 14, 1826 after resigning as Chancellor of New York
Virginia (1)	James Barbour (J)	Resigned March 7, 1825 after being appointed US Secretary of War	John Randolph (J)	Appointed December 26, 1825
Mississippi (1)	David Holmes (J)	Resigned September 25, 1825 after being elected Governor of Mississippi	Powhatan Ellis (J)	Appointed September 28, 1825
Tennessee (2)	Andrew Jackson (J)	Resigned October 14, 1825	Hugh Lawson White (J)	Installed October 28, 1825
Rhode Island (1)	James De Wolf (A)	Resigned October 31, 1825	Asher Robbins (A)	Appointed October 31, 1825
Maryland (3)	Edward Lloyd (J)	Resigned January 14, 1826 after being elected to the Maryland State Senate	Ezekiel F. Chambers (A)	Elected January 24, 1826
Alabama (3)	Henry H. Chambers (J)	Died January 24, 1826	Israel Pickens (J)	Appointed February 17, 1826
Mississippi (1)	Powhatan Ellis (J)	Successor elected January 28, 1826	Thomas B. Reed (J)	Installed January 28, 1826
South Carolina (3)	John Gaillard (J)	Died February 26, 1826	William Harper (J)	Appointed March 8, 1826
Delaware (2)	Nicholas Van Dyke (A)	Died May 21, 1826	Daniel Rodney (A)	Appointed November 8, 1826
Massachusetts (2)	James Lloyd (A)	Resigned May 23, 1826	Nathaniel Silsbee (A)	Installed May 31, 1826
New Jersey (1)	Joseph McIlvaine (A)	Died August 19, 1826	Ephraim Bateman(A)	Installed November 10, 1826
Alabama (3)	Israel Pickens (J)	Successor elected November 27, 1826	John McKinley (J)	Installed November 27, 1826
South Carolia (3)	William Harper (J)	Successor elected November 29, 1826	William Smith (J)	Installed November 29, 1826
Delaware (2)	Daniel Rodney (A)	Resigned January 12, 1827 after successor was elected	Henry M. Ridgely (A)	Installed January 23, 1827

House of Representatives

• replacements: 11
  • Anti-Jackson: 1 seat net gain
  • Jackson Men: 1 seat net loss
• deaths: 5
• resignations: 10
• contested election: 1
• Total seats with changes: 16

Main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

District	Vacator	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's installation
Pennsylvania 16th	James Allison, Jr. (J)	Resigned some time in 1825 before the assembling of Congress	Robert Orr, Jr. (J)	Seated October 11, 1825
Kentucky 3rd	Henry Clay (A)	Resigned March 6, 1825 after being appointed US Secretary of State	James Clark (A)	Seated August 1, 1825
South Carolina 1st	Joel R. Poinsett (J)	Resigned March 7, 1825 after being appointed Minister to Mexico	William Drayton (J)	Seated May 17, 1825
New York 20th	Egbert Ten Eyck (J)	Lost contested election December 15, 1825	Daniel Hugunin, Jr. (A)	Seated December 15, 1825
Virginia 5th	John Randolph (J)	Resigned December 26, 1825 after being appointed to the US Senate	George W. Crump (J)	Seated January 21, 1826
Maryland 2nd	Joseph Kent (A)	Resigned January 6, 1826 after being elected Governor of Maryland	John C. Weems (J)	Seated February 1, 1826
Pennsylvania 18th	Patrick Farrelly (J)	Died January 12, 1826	Thomas H. Sill (A)	Seated March 14, 1826
Mississippi At-large	Christopher Rankin (J)	Died March 14, 1826	William Haile (J)	Seated July 10, 1826
North Carolina 8th	Willie P. Mangum (J)	Resigned March 18, 1826	Daniel L. Barringer (J)	Seated December 4, 1826
Pennsylvania 13th	Alexander Thomson (J)	Resigned May 1, 1826	Chauncey Forward (J)	Seated December 4, 1826
Ohio 10th	David Jennings (A)	Resigned May 25, 1826	Thomas Shannon (A)	Seated December 4, 1826
Kentucky 5th	James Johnson (J)	Died August 13, 1826	Robert L. McHatton (J)	Seated December 7, 1826
Pennsylvania 7th	Henry Wilson (J)	Died August 14, 1826	Jacob Krebs (J)	Seated December 4, 1826
Kentucky 12th	Robert P. Henry (J)	Died August 25, 1826	John F. Henry (A)	Seated December 11, 1826
Maine 5th	Enoch Lincoln (A)	Resigned before September 11, 1826	James W. Ripley (J)	Seated September 11, 1826
Pennsylvania 2nd	Joseph Hemphill (J)	Resigned before October 10, 1826	Thomas Kittera (A)	Seated October 10, 1826

Employees

• Architect of the Capitol: Charles Bulfinch

Senate

• Chaplain: William Staughton (Baptist), elected December 12, 1825
  • William Ryland (Methodist), elected December 8, 1826
• Secretary of the Senate: Charles Cutts, until December 12, 1825
  • Walter Lowrie, elected December 12, 1825
• Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: Reuben Post (Presbyterian)
• Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke
• Doorkeeper: Benjamin Birch
• Sergeant at Arms: John O. Dunn

References

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists