Castile-La Mancha

ɭ̩

Castile-La Mancha Castilla-La Mancha
—  Autonomous Community  —
Flag Coat of arms
Map showing Castile-La Mancha within Spain
Coordinates: 39°52′N 4°01′W / 39.867°N 4.017°W / 39.867; -4.017Coordinates: 39°52′N 4°01′W / 39.867°N 4.017°W / 39.867; -4.017
Country	Spain
Capital	Toledo
Provinces	Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Toledo
Government
– Type	Devolved government in a constitutional monarchy
– Body	Junta of Communities of Castile-La Mancha
– President	María Dolores de Cospedal (PP)
Area
– Total	79,463 km2 (30,680.8 sq mi)
Area rank	3rd (15.7% of Spain)
Population (2010)
– Total	2,095,855
– Rank	9th (4.3% of Spain)
– Density	26.4/km2 (68.3/sq mi)
Demonym	Castilian-Manchegan castellano-manchego/a
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
– Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
ISO 3166-2	CM
Area code	+34 98-
Statute of Autonomy	16 August 1982
Official languages	Spanish
Patron saint	Saint George
Legislature
Courts	49 deputies
Congress	21 deputies (out of 350)[1]
Senate	22 senators (out of 264)[2]
Website	www.jccm.es

Castile-La Mancha (Spanish: Castilla-La Mancha, IPA: [kasˈtiʎa la ˈmantʃa]) is an autonomous community of Spain. Castile-La Mancha is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's autonomous communities. Its capital city is Toledo, and its most populous city is Albacete.

Castile-La Mancha was formerly grouped with the province of Madrid into New Castile (Castilla la Nueva), but with the advent of the modern Spanish system of autonomous communities (Estado de las autonomías), it was separated due to great demographic disparity between the capital and the remaining New-Castilian provinces. Also, compared to the former New Castile, Castile-La Mancha add the province of Albacete, which had been part of Murcia; adding Albacete placed all of La Mancha within this single region.

It is mostly in this region where the story of the famous Spanish novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is situated - due to which La Mancha is internationally well-known. Although La Mancha is a windswept, battered plateau, it remains a symbol of the Spanish culture with its vineyards, sunflowers, mushrooms, oliveyards, windmills, Manchego cheese, and Don Quixote.

History

The history of Castile-La Mancha has been significant. Its origin lay in the Muslim period between the 8th and 14th century. Castile-La Mancha was the region of many historical battles between Christian crusaders and Muslim forces during the period from 1000 to the 13th century. It was also the region where the Crown of Castile and Aragon were unified in 1492 under Queen Isabel and King Ferdinand.

Castile-La Mancha is the successor to New Castile (Castilla la Nueva), which in turn traces back to the Muslim Taifa of Toledo, one of the taifas of Al Andalus. Alfonso VI conquered the region from the Muslims, taking Toledo in 1085. The Reconquista ("Reconquest") took Cuenca in 1177. Other provinces to the south—the Campo de Calatrava, the Valle de Alcudia, and the Alfoz de Alcaraz (Campo de Montiel and Sierra de Alcaraz)—were consolidated during the reign of Alfonso VIII (reigned 1158–1214), whose conquests were completed by the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). That victory assured Castilian domination of the region and hastened the decline of the Almohad Dynasty. From the time of the Reconquista, Castilla-La Mancha formed part of the Kingdom of Castile. Four centuries later, in 1605, Cervantes' Don Quixote gave the world an indelible picture of La Mancha.

In 1785, the territorial organization by the reformer Floridablanca divided the region into the provinces of Cuenca, Guadalajara, Madrid, La Mancha, and Toledo, while Albacete, Chinchilla, Almansa, Hellín and Yeste became part of Murcia. In 1833 Javier de Burgos modified the provincial borders; most of the province of La Mancha was transferred to the province of Ciudad Real, with smaller parts incorporated into the provinces of Cuenca, Toledo and the newly created province of Albacete. Albacete, in turn, also incorporated parts of the territories of the old provinces of Cuenca and Murcia. Albacete was administered as part of the Region of Murcia until the 1978 configuration of autonomous regions. Nonetheless, during the First Spanish Republic, Albacete was one of the signatories to the Pacto Federal Castellano (1869) and in 1924 its deputation favored the formation of a "Comunidad Manchega" that would have recognized La Mancha (including Albacete) as a region.

The Autonomous Community of Castile-La Mancha dates from November 15, 1978, as one of the many autonomous regions defined by the Spanish central government. (More precisely, each of these regions was initially a preautonomía, a "pre-autonomous" region, until establishing its Statute of Autonomy). The new, hyphenated name constituted an effort to bridge two distinct regionalisms: that of the larger Castile (extending beyond this autonomous region) and that of the smaller onetime province of La Mancha. The Statute of Autonomy of Castile-La Mancha was approved August 10, 1982 and took effect August 17, 1982.^[3]

Regional divisions

The Old City of Toledo was declared a World Heritage Site for its extensive cultural and monumental heritage. Toledo is the capital of Castile-La Mancha

Castile-La Mancha is divided into 5 provinces named after their capital cities. The following category includes:

• Albacete
• Ciudad Real
• Cuenca
• Guadalajara
• Toledo

According to the official data of the INE, Castile-La Mancha consists of 919 municipalities, which amount to 11.3 percent of all the municipalities in Spain. 496 of these have less than 500 inhabitants, 231 have between 501 and 2,000 inhabitants, 157 between 2,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, and only 35 have more than 10,000 inhabitants. The municipalities in the north are small and numerous, while in the south they are larger and fewer. This reflects different histories of how these sub-regions were repopulated during the Reconquista.

The 25 most populous municipalities of Castile-La Mancha according to the INE (2008) are:

Group of old windmills at Consuegra in Castile La Mancha.

Most populous municipalities of Castile-La Mancha
Rank	Municipality	Province	Population
1	Albacete	Albacete	166,909
2	Talavera de la Reina	Toledo	87,763
3	Guadalajara	Guadalajara	81,221
4	Toledo	Toledo	80,810
5	Ciudad Real	Ciudad Real	72,208
6	Cuenca	Cuenca	54,600
7	Puertollano	Ciudad Real	51,305
8	Tomelloso	Ciudad Real	37,532
9	Hellín	Albacete	31,054
10	Azuqueca de Henares	Guadalajara	30,794
11	Alcázar de San Juan	Ciudad Real	30,408
12	Valdepeñas	Ciudad Real	30,255
13	Villarrobledo	Albacete	26,311
14	Almansa	Albacete	25,591
15	Illescas	Toledo	19,167
16	Manzanares	Ciudad Real	19,027
17	Daimiel	Ciudad Real	18,389
18	La Solana	Ciudad Real	16,392
19	La Roda	Albacete	16,034
20	Tarancón	Cuenca	14,962
21	Campo de Criptana	Ciudad Real	14,870
22	Seseña	Toledo	13,843
23	Miguelturra	Ciudad Real	13,582
24	Socuéllamos	Ciudad Real	13,357
25	Torrijos	Toledo	12,674

Comarcas

Although the Statute of Autonomy allows for comarcas of political/juridical significance, this has never been followed through at the level of the entire region, and there are no comarcas in Castile-La Mancha with political or juridical functions. Individual provinces of Castile-La Mancha have performed comarcalizations for administrative, economic and touristic purposes. Many Castilian-Manchegan comarcas important traditional significance, with some figuring in history well beyond their respective provinces.

Comarcal division of Castile-La Mancha.

Alcázar of Molina de Aragón with its walls.

• Comarcas of Albacete:^[4]

• Campos de Hellín
• Llanos de Albacete
• La Mancha del Júcar-Centro
• Manchuela albaceteña
• Monte Ibérico-Corredor de Almansa
• Sierra de Alcaraz y Campo de Montiel
• Sierra del Segura

• Comarcas of Ciudad Real:^[5]

• Alcudia
• Campo de Calatrava
• Mancha
• Montes
• Montiel
• Sierra Morena

• Comarcas of Cuenca:^[6]

• La Alcarria conquense
• La Mancha de Cuenca
• Manchuela conquense
• Serranía Alta
• Serranía Media-Campichuelo
• Serranía Baja

Anguita, a village from La Serranía (Guadalajara).

• Comarcas of Guadalajara:^[7]

• La Alcarria (comarca)
• La Campiña (comarca)
• Señorío de Molina
• La Serranía

• Comarcas of Toledo:^[8]

• La Campana de Oropesa
• La Jara
• La Mancha Alta de Toledo
• Mesa de Ocaña
• Montes de Toledo
• La Sagra
• Sierra de San Vicente
• Talavera (co-extensive with the municipality of Talavera de la Reina).
• Toledo (co-extensive with the municipality of Toledo).
• Torrijos

Official symbols

The Organic Law 9/1982 (August 10, 1982), which is the Statute of Autonomy of Castile-La Mancha establishes the flag of Castile-La Mancha and the law 1/1983 (June 30, 1983) establishes the coat of arms.

Flag

Seven different designs for a flag were proposed during the era of the "pre-autonomous" region. The selected design was that of Manchego heraldist Ramón José Maldonado. This was made official in Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy:

• One. The flag of the region consists of a rectangle divided vertically into two equal squares: the first, together with the mast, crimson red with a castle of Or masoned in sable and port and windows of azure; the second, white.
• Two. The flag of the region will fly at regional, pro­vincial, or municipal public buildings, and will appear next to the Spanish flag, which will be displayed in the preeminent place; historic territories [provinces] may also be represented.^[9]

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Castile-La Mancha is based on the flag of the region, and not vice versa, as is more typical in heraldry. Article 1 of the law 1/1983 describes it as follows:

The coat of arms of the Communities of Castile-La Mancha is party per pale. On the dexter [the statute literally says "On the first quarter"], on a field gules a castle Or, embattled, port and windows of azure and masoned sable. On the sinister [the statute literally says "The second quarter"], a field argent. On the crest, a royal crown enclosed, which is a circle of Or crimped with precious gems, composed of eight finials, of Acanthus mollis, five visible, topped by pearls and whose leaves emerge from diadems, which converge in a globe of azure or blue, with a semimeridian and the equator Or topped by a cross Or. The crown lined with gules or red.^[10]

Some institutions of the region have adopted this coat of arms as part of their own emblem, among these the Cortes of Castile-La Mancha, the Consultative Council and the University of Castile-La Mancha.

Anthem

Although Article 5 of the Statute of Autonomy indicates that the region will have its own anthem, after more than 25 years no such anthem has been adopted. Among the proposed anthems have been the "Canción del Sembrador" ("Song of the Sower") from the zarzuela La rosa del azafrán by Jacinto Guerrero, the "Canto a la Mancha" ("Song of La Mancha") by Tomás Barrera, and many others, such as one presented by a group of citizens from Villarrobledo with the title "Patria sin fin" ("Fatherland without end").^[11]

Politics and government

Article 8 of the Statute of Autonomy states that the powers of the region are exercised through the Junta of Communities of Castile-La Mancha (Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha). Organs of the Junta are the Cortes of Castile-La Mancha (Cortes de Castilla-La Mancha), the President of the Junta and the Council of Government.

Cortes of Castile-La Mancha

The Cortes of Castile-La Mancha represent the popular will through 49 deputies elected by universal adult suffrage through the secret ballot. They are elected for a term of four years under a proportional system intended to guarantee representation to the various territorial zones of Castile-La Mancha. The electoral constituency is at the level of each province, with provinces being assigned the following number of deputies as of 2009: Albacete, 10; Ciudad Real, 11; Cuenca, 8; Guadalajara, 8; and Toledo, 12. Article 10 of the Statute of Autonomy states that elections will be convoked by the President of the Junta of Communities, following the General Electoral Regime (Régimen Electoral General), on the fourth Sunday in May every four years. This stands in contrast to the autonomous communities of the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, Andalusia and the Valencian Community where the president has the power to convoke elections at any time. (In the Valencian Community that power has never been exercised. Elections there have, in practice, taken place on a four-year cycle.)

Since the Spanish regional elections of 2007, the Cortes of Castile-La Mancha has consisted of 28 deputies from the socialist PSOE and 21 from the conservative People's Party. The Cortes sits in the former Franciscan convent in Toledo, the Edificio de San Gil ("San Gil building").

Council of Government

The Council of Government is the collegial executive organ of the region. It directs regional political and administrative action, exercises an executive function and regulatory powers under the Spanish Constitution of 1978, the Statute of Autonomy, and the laws of the nation and region. The Council of Government consists of the president, vice presidents (if any) and the Councilors.

President of the Junta

The President of the Junta is directs the Council of Government and coordinates the functions of its members. The president is elected by the Cortes from among its members, then formally named by the monarch of Spain. The president's official residence is the Palace of Fuensalida in Toledo.

Presidents of the Junta
Number	Name	Took office	Left office	Party	Notes
1.	Antonio Fernández-Galiano Fernández	1978	1982	UCD	Pre-autonomous president until August 16, 1982.
2.	Gonzalo Payo Subiza	1982	1982	UCD	Pre-autonomous president. He replaced Fernández-Galiano, but left politics the same year.
3.	Jesús Fuentes Lázaro	1982	1983	PSOE	Last pre-autonomous president.
4.	José Bono Martínez	1983	2004	PSOE	First president of the autonomous region. He retained the post until 2004, winning all elections for the position by absolute majority, until he resigned his charge to take on the post of defence minister of Spain.
5.	José María Barreda Fontes	2004	2011	PSOE	Replaced José Bono when the latter resigned to become defence minister. Elected by an absolute majority after the Spanish regional elections of 2007
6.	María Dolores de Cospedal	2011	current	PP	Elected by an absolute majority after the Spanish regional elections of 2011

Geography

Satellite image of Castilla-La Mancha.

Castile-La Mancha is located in the middle of the Iberian peninsula, occupying the greater part of the Submeseta Sur, the vast plain composing the southern part of the Meseta Central. The Submeseta Sur (and the autonomous community) is separated from the Submeseta Norte (and the community of Castile and León) by the mountain range known as the Sistema Central. Despite this, the region has no shortage of mountain landscapes: the southern slopes of the aforementioned Sistema Central in the north, the Sistema Ibérico in the northeast, and the Sierra Morena and Montes de Toledo in the south.

Castile-La Mancha is the third largest of Spain's autonomous regions, with a surface area of 79,463 square kilometres (30,681 sq mi), representing 15.7 percent of Spain's national territory.

Terrain

The Manchegan plain in Consuegra (Toledo).

The region has two distinct types of terrain. The Meseta is a vast, uniform plain with little relief. Within that uniformity, the most outstanding variation in altitude is that of the Montes de Toledo, with peaks such as La Villuerca (1,601 metres (5,253 ft)), the highest peak of the Montes de Toledo range, and Rocigalgo (1,447 metres (4,747 ft)). At the south of that system are the Montes de Toledo, which cross the region from west to east, dividing the Tagus (Tajo) and Guadiana drainage basins, forming the southern slope of the basin of the former and the northern slope of the latter.

In contrast, a more mountainous zone surrounds the Meseta and serves as the region's natural border. In the north of the Province of Guadalajara, bordering Madrid and Segovia, is a mountain range forming part of the Sistema Central, among which can be distinguished the mountain ranges Pela, Ayllón, Somosierra, Barahona and Ministra, with the headwaters of the rivers Jarama, Cañamares and Henares. The Sistema Central also penetrates the Province of Toledo, which intersects a southerly part of the Sierra de Gredos, known as the Sierra de San Vicente, delimited on the north by the river Tiétar and on the south by the Alberche and the Tagus.

On the northwest is the Sistema Ibérico, where there is important fluvial and especially karstic activity, which has given rise to such landscapes as the Ciudad Encantada, the Callejones de Las Majadas and the Hoces del Cabriel.

In the southeast is the ridge of the Sierra Morena, the southern border of the Meseta Central and the region's border with Andalusia. Within the Sierra Morena, distinction can be made between the Sierra Madrona, Sierra de Alcudia and Sierra de San Andrés. At the other southern extreme of Castile-La Mancha, the Sierra de Alcaraz and Sierra del Segura form part of the Sistema Bético.

Hydrography

See also: Tagus, Guadiana, Guadalquivir, Júcar, and Segura

The Júcar passing through Cuenca.

The territory of Castile-La Mancha is divided into five principal watersheds. The Tagus, Guadiana, and Guadalquivir drain into the Atlantic Ocean and the Júcar and Segura into the Mediterranean. The Tagus provides water for some 587,000 inhabitants in a watershed of 26,699 square kilometres (10,309 sq mi).^[12] It includes the entire province of Guadalajara and the greater part of the province of Toledo, including the two largest cities of the latter province: the capital, Toledo, and the slightly larger city of Talavera de la Reina.

The Guadiana watershed extends 26,646 square kilometres (10,288 sq mi) in Castilla-La Mancha, 37 percent of that river's entire watershed, with a population of 583,259 inhabitants.^[13] It includes the southern part of the province of Toledo, nearly all of the province of Ciudad Real (except the very south), the southwest of the province of Cuenca and the northwest of the province of Albacete. The Guadalquivir watershed extends over 5.17 percent^[14] of the surface area of the autonomous community, extending 4,100 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi) through the southern parts of the provinces of Ciudad Real and Albacete, including such important population center as Puertollano.^[15]

The Júcar watershed had, in 2006, 397,000 inhabitants in an area of 15,737 square kilometres (6,076 sq mi), 19.86 percent of the Castillian-Manchegan territory and 36.61 percent of total of the Júcar watershed.^[16] It includes the eastern parts of the provinces of Cuenca and Albacete, including their respective capitals. Finally, the 34 municipalities of southeastern Albacete fall in the Segura watershed, with an extent of 4,713 square kilometres (1,820 sq mi).^[17]

Climate

Climates of Castile-La Mancha.

Castile-La Mancha has a continentalized Mediterranean climate: a Mediterranean climate with a marked character of a continental climate. The continentalized Mediterranean climate is similar to a typical Mediterranean climate, but with more extreme temperatures typical of a continental climate. Lack of a marine influence leads to much more extreme temperatures: hotter summers and quite cold winters, with a daily oscillation of 18.5 °C (33.3 °F). Summer is the driest season, with temperatures often exceeding 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes reaching and exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). In winter, temperatures often drop below 0 °C (32 °F), producing frosts on cloudy nights, and occasional snow.

Castile-La Mancha is part of what has traditionally been called España Seca ("Dry Spain"). There is relatively little precipitation, much as in a typical Mediterranean climate. Precipitation presents a notable gradient from the center of the region, where it does not surpass 400 millimetres (16 in) per year, to the mountains where it can exceed 1,000 millimetres (39 in) per year, on the slopes of the Sierra de Gredos and the Serranía de Cuenca. The greater part of the region has less than 600 millimetres (24 in) of rain annually. The driest part of the region is along the Albacete-Hellín axis, with less than 300 millimetres (12 in) per year.

Demography

Municipal population density in Castile-La Mancha (2008):

  0 - 9.99 inhabitants/km²

  10 - 19.99 inhabitants/km²

  20 - 29.99 inhabitants/km²

  30 - 39.99 inhabitants/km²

  40 - 49.99 inhabitants/km²

  50 - 59.99 inhabitants/km²

  60 - 69.99 inhabitants/km²

  70 - 79.99 inhabitants/km²

  80 - 89.99 inhabitants/km²

  90 - 99.99 inhabitants/km²

  Over 100 inhabitants/km²

Percentage of the population of Castile-La Mancha by province (2007)

Number of inhabitants

According to the official January 11, 2008 data of the INE Castile-La Mancha has 2,043,100 inhabitants in its five provinces. Despite being the third largest of Spains communities by surface area (after Castile and León and Andalusia, it is only the ninth most populous. Castile-La Mancha has 4.42 percent of Spain's population.

Population density

Composition of the population of Castile-La Mancha by age and sex.

With an average population density of 25.71 per square kilometre (66.6 /sq mi), Castile-La Mancha has the least dense population in all of Spain: the national average is 88.6 per square kilometre (229 /sq mi). Industrialized zones such as the Henares Corridor (along the river Henares, a tributary of the Jarama) with a density of 126 per square kilometre (330 /sq mi),^[18] the comarca of la Sagra or the industrial zone of Sonseca are dramatically more dense than the region as a whole.

Composition of population by age and sex

La population pyramid of Castile-La Mancha is typical for a developed region, with the central zone wider than the base or the upper zone. The population between 16 and 44 years of age represents about 44 percent, from 45 to 64 about 21.3 percent, with those 15 and under constituting 15 percent and those over 65, 18 percent. These data show the progressive aging of the Castilian-Manchegan population.

The region has about 9,000 more males than females; in percentage terms, 50.25 percent versus 49.75 percent. This is opposite to Spain as a whole, where women constitute 50.57 percent of the population.

Birth rate, death rate, life expectancy

According to 2006 INE numbers, the birth rate in Castile-La Mancha is 10.21 per thousand inhabitants, lower than the national average of 10.92 per thousand. The death rate is 8.83 per thousand inhabitants, higher than the national average of 8.42 per thousand.

Life expectancy at birth is one of the highest in Spain: 83.67 years for women and 77.99 years for men.

Castile-La Mancha population 1900-2000 (in thousands)
Smallest unit: 20,000 people.
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España
Graphic elaborated by: Wikipedia

Transportation

Highways

Castile-La Mancha has the most kilometres of autopistas (a type of limited access highway) and autovías dual carriageways, with a total of 2,790 kilometres (1,730 mi).^[19] The most heavily trafficked of these are the radial routes surrounding Madrid and the routes in and out of the city, but there are also routes within Castile-La Mancha, and national and international routes that pass through the province, including highways in the International E-road network.

The regional government put into action a Plan Regional de Autovías with the objective that all municipalities with 10,000 or more inhabitants would be connected to an autovía. If it is completed, 96 percent of the region's population will live within 15 minutes of a high-capacity road.^[20] Among the developed projects of this plan are:

• Autovía de los Viñedos, 127 kilometres (79 mi) connecting Toledo and Tomelloso (completely in service).
• Autovía de la Sagra, 85 kilometres (53 mi) connecting the Autovía A-5 with the Autovía A-4 (Tranches I and II under way, duplication of highway CM-4001 in the tendering of works phase).
• Autovía del IV Centenario, 142 kilometres (88 mi) departs Ciudad Real to meet with the future Autovía Linares-Albacete (A-32), passing through Valdepeñas (first phase partially under way, second currently being studied).
• Autovía del Júcar, 130 kilometres (81 mi), will connect Albacete to Cuenca (in project).
• Autovía de la Alcarria: although initially contemplated in the Plan Regional de Autovías, the Ministry of Development has taken over the work. It will connect the Autovía del Este (Autovía A-4) with the Autovía del Nordeste (Autovía A-2) (currently being studied).

The red autonómica—the road network of the autonomous community—currently extends 7,900 kilometres (4,900 mi), of which 1,836 kilometres (1,141 mi) correspond to the basic network, 5,314 kilometres (3,302 mi) to the comarcal networks and 750 kilometres (470 mi) to local networks.

Autovías and autopistas in service

Name	From/To	Important cities in Castile-La Mancha on route
Autovía del Nordeste	Madrid - Barcelona	Azuqueca de Henares, Guadalajara, Alcolea del Pinar
Autovía del Este	Madrid - Valencia	Tarancón, La Almarcha, Honrubia, Motilla del Palancar, Minglanilla
Autovía del Sur	Madrid - Cádiz	Ocaña, Madridejos, Manzanares, Valdepeñas
Autovía del Suroeste	Madrid - Badajoz	Talavera de la Reina, Oropesa
Autopista Radial R-2	Madrid - Guadalajara	Guadalajara
Autopista Radial R-4	Madrid - Ocaña	Seseña, Ocaña
Autovía de Murcia	Albacete - Cartagena	Albacete, Hellín
Autovía de Alicante	Atalaya del Cañavate - Alicante	Atalaya del Cañavate, Sisante, La Roda, Albacete, Almansa
Autovía Almansa-Játiva	Almansa - Játiva	Almansa
Autopista Ocaña-La Roda	Ocaña - La Roda	Ocaña, Corral de Almaguer, Quintanar de la Orden, Mota del Cuervo, Las Pedroñeras, San Clemente, La Roda
Autovía Ciudad Real - Puertollano	Ciudad Real - Puertollano	Argamasilla de Calatrava
Autopista Madrid-Córdoba	Madrid - Toledo	Toledo
Autovía de Toledo	Madrid - Toledo	Illescas, Toledo
Autovía de los Viñedos	Toledo - Tomelloso	Toledo, Mora, Consuegra, Madridejos, Alcázar de San Juan, Tomelloso

Autovías in autopistas projected or under construction

Name	From/To	Important cities in Castile-La Mancha on route
Autovía Linares-Albacete	Linares - Albacete	Albacete
Autovía de Castilla-La Mancha	Ávila - Cuenca	Torrijos, Toledo, Ocaña, Tarancón, Cuenca
Autovía Extremadura-Comunidad Valenciana	Mérida - Atalaya del Cañavate	Ciudad Real, Almadén, Daimiel, Manzanares, Argamasilla de Alba, Tomelloso, San Clemente, Villarrobledo
Autovía de la Alcarria	Guadalajara - Tarancón	Guadalajara, Mondéjar, Tarancón
Autovía de la Sagra	A-5 - A-4	Valmojado, Illescas, Borox, Añover de Tajo
Autovía de la Solana	Manzanares - La Solana	Manzanares, La Solana
Autovía del IV Centenario	Ciudad Real - Valdepeñas	Ciudad Real, Almagro, Valdepeñas
Autovía del Júcar	Albacete - Cuenca	Cuenca, Motilla del Palancar, Villanueva de la Jara, Quintanar del Rey, Tarazona de la Mancha, Madrigueras, Albacete
Autovía Transmanchega	Daimiel - Tarancón	Daimiel, Villarrubia de los Ojos, Alcázar de San Juan, Quintanar de la Orden, Villamayor de Santiago, Horcajo de Santiago, Tarancón
Ronda Suroeste de Toledo	CM-42 - A-40	Burguillos de Toledo, Cobisa, Argés, Bargas
Ronda Este de Toledo	CM-42 - A-40	Toledo

Railways

RENFE, Spain's state-owned national passenger railway network has numerous lines and stations throughout Castile-La Mancha.

Long distance

Numerous long distance rail lines (líneas de largo recorrido) pass through Castile-La Mancha, most of them radiating out of Madrid. Some of these are high-velocity trains (Alta Velocidad Española AVE):^[21]

Normal Largo Recorrido trains

• Alicante - Albacete - Alcázar de San Juan - Ciudad Real
• Madrid - Ciudad Real - Jaén
• Madrid - Ciudad Real - Badajoz
• Madrid - Cuenca - Valencia
• Madrid - Guadalajara - Soria
• Madrid - Guadalajara - Arcos de Jalón
• Madrid - Talavera de la Reina - Badajoz

High velocity AVE trains

• Madrid - Ciudad Real - Puertollano - Córdoba - Seville).
• Madrid - Toledo
• Madrid - Guadalajara - Zaragoza - Barcelona.
• Madrid - Cuenca - Albacete - Valencia (in project).
• Madrid - Toledo (La Sagra) - Talavera de la Reina - Navalmoral de la Mata - Plasencia - Fuentidueñas - Cáceres - Mérida - Badajoz - Lisbon (in project).

Local trains

Two local commuter rail lines out of Madrid (Cercanías Madrid) pass through Castile-La Mancha. The C-2 line stops in Azuqueca de Henares in the province of Guadalajara and in the city of Guadalajara itself. The C-3 to Aranjuez used to stop at Seseña, but service to that station was discontinued in April 2007.

Airports

As of 2009, Castile-La Mancha has two airports.

The Albacete Airport is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of Albacete, connected by the CM-3203 highway. It has been a civilian airport since July 1, 2003, sharing facilities with the military airbase of Los Llanos. The Ciudad Real Central Airport is located between Ciudad Real and Puertollano and is Spain's largest private airport. Located adjacent to the A-43 highway (Autovía Extremadura-Comunidad Valenciana) and a short distance from the AP-41 toll highway (Autovía Ciudad Real - Puertollano), it is projected to have a connection to the Madrid-Seville AVE line, which will make it the first Spanish airport accessed via the AVE system.

Economy

The economy of Castile-La Mancha continues to be dominated by agriculture and the raising of livestock, but industry is continually more present, including the processing of agricultural goods. In recent years, tourism has been increasingly important, with the growth of agritourism in the form of casas rurales, and the establishment of the Ruta de Don Quijote, a campaign of tourism to the locations mentioned in Cervantes novel.

Economic data

Gross domestic product

Annual national and regional GDP growth, 2000–2006

Distribution of employment by sectors, 2006

Castile-La Mancha generates a GDP of €33,077,484,000, 3.4 percent of the Spanish GDP, placing it ninth among the 19 Spanish autonomous communities. GDP has been roughly 3.4 percent of the national GDP since at least the year 2000. A per capita GDP of €17,339 places Castile-La Mancha 17th among the 19 communities, with only Andalusia and Extremadura having lower per capita GDP; the national average is €22,152. Nonetheless, in the early to mid-1990s, Sonseca in the province of Toledo several times had the highest per capita income in Spain.

In 2005 the Castilian-Manchegan GDP broke down by productive sectors as follows:^[22]

• Agriculture 11.64%
• Industry 14.95%
• Energy 3.44%
• Construction 10.06%
• Services 49.78%

Work force

According to the statistics of the INE's Encuesta de Población Activa for the first trimester of 2007, the active work force of Castile-La Mancha numbered 896,513 persons, of whom 827,113 were employed and 69,900 unemployed, giving a workforce density of 55.5 percent of the population and an unemployment rate of 7.68 percent.

Economic sectors

As noted above, for statistcal purposes the economy of Castile-La Mancha is divided into agriculture (including livestock husbandry), industry (including agro-industry), energy, construction, and services (including tourism).

Agriculture and husbandry

Vineyard in Ciudad Real.

Sheep grazing on the meseta.

Agriculture and husbandry, still the foundation of the Castilian-Manchegan economy, constitutes 11.64 percent of regional GDP, and employs 9.9 percent of the active workforce.

52 percent of the soil of Castile-La Mancha is considered "dry". Agricultural activities have historically been based on the cultivation of wheat (37 percent), grapes (17.2 percent) and olives (6.6 percent). Castile-La Mancha has some of the most extensive vineyards in Europe, nearly 700,000 hectares (1,700,000 acres). The vineyards are predominantly, but by no means exclusively, in the west and southwest of La Mancha. In 2005 the region produced 3,074,462 metric tons (3,389,014 short tons) of grapes, constituting 53.40 percent of Spain's national production. After grapes, the next most important agricultural product is barley, 2,272,007 metric tons (2,504,459 short tons), 25 percent of the national total.

In terms of agricultural productivity and income, since Spain's incorporation into the European Union (EU) the primary sector of the regional economy has evolved dynamically. Among the reasons for this are growth rates higher than the national average, as well as increased capitalization fostering specialization and modernization, including the integration an externalization of the sector, whereby activities previously performed on the farm are now performed elsewhere. These changes have been fostered by the regional articulation of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy. Since 1986, subsidies have played a significant role in this sector.

Animal husbandry plays a lesser, but not negiglible, role in the regional economy. 2005 statistics show 3,430,501 head of sheep, 1,602,576 pigs, 405,778 goats and 309,672 cattle; these last produce 224,692,000 litres (59,357,000 US gal) of milk each year. Apiculture (bee-keeping) is also important, with 180,000 hives.

Industry and construction

Partial view of the petrochemical complex at Puertollano.

Traditionally, Castile-La Mancha has had little industrial production, due to several factors among which are low population density and a shortage of qualified workers. However, since Spain's incorporation into the EU, there has been much progress. Industry has been growing as a sector of the Castelian-Manchegan economy at a faster pace than nationally. July 2006 figures show the region as third among the autonomous communities in the rate of growth of the industrial sector. Regional industrial GDP grew 2.8 percent in 2000-2005, compared to 1 percent nationally for the same period.

The greatest obstacles to industrial growth in the region have been:^[23]

• Lack of a dense business fabric.
• Undersized industrial enterprises.
• Little specialization of labor.
• Little investment in R & D.
• Poor infrastructure with respect to services to enterprises.
• Little export orientation.
• Inadequate marketing channels and distribution for regional products.

The principal industrial areas within the region are Sonseca and its comarca, the Henares Corridor, Puertollano, Talavera de la Reina, La Sagra y Almansa, as well as all of the provincial capitals.

As throughout Spain in recent decades, the construction sector is one of the strongest. It employs 15.6 percent of the work force and produces 10.06 percent of regional GDP. It is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the economy: growth in 2006 was 13.6 percent. Most of the construction sector, is housing, including a new city of 30,000 inhabitants, Ciudad Valdeluz in Yebes, Guadalajara; 13,000 dwellings in Seseña, Toledo and the Reino de Don Quijote complex in the province of Ciudad Real, with 9,000 dwellings and 4,000 hotel beds.

Energy

Although wind energy and solar energy have been playing increasingly important roles in Castile-La Mancha, the majority of the energy generated in the region comes from the region's large thermal power stations:

Thermal power stations in Castile-La Mancha

Nombre	Locale	Province	Proprietor
Elcogas Thermal Power Station	Puertollano	Ciudad Real	Elcogas[24]
Puertollano Thermal Power Station	Puertollano	Ciudad Real	E.ON
Aceca Thermal Power Station	Villaseca de la Sagra	Toledo	Iberdrola and Unión Fenosa[25]

Also in Castile-La Mancha is the Trillo Nuclear Power Plant near Trillo, Guadalajara.

As of 2009, thermosolar plants are under development in Puertollano (being built by Iberdrola Renovables, as well as two more in Cinco Casas, province of Ciudad Real (called Manchasol, being built by Grupo ACS) .

Service sector

Interior of the Pasaje de Gabriel Lodares in Albacete.

The majority of the Castilian-Manchegan workforce—55.5 percent—is employed in the service sector, generating 49.78 percent of regional GDP, according to Economic and Social Council of Castile-La Mancha (Consejo Económico y Social de Castilla-La Mancha, CES) data for 2006. Although a large sector of the Castilian-Manchegan, it is small by national standards: 67.2 percent of employment in Spain is in the service sector.^[26] Counted in the service sector are commerce, tourism, hospitality, finance, public administration, and administration of other services related to culture and leisure.

In the area of tourism, there has been a great deal of growth, with Castile-La Mancha becoming in recent decades one of the principal tourist destinations in the Spanish interior. During 2006 the region had more than 2 million tourists (3 percent more than the previous year) for a total of 3,500,000 overnight hotel stays. Rural tourism increased 14 percent in overnight stays in a single year. From 2000 to 2005 the number of hotel beds increased 26.4 percent to 17,245 beds in 254 hotels. In the same period, the number of casas rurales (for farm stays) increased 148 percent to 837 and the number of beds in such facilities 175 percent to 5,751.^[27]

Health

The Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha (SESCAM, "Health Service of Castile-La Mancha"), part of the Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social ("Council of Health and Social Welfare") is the entity in charge of health in Castile-La Mancha. It is an integral part of Spain's National Health System, based on universal coverage, equal access, and public financing.

Education

The Junta of Castile-La Mancha assumed responsibility for education in the autonomous community as of January 1, 2000, directly managing over 1,000 schools, with 22,000 teachers and 318,000 students.^[28] In the 2006–2007 school year, the region had 324,904 students below the university level, of whom 17.7 percent were in private schools.^[29] In that same year, the region had 1,037 schools^[30] and 30,172 schoolteachers;^[31] 15.21 percent of the schools were private.^[30]

The decentralized University of Castile-La Mancha was formally established in 1982 and has operated since 1985. There are four main campuses, one each at Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca and Toledo, with classes also offered in Almadén, Talavera de la Reina and Puertollano. The university offers 54 degree programs (titulaciones). The province of Guadalajara stands outside the regional university, with its own University of Alcalá offering degrees in education, business, tourism, technical architecture, and nursing. The National University of Distance Education also offers services in the region through five affiliated centers, one in each province: Albacete (with an extension in Almansa), Valdepeñas, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Talavera de la Reina. Finally, the Menéndez Pelayo International University has a location in Cuenca.

In the 2005–2006 school year, the region had 30,632 students matriculated at universities, down 1.01 percent from the previous year.^[32]

Historically, the region has had other universities, but these no longer exist. The present University of Castile-La Mancha uses one of the buildings of the Royal University of Toledo (1485–1807). Other former universities in the region were the Royal and Pontifical University of Our Lady of Rosario in Almagro (1550–1807) and the University of San Antonio de Porta Coeli in Sigüenza founded in the 15th century by Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza and, like the others, closed in the Napoleonic era.

List of cathedrals in Castile-La Mancha

• Cathedral of Toledo
• Cathedral of Sigüenza
• Cathedral of Cuenca
• Cathedral of Albacete
• Cathedral of Ciudad Real

List of castles in Castile-La Mancha

It is common to see medieval castles around Castile La Mancha. This is the castle of Almansa.

These are some castles of Castile-La Mancha:

Alcázar of Toledo Alcázar of Molina de Aragón Alcazaba de Zorita Castle of Alarcón Castle of Almansa Castle of Argamasilla de Alba Castle of Atienza Castle of Barcience Calatrava la Vieja Calatrava la Nueva Castle of Chinchilla Castle of Consuegra

Castillo de Garcimuñoz Castle of Guadamur Castle of Jadraque Castle of Maqueda Castle of Montiel Castle of Orgaz Castle of Pioz Castle of Sigüenza Castle of Socovos Castle of Torija Castle of Uclés Castle of Zafra

See also

• La Mancha
• New Castile
• Castile (historical region)
• Crown of Castile
• Castilian-Manchego cuisine
• University of Castilla-La Mancha

References

Castilian-Manchego cuisine

1. ^ 4 from province of Albacete, 5 from Ciudad Real, 3 from Cuenca, 3 from Guadalajara and 6 from Toledo.
2. ^ 20 are directly elected by the people, each province forms a constituency and is granted 4 senators, and 2 regional legislature-appointed senators.
3. ^ The statute is L.O. [ley orgánica, "organic law"] 9/1982
4. ^ "Comarcas de Albacete. Diputación Provincial de Albacete". http://www.dipualba.es/Periodico/2004/01/21/1.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
5. ^ "Comarcas de Ciudad Real. Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real". http://www.dipucr.com/cgi-bin/mainbin/index.pl?action=redirect&cat=43&id=2636. Retrieved 2008-10-26. ^{[dead link]}
6. ^ "Municipios de Cuenca. Diputación Provincial de Cuenca". http://www.dipucuenca.es/imunicipal/framesimuni.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
7. ^ "Comarcas de Guadalajara. Diputación Provincial de Guadalajara". Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20080419030612/http://www.dguadalajara.es/paginas/provin_muni_comarcas.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
8. ^ "Diputación provincial de Toledo". http://www.diputoledo.es/global/areas/turismo/comarcas.php?id_area=11&id_cat=194&f=194. Retrieved 2007-06-26. 
9. ^ "La bandera". http://www.jccm.es/cs/Satellite/Tu_Region/Simbolos/contenidoFinal1212675772414pg/index.html. Retrieved 17 November 2009. "Estatuto de Autonomía de Castilla-La Mancha, Artículo quinto.
   • Uno. La bandera de la región se compone de un rectángulo dividido verticalmente en dos cuadrados iguales: el primero, junto al mástil, de color rojo carmesí con un castillo de oro ma­zonado de sable y aclarado de azur y el segun­do, blanco.
   • Dos. La bandera de la región ondeará en los edificios públicos de titularidad regional, pro­vincial o municipal, y figurará al lado de la ban­dera de España, que ostentará lugar preeminen­te; también podrá figurar la representativa de los territorios históricos." 
10. ^ "El Escudo de Castilla-La Mancha". http://pagina.jccm.es/aapp/PortalElecciones07/jccm/indexb8b5.html?option=com_content&task=view&id=351&Itemid=151. Retrieved 17 November 2009. "Article 1 of the law 1/1983:
    • El escudo de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha es partido. En el primer cuartel, en campo de gules un castillo de oro almenado, aclarado de azur y mazonado de sable. El segundo cuartel, campo de argento plata. Al timbre, corona real cerrada, que es un círculo de oro engastado de piedras preciosas, compuesto de ocho florones, de hojas de acanto, visibles cinco, interpolado de perlas y de cuyas hojas salen sendas diademas sumadas de perlas, que convergen en un mundo de azur o azul, con el semimeridiano y el ecuador de oro sumado de cruz de oro. La corona forrada de gules o rojo." 
11. ^ "Himno de Castilla-La Mancha". http://webs.ono.com/federnes/himnoman.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
12. ^ "Distribución territorial y de la población por CC.AA. de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Tajo". http://www.chtajo.es/cuenca/ds_poblacion.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
13. ^ "La gestión del agua en Castilla-La Mancha". http://www.jccm.es/ces/pdf/gestion_agua/3_2_4.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
14. ^ "Distribución Territorial de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir". Archived from the original on 2008-04-14. http://web.archive.org/web/20080414193146/http://www.chguadalquivir.es/chg/opencms/chg-web/menu_izquierda/la_cuenca/distribucion_territorial/contenido.html#22. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
15. ^ "¿Quién debe gestionar los ríos?". http://hispagua.cedex.es/documentacion.php?c=detalle&pg=0&localizacion=Noticias%20de%20prensa&id=10786. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
16. ^ "Confederación Hidrográfica del Júcar". http://www.chj.es/. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
17. ^ "Distribución Territorial de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Segura". http://www.chsegura.es/chs/cuenca/resumendedatosbasicos/marcoadministrativo/. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
18. ^ "Alcaldes del corredor del Henares conocerán el jueves el texto inicial del plan de ordenación". http://actualidad.terra.es/articulo/html/av2958727.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
19. ^ "Castilla-La Mancha, la Comunidad Autónoma con más kilómetros de autovías de España". Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20080229044403/http://www.investincastillalamancha.com/dis_carretera.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
20. ^ "Plan Regional de Autovías". Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20080507042454/http://www.jccm.es/oopp/autovias.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
21. ^ "Renfe Media Distancia en Castilla-La Mancha". http://www.renfe.es/mediadistancia/md_clamancha.html. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
22. ^ "Consejo Económico y Social de Castilla-La Mancha (Producción y sectores productivos)". http://www.jccm.es/ces/pdf/ise%202005%201_3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
23. ^ "Pacto por el Desarrollo y la Competitividad en Castilla-La Mancha". http://www.aprodel.org/pdf/Pacto%20por%20el%20Desarrollo%20y%20la%20Competitividad.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
24. ^ CSIC: Las escorias de la central térmica GICC ELCOGAS como materia prima.
25. ^ JCCM: Visita a la central térmica de ciclo combinado de Aceca (Toledo).
26. ^ "El sector servicios. Panorámica de su estructura y características". http://www.ine.es/revistas/cifraine/0306.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
27. ^ "Plan de Ordenación y Promoción del Turismo en Castilla-La Mancha". Archived from the original on 2008-04-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20080416184038/http://www.lacerca.com/2006/Regional/pagina(16-01-06)-1.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
28. ^ "La educación en Castilla-La Mancha". http://www.lacerca.com/Opinin/pagina(30-10-01)-1.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
29. ^ "Instituto de Estadística de CLM. Total matriculados por provincia y enseñanza. Curso 2006-2007". http://difusion.ies.jccm.es/wds/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx. 
30. ^ ^{a b} "Instituto de Estadística de CLM. Clasificación de los centros por tipo, provincia y enseñanza que imparten". http://difusion.ies.jccm.es/wds/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx. Retrieved 2009-05-12. 
31. ^ "Instituto de Estadística de CLM. Profesorado por provincia y tipo de centro". http://difusion.ies.jccm.es/wds/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
32. ^ "Instituto de Estadística de CLM. Alumnado matriculado en educación universitaria por CC.AA. y tipo de estudio". http://difusion.ies.jccm.es/wds/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 

External links

• Official Web Site of Castile-La Mancha
• Government of Castile-La Mancha
• Statistics Institute of Castile-La Mancha
• University of Castile-La Mancha
• Regional Meteorological Institute of Castile-La Mancha
• Innovation in Castile-La Mancha Web Site
• Surface area of municipalities in Castile-La Mancha