Centromedian nucleus

Brain: Centromedian nucleus
Latin	nucleus centromedianus thalami
NeuroNames	hier-306
NeuroLex ID	birnlex_805

In the anatomy of the brain, the centromedian nucleus, also known as the centrum medianum, (CM or Cm-Pf) is a part of the intralaminar nucleus (ILN) of the thalamus. There are two centromedian nuclei arranged bilaterally.

It contains about 2000 neurons per cubic millimetre and has a volume of about 310 cubic millimetres with 664,000 neurons in total.^[1]

Input and output

It sends nerve fibres to the subthalamic nucleus and putamen.^[2] It receives nerve fibres from the cerebral cortex, vestibular nuclei, globus pallidus, superior colliculus, reticular formation, and spinothalamic tract.

Function

Its physiological role involves attention and arousal, including control of the level of cortical activity. Some frequencies of extracellular electrical stimulation of the centromedian nucleus can cause absence seizures (temporary loss of consciousness) although electrical stimulation can be of therapeutic use in intractable epilepsy and Tourette's syndrome. General anaesthetics specifically suppress activity in the ILN, including the centromedian nucleus. Complete bilateral lesions of the centromedian nucleus can lead to states normally associated with brain death such as coma, death, persistent vegetative state, forms of mutism and severe delirium. Unilateral lesions can lead to unilateral thalamic neglect.

Some have suggested the controversial notion that human consciousness resides fully or at least mainly in the centromedian nucleus, since damage or change to the area alters consciousness significantly.  

Additional images

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  Thalamus

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  Thalamus

Notes and references

1. ^ Henderson J, Carpenter K, Cartwright H, Halliday G (2000). "Loss of thalamic intralaminar nuclei in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease: clinical and therapeutic implications". Brain 123 ( Pt 7) (7): 1410–1421. doi:10.1093/brain/123.7.1410. PMID 10869053. http://brain.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/123/7/1410. 
2. ^ Powell, T. P. S.; Cowan W. M. (1967). "The interpretation of the degenerative changes in the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 30 (2): 140–153. doi:10.1136/jnnp.30.2.140. PMC 496153. PMID 4962197. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=496153. 

External links

• Neuroanatomy at UW coro97/contents.htm - The Global Thalamus (See level 12, the centromedian nucleus is labelled CM)

• Schiff N, Plum F (2000). "The role of arousal and "gating" systems in the neurology of impaired consciousness". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 17 (5): 438–52. PMID 11085547. http://www.clinicalneurophys.com/pt/re/jclnneurophys/fulltext.00004691-200009000-00002.htm;jsessionid=LKBWJCWqWsnRT9P7pcyTHcVB5fNVNn9np5BBln4bTnyCm92Dkf2M!-2013963969!181195629!8091!-1. 
• Joe Bogen's Consciousness Page (Professor Bogen) at California Institute of Technology
• NIF Search - Centromedian Nucleus via the Neuroscience Information Framework