Mid-October 2007 tornado outbreak

October 2007 tornado outbreak

Heavy structural damage in Nappanee, Indiana on October 18, 2007 (Courtesy of NWS Northern Indiana)
Date of tornado outbreak:	October 17–19, 2007
Duration1:	31 hours, 46 minutes
Maximum rated tornado2:	EF3 tornado
Tornadoes caused:	64 confirmed[1]
Damages:	$53 million[1]
Fatalities:	5[1]
Areas affected:	Midwest and Southern US
1Time from first tornado to last tornado 2Most severe tornado damage; see Enhanced Fujita Scale

The Mid-October 2007 tornado outbreak was a widespread tornado outbreak that took place across much of the eastern half of North America starting on October 18, 2007 and continuing into the early hours of October 19. The outbreak was also responsible for five deaths; three in Michigan and two in Missouri, plus many injuries (including some from non-tornadic events). At least 64 tornadoes were confirmed including 16 on October 17 across six states including Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Missouri with wind damage reported in Oklahoma, Kansas, Illinois, Iowa, Arkansas and Mississippi. On October 18, at least 48 tornadoes were confirmed across eight states including Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, plus widespread straight line wind damage.^[2][3] It was the largest tornado outbreak ever recorded in the month of October according to NOAA.^[4]

Meteorological synopsis

A tornadic supercell east of Lewisport, Kentucky. Strong wind shear aloft held cloud heights to a maximum of 40,000 feet (12,000 m)

A deep low pressure system (with a pressure of 977 mbar at its peak^[5]) moved across the Pacific Coast on October 15 and then crossed the Rockies during the following day and touched out some moist air from the Gulf of Mexico, major source for storm development and intensification. Not part of the main outbreak, 3 tornadoes were reported, during the overnight hours of October 16 towards October 17, across Randall County, Texas south of Amarillo on October 16 with 1 of them confirmed as a high EF1. That tornado caused damage to trees, fences, power poles, steel pipes, trailers and barns.^[6][7]

The next day a dry line, which separates the drier air from the more moist and humid air, formed ahead of the cold front across the Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles and tracked eastward.^[8] The high humidity levels with dew points in the 70s°F (low 20s°C), temperatures that in many areas were near 80°F (27°C), strong wind shear and the presence of the dry line helped developed the instability to produced severe thunderstorms across the Midwest and Southern Plains on October 17.^[9][10]

A moderate risk for severe weather was issued by the Storm Prediction Center two days prior to the event.^[11] The storm then moved across the most of the Midwest on October 18, where a moderate risk was in effect also for two days for most of Illinois, Indiana and parts of Kentucky, although the moderate risk was revised further to the south and east to include western Ohio, western Tennessee, southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas and a larger portion of Kentucky while Michigan and Wisconsin were no longer under a moderate risk.^[12][13] A slight risk of severe weather was forecast for a very large area from beyond the Canadian border to the Florida Panhandle and Mobile Bay.^[13] Dew points above 70°F (21°C) were reported well into the Ohio Valley,^[14] and dew points above 60°F (16°C) were reported as far north as northern Ontario.^[5]

The outbreak was expected to continue into October 19 east of the Appalachians, however, extensive cloud cover prevented any significant severe storms from developing although several wind reports were reported in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Massachusetts.^[15] The storm then moved out into the Atlantic Ocean on October 20.

Significant tornadoes

Graphic showing the track of the Ingham County, Michigan tornado (Courtesy of NWS Grand Rapids, Michigan)

The first severe thunderstorms developed during the early morning of October 17 across much of northern and eastern Texas and parts of Oklahoma and Kansas with only one reported tornado in east Texas.^[2] Several severe thunderstorms then later developed across eastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, western Mississippi, eastern Kansas, Missouri and parts of Nebraska, Iowa, Kentucky, Illinois and Tennessee.^[2] Twelve additional tornadoes were reported in Missouri and Louisiana during the late afternoon and early evening with damage reported in Lawrence and Greene counties in Missouri.^[2] One of the tornadoes located near Verona destroyed several barns and homes but did not cause any injuries and was later confirmed as an EF2.^[16] The storms persisted throughout the night and an additional tornado killed 2 people inside a mobile home in Greene County, Missouri near Paris.^[17]

House heavily damage by a tornado in Hubbard Lake, Michigan (courtesy of NWS Gaylord, Michigan)

On October 18, several thunderstorms already developed during the morning hours and continued to intensify during the afternoon.^[3] Just after 11:00 am EDT, one tornado in downtown Pensacola, Florida caused some extensive damage to the roof of a Baptist church as well as portions of Cordova Mall but there were no reported injuries at the Church and daycare center.^[18] During the early evenings severe weather affected the Louisville, Kentucky Metro area in which tree damage and power outage were reported throughout the area and a possible tornado at around 7:00 pm EDT near the Crescent Hill area which was later confirmed as a brief EF0.^[19] Still in the region, one tree fell over a passing car but the motorist escaped injuries even he was trapped for several minutes inside.^[20] The Louisville power authority, the LG&E reported as much as 2,500 homes without power mostly in St. Matthews and Crescent Hill areas.^[20] More storms rolled through much of the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys during the second half of the evening and overnight with more storms in Michigan.^[2]

Paducah, Kentucky radar loop showing the supercells in western Kentucky between 7:00 PM CDT and 7:45 PM CDT (Courtesy of NWS Paducah, Kentucky)

Areas the hardest hit were along and near the Ohio River in western Kentucky as well as central and northern Indiana in Nappanee where injuries were reported as well as significant damage,^[21][22] and in Central Michigan.^[23] Three people were killed overall on October 18: one in Kalkaska County, Michigan^[24] and two in Locke Township, near Williamston, Michigan.^[25] In addition to the tornadoes, storm straight line damaging wind measured up to 80 mph (130 km/h) were recorded across several of the regions hit by the severe weather, causing extensive tree and power line with isolated reports of structural damage.^[2]

In Michigan, a tornado in Tuscola near Flint threw a one year old baby 40 feet (12 m) away from its location along with the crib and was later found amongst a pile of rubble under a mattress. His parents told reporters that the mattress saved the toddler's life and he suffered few to no injuries.^[26] According to the National Weather Service in Detroit, tornadoes this late in the year in Michigan are very rare.^[27] The last significant October tornado event was on October 24, 2001, when three tornadoes hit southeastern Lower Michigan, out of a total of nine in the state that day.^[28] Including the 2001 tornadoes, only seven October tornadoes had been recorded in the NWS Detroit county warning area prior to the 2007 outbreak. By comparison, NWS Detroit had confirmed five tornadoes in its coverage area from this outbreak.^[23] It was also the largest October outbreak over western Kentucky and southern Indiana as 15 tornadoes were confirmed on October 18. Previous to this outbreak, only 19 tornadoes had been recorded in that same region during the history of October prior to this event.^[29] The Owensboro tornado, which was rated an EF3 was also the strongest ever in that month over the same region since records were kept in 1950 although an unofficial F3 took place in Posey County, Indiana on October 16, 1928.^[29]

Tornadoes confirmed

Confirmed Total	Confirmed EF0	Confirmed EF1	Confirmed EF2	Confirmed EF3	Confirmed EF4	Confirmed EF5
64	20	26	15	3	0	0

October 17 event

List of reported tornadoes - Wednesday, October 17, 2007
F#	Location	County	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Texas
EF1	W of Ogg	Randall	0516	11 miles (17.6 km)	Damage to several barns, fencing, a trailer, a homestead and power poles. Two large diesel tanks were also moved.
EF0	SW of Buna	Jasper	1532	1 miles (1.6 km)	Brief touchdown with damage to trees
Missouri
EF0	W of Centerview	Johnson	2105	unknown	Brief touchdown with no damage
EF2	N of Verona	Lawrence	2250	11 miles (17 km)	Intermittent damage path. Nine houses damaged or destroyed, along with a lumber mill and several barns.
EF1	N of Cave Springs	Greene	2335	3 miles (4.8 km)	Two houses and a barn were damaged or destroyed.
EF0	S of Lebanon	Laclede	0435	unknown	Damage reported to a mobile home and the roof of a house.
EF0	E of Hatton	Callaway	0455	1 miles (1.6 km)	A horse stable, a double wide mobile home, a large garage and trees were damaged
EF0	S of Madison	Monroe	0500	4 miles (6.4 km)	Two machine sheds were damaged as the tornado tracked across mostly farmland.
EF2	NW of Paris	Monroe	0505	4 miles (6.4 km)	2 deaths - A mobile home was thrown, killing its occupants. A large barn and machine shed were also destroyed.
EF0	N of Paris	Monroe	0507	2 miles (3.2 km)	Damage to trees and a machine shed.
Oklahoma
EF0	NE of Fort Tawson	Choctaw	2214	unknown	Brief tornado over open country with no damage
Louisiana
EF1	Franklinton	Washington	2245	unknown	Three windows suffered window and roof damage
EF1	N of Franklinton	Washington	2255	unknown	A mobile home had roof damage and several trees were uprooted
Arkansas
EF1	W of Star City	Lincoln	2302	5.4 miles (8.6 km)	Six mobile homes were damaged or destroyed and four houses sustained minor damage. Widespread tree and power line damage.
Mississippi
EF1	NE of Society Hill	Jefferson Davis	0030	0.33 mile (550 m)	One house and two storage buildings lost their roofs.
EF1	N of Hattiesburg	Forrest	0110	1.5 miles (2.4 km)	Tornado began at Exit 69 on I-59, where a car was blown off injuring the occupant. Roof damage was reported to two houses and a garage.
EF0	Tolarville area	Holmes	0303	2 miles (3.2 km)	Several trees were downed
Sources: Storm reports of October 17, 2007 NWS Springfield, NWS St. Louis, NWS Little Rock, NWS Jackson MS, NOAA Storm Data

October 18 event

List of reported tornadoes - Thursday, October 18, 2007
F#	Location	County	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Mississippi
EF1	W of Vancleave	Jackson	1045	1.8 miles (3 km)	Two mobile homes were destroyed, along with numerous outbuildings. Heavy tree and power line damage.
EF0	Starkville	Oktibbeha	1741	0.1 mile (160 m)	Brief tornado, minor damage to a building at the Starkville Country Club.
EF0	E of Starkville	Oktibbeha	1804	unknown	Tornado touchdown recorded in an open field. No significant damage.
EF1	N of De Kalb	Kemper, Noxubee	1913	3 miles (4.8 km)	Damage limited to pine trees being knocked down.
EF0	SE of Thornton	Holmes	0208	2 miles (3.2 km)	Narrow path of tree damage.
Florida
EF1	Pensacola	Escambia	1513	7 miles (11 km)	Tornado first touched down near Pensacola Naval Station, also tracking through downtown Pensacola and a commercial area, especially Cordova Mall. 86 buildings were damaged by the tornado. Four people were injured.
Alabama
EF0	NW of Vernon	Lamar	1815	unknown	Brief tornado touchdown photographed by police. The tornado did not caused any damage.
EF0	SW of Haleyville	Marion	1951	0.06 mile (100 m)	A farmhouse was damaged, and tree and powerline damage was reported.
EF1	NE of Haleyville	Lawrence	2005	0.15 mile (250 m)	Tornado reported in the Bankhead National Forest, damaging trees.
Michigan
EF1	W of Tower	Cheboygan	2125	10 miles (16 km)	Damage reported near Black Lake, including a barn destroyed.
EF2	NE of Long Rapids	Alpena	2225	4 miles (6.4 km)	Three houses were damaged, and three barns and a shed were destroyed. Significant tree damage also reported.
EF2	SW of Kalkaska	Kalkaska	2335	5 miles (8 km)	1 death - Numerous houses were damaged or destroyed, including a mobile home where the fatality occurred. Severe damage also reported at the Kalkaska County Airport.
EF2	E of Luzerne	Oscoda	0012	14 miles (22 km)	Large wedge tornado damaged 15 houses. Hundreds of trees were snapped or uprooted.
EF1	E of Luzerne	Oscoda, Alcona	0042	3 miles (4.8 km)	Considerable tree damage. Related to Luzerne tornado.
EF2	N of Hubbard Lake	Alpena	0100	0.25 mile (400 m)	One house was heavily damaged and two barns and a mobile home were destroyed.
EF2	SE of Williamston	Ingham, Shiawassee	0228	19 miles (30.4 km)	2 deaths - Two people were found the following morning after they being thrown out of their modular home into a nearby pond. A tractor-trailer was thrown on I-96.
EF1	SSW of Millington	Tuscola	0515	2 miles (3.2 km)	Reported by law enforcement. According to the Associated Press, a year-old baby inside his crib was thrown 40 feet (12 m) by the tornado but escaped injuries in Millington Township.[26]
EF0	E of Clio	Genesee	0516	2.5 miles (4 km)	Shingle damage to one home
EF1	W of Deford	Tuscola	0545	3 miles (4.8 km)	SPC Storm Reports web page listed tornado twice; second listing was erroneous duplication of report with incorrect location; NWS Detroit damage survey report and storm report list does not include duplicate report.
EF1	W of Port Hope	Huron	0630	1 mile (1.6 km)	Substantial damage to farm buildings, heavy farm machinery lifted and displaced. Not listed in preliminary reports, but found during damage surveys.
Illinois
EF0	NE of West Salem	Edwards	2215	unknown	Brief touchdown according to trained spotters and several officials. No damage was found.
Kentucky
EF1	NE of Owensboro	Daviess	2307	2 miles (3.2 km)	A few structures were damaged.
EF0	Louisville	Jefferson	2310	unknown	Tornado touched down at a Kroger store in the Crescent Hill area. Damage limited to that commercial structure.
EF2	S of Lewisport	Daviess, Hancock	2310	13.2 miles (21 km)	Long track tornado with multiple touchdowns. Numerous trees and several buildings damaged.
EF0	SW of Gatewood	Daviess	2315	1 miles (1.6 km)	Several trees were damaged
EF2	Sebree area	Webster	0009	10.4 miles (16.5 km)	Major damage reported inside the city limits, including numerous houses damaged or destroyed.
EF1	E of Creswell	Caldwell	0020	unknown	Trees uprooted and snapped
EF2	S of Dawson Springs	Caldwell	0025	unknown	Roof damage to several houses and several barns destroyed. Some uprooted trees fell on houses.
EF2	SW of Owensboro	McLean, Daviess	0032	17.5 miles (28 km)	Many houses damaged or destroyed.
EF2	SE of Dawson Springs	Christian	0040	2 miles (3.2 km)	Widespread tree damage reported in the Pennyrile State Forest. One mobile home was damaged on Highway 109.
EF2	E of Dawson Springs	Hopkins	0050	1.5 miles (2.4 km)	Three mobile homes were destroyed. One house and several barns were damaged, partially by flying debris.
EF1	Nortonville	Hopkins	0100	2 miles (3.2 km)	Damage to several buildings in town, including two houses and a gas station. Widespread tree damage.
EF1	Blue Spring	Trigg	0102	2.5 miles (4 km)	Damage reported near Lake Barkley State Park to a house, cabin, garage and boat dock (some of the damage due to fallen trees).
EF1	NW of Hamlin	Calloway	0107	7.4 miles (12 km)	Late report. One house heavily damaged primarily from fallen trees.
EF3	Owensboro area	Daviess	0109	7.5 miles (12 km)	Major damage in the city with many houses and businesses damaged or destroyed. Eight people were injured.
EF0	SW of Linton	Trigg	0123	1 mile (1.6 km)	Damage to trees in the Land Between the Lakes area. No structures affected.
EF2	S of Cadiz	Trigg	0132	10.5 miles (17 km)	Two barns destroyed and debris thrown up to 3/4 mile (1.2 km) away. Many trees blown down.
EF2	Rosetta	Breckinridge	0226	3 miles (4.8 km)	A church was destroyed, and several houses suffered heavy damage. Three large vehicles were thrown into the air.
EF1	Fort Knox	Meade	0250	2.5 miles (4 km)	Many trees were uprooted and twisted. Two businesses sustained roof damage.
EF1	Hubers area	Bullitt	0320	2 miles (3.2 km)	Significant damage to outbuildings, sheds, two houses and one garage.
EF0	Bradfordsville	Marion	0636	0.5 mile (800 m)	One mobile home was rolled over and several houses lost shingles.
Indiana
EF1	NE of Cannelton	Perry	2334	5 miles (8 km)	Minor damage mostly in the Cann Heights Road area. Originally considered a continuation of the Hancock County, KY tornado but reclassified as two separate tornadoes.
EF0	N of Ambia	Benton	0035	unknown	Brief touchdown in an open field with no damage
EF1	SE of St. Marks	Dubois	0127	2 miles (3.2 km)	A door from a house was blown off and a barn was damaged. About 100 trees were snapped.
EF3	New Washington	Clark	0203	4.8 miles (7.7 km)	One house was completely destroyed and 10 houses were damaged, some heavily. Numerous barns and outbuildings were destroyed. Initially rated as an EF2 before further surveys in New Washington discovered low-end EF3 damage.[30]
EF3	Nappanee area	Marshall, Kosciusko, Elkhart	0218	20 miles (32 km)	Severe damage took place in the area. 591 buildings (including at least 368 homes and 81 businesses) were damaged, of which at least 98 were destroyed across the three counties. Some of the heavily damaged buildings were three RV factories and numerous fast food outlets. Significant damage was also reported to many farms, with barns blown down and outbuildings destroyed, and farm animals were killed. Eight people were injured.Damages were estimated between $25–35 million.[31][32][33]
Tennessee
EF1	W of Model	Stewart	0118	1 miles (1.6 km)	Numerous trees snapped and uprooted.
Sources: Storm reports of October 18, 2007 NWS Michigan Offices (Combined report) NWS Northern Indiana summary, NWS Louisville summary NWS Central Illinois summary NWS Chicago summary NWS Paducah storm reports NWS Paducah summary NWS Tulsa summary NOAA Storm Data

Nontornadic events

Radar shot of a bow echo crossing the Wichita area at 6:00 PM CDT on October 17, 2007. (Courtesy of NWS Wichita, KS)

In addition to the tornadoes, widespread straight-line wind damage took place across much of the affected region, particularly on the night of October 17 as a result of a derecho that moved across the southern Great Plains into the Ozarks. Winds were reported as high as 100 mph (160 km/h) as a result of the bow echo that moved across the region.^[34] Tulsa was hard hit, with at least 55 people injured (one critically) due to wind damage at the Oktoberfest event. Many mobile homes were destroyed, and widespread power outages were reported in the region including in Rogers County near Oologah where five people where injured.^[35]

A thunderstorm with a confirmed tornado approaching Owensboro, Kentucky

In Kansas, a bow echo caused some localized significant damage in and around the Wichita Metropolitan Area with the most significant damage at the International Cold Storage located in the Andover area where the peak winds were measured.^[34] Overall, over 400 wind reports in the US alone, were reported on both October 17 and 18 across the Midwest, Gulf Coast and Great Lakes with several reports of damage but there were no direct non-tornadic fatalities. In Chicago, an eleven year old boy was struck and injured by lightning while another person was injured by broken glass when high winds blew up windows of a lobby hall of a condominium.^[26]

In addition, the Gulf Coast region, particularly the Florida Panhandle, received torrential rain due to continuous thunderstorms ahead of the cold front.^[36] Rainfall amounts over 12 inches (300 mm) were common (with amounts as high as 22 inches (560 mm) were reported in Gulf Breeze, Florida), although only minor flooding was reported including roads and some houses flooded.^[36]

See also

• List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• Tornadoes of 2007

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} "NCDC storm events". National Climatic Data Center. http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms. Retrieved 2008-04-28. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Storm Prediction Center (SPC) (October 17, 2007). "Storm Reports for October 17, 2007". http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/071017_rpts.html. Retrieved 2008-05-19. 
3. ^ ^{a b} SPC (October 18, 2007). "Storm Reports for October 18, 2007". http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/071018_rpts.html. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
4. ^ "NOAA Reports Record-Setting Tornado Outbreak for October". NOAA. 2007-10-31. http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2007/20071031_tornado.html. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
5. ^ ^{a b} "Archive of United States (CONUS) Analyses - 09Z October 19" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC). 2007-10-19. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/sfc/namussfc2007101909.gif. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
6. ^ SPC (October 16, 2007). "SPC Storm Reports for 10/16/07". http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/071016_rpts.html. 
7. ^ NWS Amarillo, Texas (October 18, 2007). "Public Information Statement". http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ama/october17tornado/LBBPNSAMA.190128. 
8. ^ "Archive of United States (CONUS) Analyses - 18Z October 17" (GIF). HPC. 2007-10-17. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/sfc/namussfc2007101718.gif. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
9. ^ "Archive of United States (CONUS) Analyses - 21Z October 17" (GIF). HPC. 2007-10-17. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/sfc/namussfc2007101721.gif. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
10. ^ Hales (2007-10-17). "Tornado Watch #711". SPC. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/2007/ww0711.html. Retrieved 2008-04-15. 
11. ^ Keer (2007-10-16). "Oct 16, 2007 1730 UTC Day 2 Convective Outlook". SPC. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/archive/2007/day2otlk_20071016_1730.html. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
12. ^ Darrow (2007-10-17). "Oct 17, 2007 1730 UTC Day 2 Convective Outlook". SPC. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/archive/2007/day2otlk_20071017_1730.html. Retrieved 2008-05-19. 
13. ^ ^{a b} Broyles (2007-10-18). "Oct 18, 2007 2000 UTC Day 1 Convective Outlook". SPC. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/archive/2007/day1otlk_20071018_2000.html. Retrieved 2008-05-19. 
14. ^ "Archive of United States (CONUS) Analyses - 21Z October 18" (GIF). HPC. 2007-10-18. http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/sfc/namussfc2007101821.gif. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
15. ^ SPC (October 19, 2007). "SPC Storm Reports for October 19, 2007". http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/071019_rpts.html. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
16. ^ NWS Springfield, Missouri (October 18, 2007). "Severe Weather and Tornadoes Hit Southeast Kansas & Missouri Ozarks...". http://www.crh.noaa.gov/crnews/display_story.php?wfo=sgf&storyid=10637&source=0. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
17. ^ KRCG 13 (October 18, 2007). "Two killed in possible tornado". http://www.krcgonline.com/news/news_story.aspx?id=57975. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
18. ^ News4Jax.com (October 18, 2007). "Tornado Rips Pensacola; Storms Sweep Through Panhandle". http://www.news4jax.com/news/14369154/detail.html. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
19. ^ NWS Louisville, Kentucky (April 15, 2008). "EF-0 Tornado Confirmed in Metro Louisville". http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=louisvillepns. Retrieved 2008-04-15. 
20. ^ ^{a b} English, Lindsey (October 19, 2007). "Tree crushes car but driver escapes". http://www.wave3.com/Global/story.asp?S=7236200&nav=menu31_3. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
21. ^ WEHT 25 (Evansville, Indiana) (October 19, 2007). "Webster County Slammed by Storms". http://www.news25.us/dsp_story.cfm?storyid=3618&RequestTimeout=500. Retrieved 2008-04-13. ^{[dead link]}
22. ^ WAVE 3 (Louisville) (October 19, 2007). "Nappanee hit hard by suspected tornado". http://www.wave3.com/Global/story.asp?S=7236801&nav=menu31_3. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
23. ^ ^{a b} NWS Detroit, Michigan (October 19, 2007). "Late Season Tornado Outbreak October 18 & 19 - Updated for Genesee and Millington Tornadoes". http://www.crh.noaa.gov/crnews/display_story.php?wfo=dtx&storyid=10667&source=0. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
24. ^ WXYZ Detroit (October 19, 2007). "TWISTER: Violent Storms Batter State". http://www.wxyz.com/news/local/story.aspx?content_id=1a2bc14a-9bac-4af3-979e-e2022fd274e6and. 
25. ^ Lansing State Journal (October 19, 2007). "Two people confirmed dead after Thursday storm". http://www.lsj.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071019/NEWS01/710190353. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
26. ^ ^{a b c} CNN (October 19, 2007). "Storms' death toll up to 6". Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071225201342/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/weather/10/19/severe.weather/index.html. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
27. ^ NWS Detroit, Michigan (April 15, 2008). "Tornado Outbreak on October 18–19, 2007". http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/?n=oct18tor. Retrieved 2008-04-15. 
28. ^ National Weather Service. "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: October 2001, Michigan" (PDF). http://www.crh.noaa.gov/images/dtx/stormdata/2001/October2001.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
29. ^ ^{a b} NWS Paducah, Kentucky (October 22, 2007). "Last week’s tornado outbreak largest on record for October in our region". http://www.crh.noaa.gov/crnews/display_story.php?wfo=pah&storyid=10719&source=0. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
30. ^ NWS Louisville (October 19, 2007). "Storm Surveys in Progress". http://www.crh.noaa.gov/crnews/display_story.php?wfo=lmk&storyid=10661&source=0. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
31. ^ National Climatic Data Center (April 17, 2008). "NCDC: Event Details: Marshall County EF2". http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~686303. 
32. ^ National Climatic Data Center (April 17, 2008). "NCDC: Event Details: Kosciusko County EF3". http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~685963. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
33. ^ National Climatic Data Center (April 17, 2008). "NCDC: Event Details: Elkhart County EF3". http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~686210. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
34. ^ ^{a b} NWS Wichita, Kansas (October 18, 2007). "Severe Storms Cause Destruction Across Southeast and South Central Kansas!". http://www.crh.noaa.gov/ict/scripts/viewstory.php?STORY_NUMBER=2007101818. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
35. ^ NWS Tulsa, Oklahoma (October 18, 2007). "October 17, 2007 Severe Weather Event". Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080410103320/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tsa/weather-events/wind_event_101707/severe_event_101707.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-13. 
36. ^ ^{a b} NWS Mobile, Alabama (April 15, 2008). "Rainfall Report October 18–19, 2007". http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mob/101807Tor/rainfall.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-13. ^{[dead link]}

External links

• NWS Tulsa, Oklahoma storm summary
• NWS Paducah, Kentucky storm summary
  • Storm Reports from NWS Paducah, Kentucky
• NWS Chicago, Illinois storm summary
• NWS Central Illinois storm summary
• Images of damage associated with the Nappanee, Indiana EF3 tornado (NWS Northern Indiana)
• Storm Damage Images in the Louisville area in surroundings (Courtesy of WLKY 32 in Louisville, Kentucky)