Duduk

Duduk

A traditional duduk
Other names	Ծիրանափող (Tsiranapogh), düdük, დუდუკი (duduki), дудка
Classification	Wind instrument with double reed
Playing range
Musicians
Gevorg Dabaghyan, Djivan Gasparyan, Pedro Eustache, Vache Sharafyan, Alihan Samedov

A duduk

The duduk (Armenian: դուդուկ) (Turkish: Balaban), traditionally known since antiquity as a Ծիրանափող (Tsiranapogh) is a traditional woodwind instrument indigenous to Armenia.^[1][2] Variations of it are popular in the Middle East and Central Asia.^[2][3][4][5] The English word is often used generically for a family of ethnic instruments including the doudouk or duduk (դուդուկ), pronounced [duˈduk], also tsiranapogh ծիրանափող, pronounced [ʦiɾɑnɑˈpʰoʁ], literally "apricot horn" in Armenian), the balaban or mey in Turkey, the duduki in Georgia, the balaban in Azerbaijan,^[6] the narmeh-ney in Iran, the duduka or dudka in Russia and Ukraine. The word itself is a loanword ultimately derived from Turkish "düdük",^[7][8] likely of onomatopoeic origin. During the Ottoman occupation of Armenia, usage of the word "duduk" displaced the original of name the instrument, which was known since antiquity as a Tsiranapogh (Armenian: Ծիրանափող). The word dudka in Slavic languages is a diminutive of duda and is of native Slavic^[9] origin. This instrument is not to be confused with the northwestern Bulgarian folk instrument of the same name (see below, Balkan duduk). It is a distant relative of East Asian instruments, such as the Chinese Guanzi, the Korean Piri and the Japanese Hichiriki. Unlike other double reed instruments such as the oboe or shawm, the Duduk has a very large (in proportion to the instrument) and unflattened reed, and is cylindrical in shape (not conical) giving it a quality closer to a clarinet or saxophone than a double-reed.

In 2005, UNESCO proclaimed the Armenian duduk music as a "Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity."^[10][11]

Overview

A duduk mouthpiece

The duduk is a double reed instrument with ancient origins, said to be from 1500 to 3000 years old.^{[citation needed]} The earliest instruments similar to the duduk's present form are made of bone or entirely of cane. Today the duduk is exclusively made of wood with a large double reed. Armenian duduks are mainly made from aged apricot wood. In the Republic of Azerbaijan and East Azarbaijan Province of Iran the instrument can be made of mulberry or other harder woods, such as walnut.^[6]

In Armenian the instrument is called "tsiranapogh" or "apricot pipe".^[12] In Azerbaijan it is called "balaban" and "düdük".^[6]

The particular tuning depends heavily on the region which it is played. In the twentieth century the Armenian duduk began to be standardized diatonic in scale and single-octave in range. Accidentals, or chromatics are achieved using fingering techniques. The instrument's body also has different lengths depending upon the range of the instrument and region. The reed (Armenian: եղեգն, eġegn), is made from one or two pieces of cane in a duck-bill type assembly. Unlike other double-reed instruments, the reed is quite wide, helping to give the duduk both its unique, mournful sound, as well as its remarkable breath requirements. The duduk player is called dudukahar (դուդուկահար) in Armenian.

The performer uses air stored in his cheeks to keep playing the instrument while he inhales air into his lungs. This “circular” breathing technique is commonly used with all the double-reed instruments in the Middle East.^[6] Duduk is invariably played with the accompaniment of a second 'dum Duduk,' which gives the music an energy and tonic atmosphere, changing the scale harmoniously with the principal Duduk.^[13]

History

Armenian musicologists cite evidence of the duduk's use as early as 1200 BC, though Western scholars suggest it is 1,500 years old.^[14] Variants of the duduk can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The history of the Armenian duduk music is dated to the reign of the Armenian king Tigran the Great, who reigned from 95–55 B.C.^[15] According to ethnomusicologist Dr. Jonathan McCollum the instrument is depicted in numerous Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Age. He also says:

The duduk is actually the only truly Armenian instrument that’s survived through history, and as such is a symbol of Armenian national identity. The most important quality of the duduk is its ability to express the language dialectic and mood of the Armenian language, which is often the most challenging quality to a duduk player.^[16]

Balkan duduk

While the term duduk most commonly refers to the double reed instrument described on this page, there is a different instrument of the same name played in northwestern Bulgaria. This is a blocked-end flute resembling the Serbian frula, known also as kaval or kavalče in a part of Macedonia.^[17] Made of maple or other wood, it comes in two sizes: 700–780 mm and 240–400 mm (duduce). The blocked end is flat. Playing this type of duduk is fairly straightforward and easy, and its sound is clean and pleasant.

Film music

The sound of the duduk, if not the instrument itself, has become known to a large audience through its use in popular film soundtracks. Starting with Peter Gabriel's score for Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ, the duduk's archaic and mournful sound has been employed in a variety of genres to depict such moods. Djivan Gasparyan played the duduk in Gladiator, Syriana, and Blood Diamond, among others.^[18] The duduk has also been used in Battlestar Galactica^[19]

In popular culture

The 2010 Eurovision Song Contest entry from Armenia "Apricot Stone", which finished 7th in the final, featured prominent duduk played by Djivan Gasparyan.

Movie soundtracks

• Ararat by Michael Danna^[20]
• Avatar by James Horner, in the track Shutting Down Grace's Lab
• Bedtime Stories by Rupert Gregson-Williams^[21]
• Chronicles of Narnia by Harry Gregson-Williams, in the track A Narnia Lullaby.^[22]
• Constantine by Brian Tyler, Klaus Badelt, in the track Circle of Hell
• The Crow by Graeme Revell featuring the duduk player Djivan Gasparyan
• You Don't Mess with the Zohan by Rupert Gregson-Williams^[21]
• Elektra by Christophe Beck^[21]
• Gladiator by Djivan Gasparyan in the track Duduk of the North^[23]
• Hulk (2003) by Danny Elfman^[24]
• Munich by John Williams
• Mayrig by Omar Al Shariff
• Next by Mark Isham^[21]
• Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End by Hans Zimmer^[21]
• Ronin by Elia Cmiral
• The Island by Steve Jablonsky^[21]
• The Kite Runner by Alberto Iglesias^[21]
• The Last Temptation of Christ by Peter Gabriel
• Brotherhood of the Wolf by Joseph LoDuca
• The Russia House by Jerry Goldsmith
• Vantage Point by Atli Orvarsson^[21]
• Wanted by Danny Elfman^[21]
• Warriors of Heaven and Earth by A. R. Rahman^[25]
• The Passion of The Christ by Mel Gibson, composer John Debney
• Hotel Rwanda main theme music ^[26]

A duduk player

Television soundtracks

• Angel by Rob Kral^[21]
• Avatar: The Last Airbender One of the character plays a fictional instrument called a "Tsungi Horn" and its sound is actually a duduk electronically modulated to resemble a brass instrument.
• Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) by Bear McCreary. Its tracks "Two Funerals", "Starbuck on the Red Moon", "Escape from the Farm", "Colonial Anthem, "Black Market", "Something Dark is Coming", "Martial Law", "Prelude to War" feature the duduk.^[27][28][29] Roslin's theme was set to lyrics a second time for the third season premiere "Occupation", this time in Armenian.
• Buffy the Vampire Slayer by Christophe Beck, Tomas Wanker, Rob Dunkin, Douglas Stevens^[21]
• Castle by Robert Duncan^[21]
• Frank Herbert's Children of Dune by Brian Tyler in the tracks "Dune Messiah", "The Throne of Alia", "The Preacher At Arrakeen", "Farewell"^[30]
• CIS: New-York by Bill Brown^[21]
• Firefly by Greg Edmonson^[21]
• JAG by Steve Bramson^[21]
• Over There by Ed Rogers^[21]
• Path to 9/11 by John Cameron^[21]
• Spartacus by Randy Miller. Track Second Thought
• Star Trek: Enterprise by Paul Baillargeon^[21]
• The Mummy Who Would Be King by Gil Talmi, Andrew Gross^[21]
• The Pacific by Blake Neely and Geoff Zanelli^[21]
• The Shield features the Armenian song Hayots Aghoonak by Seda Garibyan
• Xena: Warrior Princess by Joseph Loduca

Video game scores

• Outcast by Lennie Moore in the track Oriental Spirit
• Dark Void by Bear McCreary^[21]
• Myst III: Exile by Jack Wall
• Myst IV: Revelation by Jack Wall^[21]
• Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones by Inon Zur^[21]
• Uncharted 2 by Greg Edmonson^[21]
• God of War III by Gerard Marino
• 'Dalaran' in World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King by Derek Duke, Glenn Stafford and Russell Brower

The duduk also appears on "Zachem Ya" by T.A.T.u. (from the album 200_Po_Vstrechnoy, 2001), on "Jenny Wren" by Paul McCartney (2005), and "All That I Am" by Rob Thomas (from the album ...Something To Be, 2006).

Anime soundtracks

• Tales from Earthsea by Tamiya Terashima, in the tracks "The Trip", "The Spider" and "Violent Robbery/The Seduction of the Undead".^[31]

See also

Melody performed with duduk instrument by SERGO.TEL.

Traditional folk song with balaban instrument, "Gözəlim Sənsən" ("Beloved Sweetheart")

Djivan Gasparyan Gevorg Dabaghyan           Alihan Samedov Pedro Eustache Guan (instrument) Kaval Music of Armenia Music of Azerbaijan Music of Iran Shvi Zurna

Notes

1. ^ Broughton, Simon et al (1999). "World music: the rough guide.". books.google.co.uk. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA335. Retrieved 8 March 2011. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Stokes, Jamie (2008). Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1. ISBN 978-0816071586. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA63. Retrieved 8 March 2011. 
3. ^ [1] Dialog among civilizations Caucasus, Page 32
4. ^ [2]
5. ^ [3] UNESCO/Culture/Armenia
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Albright, Ch. "BĀLĀBĀN." Encyclopaedia Iranica.
7. ^ (Russian) "Дудук." Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
8. ^ Russian language dictionary in 4 volumes. Volume 1. 1999
9. ^ “дуда” in М. Фасмер (1986), Этимологический Словарь Русского Языка (Москва: Прогресс), 2-е изд. — Перевод с немецкого и дополнения О.Н. Трубачёва
10. ^ UNESCO. Armenian Duduk Music -Masterpiece Of The Oral And Intangible Heritage Of Humanity
11. ^ Farmer, H.G. "Mizmār." Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Ed., v. 7. P. Bearman et al. (eds.) Leiden: Brill, 1993, p. 209.
12. ^ Armenian apricot at welcomearmenia.com
13. ^ [4] Duduk Info
14. ^ Encyclopedia.com:DJIVAN GASPARYAN
15. ^ "The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC)": "The Duduk and its Music. UNESCO. Accessed February 8, 2010.
16. ^ Turpin, Andy. "Nothing Sounds Armenian Like a Duduk: ALMA Lecture". The Armenian Weekly. 2010-02-12. http://www.armenianweekly.com/2010/02/12/nothing-sounds-armenian-like-a-duduk/. Retrieved 2010-02-22. 
17. ^ www.macedoniadirect.com/instruments/supelki.htm
18. ^ Gasparian article at imdb.com
19. ^ Duduk article from composer Bear McCreary's Battlestar Galactica site
20. ^ "Ararat". Filmtracks.com. 2002-11-05. http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/ararat.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
21. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x} "Chris Bleth Movie Credits". Chrisbleth.com. http://www.chrisbleth.com/credits.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
22. ^ Other reviews by Mike Brennan (2005-12-02). "soundtrack.net". soundtrack.net. http://www.soundtrack.net/albums/database/?id=3943. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
23. ^ Gladiator by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard
24. ^ "Hulk (Danny Elfman)". Filmtracks.com. 2003-06-17. http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/hulk.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
25. ^ Savita Gautham. "inese rhapsody". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/23/stories/2003102301100200.htm. Retrieved 2003-10-23. 
26. ^ "Hotel Rwanda Film Music"http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/apr06/hotelrwanda.html
27. ^ "Instruments of Battlestar Galactica: Duduk". Bearmccreary.com. 2006-09-28. http://www.bearmccreary.com/blog/?p=42. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
28. ^ Runner, Blade (2004-02-26). "Duduk: The Instrument That Makes Hollywood Cry". Galactica-station.blogspot.com. http://galactica-station.blogspot.com/2006/10/duduk-instrument-that-makes-hollywood.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
29. ^ "Battlestar Galactica: Season Two". Musicweb-international.com. http://www.musicweb-international.com/film/2006/dec06/bsg_s2.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 
30. ^ "Children of Dune". Cinemusic.net. http://www.cinemusic.net/2008/12/27/children-of-dune/. Retrieved 2010-02-15. ^{[dead link]}
31. ^ Benoit Basirico (2005-11-14). "Gedo Senki (Les Contes de Terremer)". Cinezik.org. http://www.cinezik.org/critiques/affcritique.php?titre=contes_terremer. Retrieved 2010-02-15. 

External links

• Dam Duduk
• Duduk Forum
• Duduk video played by Norair Kartashyan
• Free online library of duduk scores, online FAQ database of pro armenian music instruments and accessories
• Duduk and Duduk Reed instructions
• Duduk Mey Balaban
• Fingering chart for Duduks and zurna
• Ararat Music Online
• Armenian Duduk, Bass Duduk, Zurna, Reed, Tav-Shvi Made by Arthur H. Grigoryan
• Official website of duduk maker Arthur Grigoryan - Duduk news, articles, teachers, artists, fingering charts etc.
• Balkan Duduk
• Duduk practical page - Information and tips on playing and caring for a duduk.
• Black Wood or Apricot Wood? - Video interview with Djivan Gasparyan
• The Man Who Makes Duduks for Djivan Gasparyan - "Hetq Online" Investigative Journalists
• Karen Hakobyan - Pro music instruments master, duduk, zurna, bagpipe and much more, listen online demo, man who prepares duduk for Jivan Gasparian
• Fingering chart for Armenian Duduks, Shvi and Zurna
• Deleyaman
• Duduk community on Yahoo
• (Russian) Armenian Duduk from Djivan Gasparian