Dimensionless quantity

In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity or quantity of dimension one is a quantity without an associated physical dimension. It is thus a "pure" number, and as such always has a dimension of 1.^[1] Dimensionless quantities are widely used in mathematics, physics, engineering, economics, and in everyday life (such as in counting). Numerous well-known quantities, such as π, e, and φ, are dimensionless.

Dimensionless quantities are often defined as products or ratios of quantities that are not dimensionless, but whose dimensions cancel out when their powers are multiplied. This is the case, for instance, with the engineering strain, a measure of deformation. It is defined as change in length over initial length but, since these quantities both have dimensions L (length), the result is a dimensionless quantity.

Properties

• Even though a dimensionless quantity has no physical dimension associated with it, it can still have dimensionless units (i.e. not unitless). To show the quantity being measured (for example mass fraction or mole fraction), it is sometimes helpful to use the same units in both the numerator and denominator (kg/kg or mol/mol). The quantity may also be given as a ratio of two different units that have the same dimension (for instance, light years over meters). This may be the case when calculating slopes in graphs, or when making unit conversions. Such notation does not indicate the presence of physical dimensions, and is purely a notational convention. Other common dimensionless units are  % (= 0.01),  ‰ (= 0.001), ppm (= 10⁻⁶), ppb (= 10⁻⁹), ppt (= 10⁻¹²) and angle units (degrees, radians, grad). Units of amount such as the dozen and the gross are also dimensionless.
• The ratio of two quantities with the same dimensions is dimensionless, and has the same value regardless of the units used to calculate them. For instance, if body A exerts a force of magnitude F on body B, and B exerts a force of magnitude f on A, then the ratio F/f will always be equal to 1, regardless of the actual units used to measure F and f. This is a fundamental property of dimensionless proportions and follows from the assumption that the laws of physics are independent of the system of units used in their expression. In this case, if the ratio F/f was not always equal to 1, but changed if we switched from SI to CGS, for instance, that would mean that Newton's Third Law's truth or falsity would depend on the system of units used, which would contradict this fundamental hypothesis. The assumption that the laws of physics are not contingent upon a specific unit system is also closely related to the Buckingham π theorem. A formulation of this theorem is that any physical law can be expressed as an identity (always true equation) involving only dimensionless combinations (ratios or products) of the variables linked by the law (e. g., pressure and volume are linked by Boyle's Law – they are inversely proportional). If the dimensionless combinations' values changed with the systems of units, then the equation would not be an identity, and Buckingham's theorem would not hold.

Buckingham π theorem

Another consequence of the Buckingham π theorem of dimensional analysis is that the functional dependence between a certain number (say, n) of variables can be reduced by the number (say, k) of independent dimensions occurring in those variables to give a set of p = n − k independent, dimensionless quantities. For the purposes of the experimenter, different systems which share the same description by dimensionless quantity are equivalent.

Example

The power consumption of a stirrer with a given shape is a function of the density and the viscosity of the fluid to be stirred, the size of the stirrer given by its diameter, and the speed of the stirrer. Therefore, we have n = 5 variables representing our example.

Those n = 5 variables are built up from k = 3 dimensions which are:

• Length: L (m)
• Time: T (s)
• Mass: M (kg).

According to the π-theorem, the n = 5 variables can be reduced by the k = 3 dimensions to form p = n − k = 5 − 3 = 2 independent dimensionless numbers which are, in case of the stirrer:

• Reynolds number (a dimensionless number describing the fluid flow regime)
• Power number (describing the stirrer and also involves the density of the fluid)

Standards efforts

The International Committee for Weights and Measures contemplated defining the unit of 1 as the 'uno', but the idea was dropped.^[2][3][4]

Examples

• Consider this example: Sarah says, "Out of every 10 apples I gather, 1 is rotten.". The rotten-to-gathered ratio is (1 apple) / (10 apples) = 0.1 = 10%, which is a dimensionless quantity.
• Another more typical example in physics and engineering is the measure of plane angles. An angle is measured as the ratio of the length of a circle's arc subtended by an angle whose vertex is the centre of the circle to some other length. The ratio, length divided by length, is dimensionless. When using radians as the unit, the length that is compared is the length of the radius of the circle. When using degree as the units, the arc's length is compared to 1/360 of the circumference of the circle.
• In the case of the dimensionless quantity π, being the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, the number would be constant regardless of what unit is used to measure a circle's circumference and diameter (eg. centimetres, miles, light-years, etc), as long as the same unit is used for both.

List of dimensionless quantities

All numbers are dimensionless quantities. Certain dimensionless quantities of some importance are given below:

Name	Standard symbol	Definition	Field of application
Abbe number	V		optics (dispersion in optical materials)
Activity coefficient	γ		chemistry (Proportion of "active" molecules or atoms)
Albedo	α		climatology, astronomy (reflectivity of surfaces or bodies)
Archimedes number	Ar		motion of fluids due to density differences
Arrhenius number	α		Ratio of activation energy to thermal energy[5]
Atomic weight	M		chemistry
Bagnold number	Ba		flow of bulk solids such as grain and sand.[6]
Blowdown circulation number	BC		deviation from isothermal flow in blowdown (rapid depressurization) of a pressure vessel[7]
Bejan number (thermodynamics)	Be		the ratio of heat transfer irreversibility to total irreversibility due to heat transfer and fluid friction[8]
Bejan number (fluid mechanics)	Be		dimensionless pressure drop along a channel[9]
Bingham number	Bm	$Bm = \frac{ \tau_yL }{ \mu V }$	Ratio of yield stress to viscous stress[5]
Bingham capillary number	Bm.Ca	$Bm.Ca = \frac{\tau_yL }{\gamma }$	Ratio of yield stress to capillary pressure[10]
Biot number	Bi		surface vs. volume conductivity of solids
Blake number	Bl or B		relative importance of inertia compared to viscous forces in fluid flow through porous media
Bodenstein number	Bo	$Bo = Re\cdot Sc = vL/\mathcal{D}$	residence-time distribution
Bond number	Bo		capillary action driven by buoyancy [11]
Brinkman number	Br		heat transfer by conduction from the wall to a viscous fluid
Brownell–Katz number			combination of capillary number and Bond number
Capillary number	Ca		fluid flow influenced by surface tension
Coefficient of static friction	μs		friction of solid bodies at rest
Coefficient of kinetic friction	μk		friction of solid bodies in translational motion
Colburn j factor			dimensionless heat transfer coefficient
Courant–Friedrich–Levy number	ν		numerical solutions of hyperbolic PDEs [12]
Damkohler number	Da	Da = kτ	reaction time scales vs. resonance time
Damping ratio	ζ	$\zeta = \frac{c}{2 \sqrt{km}}$	the level of damping in a system
Darcy friction factor	Cf or f		fluid flow
Dean number	D		vortices in curved ducts
Deborah number	De		rheology of viscoelastic fluids
Decibel	dB		ratio of two intensities, often sound
Drag coefficient	Cd		flow resistance
Dukhin number	Du		ratio of electric surface conductivity to the electric bulk conductivity in heterogeneous systems
Euler's number	e		mathematics
Eckert number	Ec		convective heat transfer
Ekman number	Ek		geophysics (frictional (viscous) forces)
Elasticity (economics)	E		widely used to measure how demand or supply responds to price changes
Eötvös number	Eo		determination of bubble/drop shape
Ericksen number	Er		liquid crystal flow behavior
Euler number	Eu		hydrodynamics (pressure forces vs. inertia forces)
Fanning friction factor	f		fluid flow in pipes [13]
Feigenbaum constants	α,δ		chaos theory (period doubling) [14]
Fine structure constant	α	$\alpha=\frac{e^2}{2\varepsilon_0 hc}$	quantum electrodynamics (QED)
f-number	f		optics, photography
Foppl–von Karman number			thin-shell buckling
Fourier number	Fo		heat transfer
Fresnel number	F		slit diffraction [15]
Froude number	Fr	$Fr = \frac{V}{\sqrt{g\ell}} \Rightarrow \frac{(intertia force)}{(gravitational force)}$	wave and surface behaviour
Gain			electronics (signal output to signal input)
Galilei number	Ga		gravity-driven viscous flow
Golden ratio	φ		mathematics and aesthetics
Graetz number	Gz		heat flow
Grashof number	Gr		free convection
Gravitational coupling constant	αG	$\alpha_G=\frac{Gm_e^2}{\hbar c}$	Gravitation
Hatta number	Ha		adsorption enhancement due to chemical reaction
Hagen number	Hg		forced convection
Hydraulic gradient	i		groundwater flow
Jakob Number	Ja	$Ja = \frac{c_p (T_s - T_{sat}) }{h_{fg} }$	Ratio of sensible to latent energy absorbed during liquid-vapor phase change[16]
Karlovitz number			turbulent combustion turbulent combustion
Keulegan–Carpenter number	KC		ratio of drag force to inertia for a bluff object in oscillatory fluid flow
Knudsen number	Kn		ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale
Kt/V			medicine
Kutateladze number	K		counter-current two-phase flow
Laplace number	La		free convection within immiscible fluids
Lewis number	Le		ratio of mass diffusivity and thermal diffusivity
Lift coefficient	CL		lift available from an airfoil at a given angle of attack
Lockhart–Martinelli parameter	χ		flow of wet gases [17]
Love number			measuring the solidity of the earth
Lundquist number	S		ratio of a resistive time to an Alfvén wave crossing time in a plasma
Mach number	M	Ratio of current speed to the speed of sound, i.e. Mach 1 is the speed of sound, Mach 0.5 is half the speed of sound, Mach 2 is twice the speed of sound.	gas dynamics
Magnetic Reynolds number	Rm		magnetohydrodynamics
Manning roughness coefficient	n		open channel flow (flow driven by gravity) [18]
Marangoni number	Mg		Marangoni flow due to thermal surface tension deviations
Morton number	Mo		determination of bubble/drop shape
Mpemba number	KM		thermal conduction and diffusion in freezing of a solution[19]
Nusselt number	Nu	$Nu =\frac{hd}{k}$	heat transfer with forced convection
Ohnesorge number	Oh		atomization of liquids, Marangoni flow
Péclet number	Pe	$Pe = \frac{du\rho c_p}{k} = (Re)(Pr)$	advection–diffusion problems; relates total momentun transfer to molecular heat transfer.
Peel number			adhesion of microstructures with substrate [20]
Perveance	K		measure of the strength of space charge in a charged particle beam
Pi	π		mathematics (ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter)
Poisson's ratio	ν		elasticity (load in transverse and longitudinal direction)
Porosity	ϕ		geology
Power factor			electronics (real power to apparent power)
Power number	Np		power consumption by agitators
Prandtl number	Pr	$\Pr = \frac{\nu}{\alpha} = \frac{c_p \mu}{k}$	convection heat transfer (thickness of thermal and momentum boundary layers)
Pressure coefficient	CP		pressure experienced at a point on an airfoil
Q factor	Q		describes how under-damped an oscillator or resonator is
Radian	rad		measurement of angles
Rayleigh number	Ra		buoyancy and viscous forces in free convection
Refractive index	n		electromagnetism, optics
Reynolds number	Re	$Re = \frac{vL\rho}{\mu}$	Ratio of fluid inertial and viscous forces[5]
Relative density	RD		hydrometers, material comparisons
Richardson number	Ri		effect of buoyancy on flow stability [21]
Rockwell scale			mechanical hardness
Rolling resistance coefficient	Crr	$C_{rr} = \frac{N_f}{F}$	vehicle dynamics
Rossby number	Ro		inertial forces in geophysics
Rouse number	Z or P		sediment transport
Schmidt number	Sc		fluid dynamics (mass transfer and diffusion) [22]
Shape factor	H		ratio of displacement thickness to momentum thickness in boundary layer flow
Sherwood number	Sh		mass transfer with forced convection
Shields parameter	τ∗ or θ		threshold of sediment movement due to fluid motion
Sommerfeld number			boundary lubrication [23]
Stanton number	St		heat transfer in forced convection
Stefan number	Ste		heat transfer during phase change
Stokes number	Stk or Sk		particle dynamics in a fluid stream
Strain	$\epsilon$		materials science, elasticity
Strouhal number	St or Sr		nondimensional frequency, continuous and pulsating flow [24]
Taylor number	Ta		rotating fluid flows
Ursell number	U		nonlinearity of surface gravity waves on a shallow fluid layer
Vadasz number	Va	$Va = \frac{\phi Pr}{Da}$	governs the effects of porosity ϕ, the Prandtl number and the Darcy number on flow in a porous medium
van 't Hoff factor	i		quantitative analysis (Kf and Kb)
Wallis parameter	J*		nondimensional superficial velocity in multiphase flows
Weaver flame speed number			laminar burning velocity relative to hydrogen gas [25]
Weber number	We		multiphase flow with strongly curved surfaces
Weissenberg number	Wi		viscoelastic flows [26]
Womersley number	α		continuous and pulsating flows [27]

Dimensionless physical constants

Certain fundamental physical constants, such as the speed of light in a vacuum, the universal gravitational constant, and the constants of Planck and Boltzmann, are normalized to 1 if the units for time, length, mass, charge, and temperature are chosen appropriately. The resulting system of units is known as natural. However, not all physical constants can be eliminated in any system of units; the values of the remaining ones must be determined experimentally. Resulting constants include:

• α, the fine structure constant, the coupling constant for the electromagnetic interaction;
• μ or β, the proton-to-electron mass ratio, the rest mass of the proton divided by that of the electron. More generally, the rest masses of all elementary particles relative to that of the electron;
• α_s, the coupling constant for the strong force;
• α_G, the gravitational coupling constant.

See also

• Similitude (model)
• Orders of magnitude (numbers)
• Dimensional analysis
• Normalization (statistics) and standardized moment, the analogous concepts in statistics

References

1. ^ "1.8 (1.6) quantity of dimension one dimensionless quantity". International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM). ISO. 2008. http://www.iso.org/sites/JCGM/VIM/JCGM_200e_FILES/MAIN_JCGM_200e/01_e.html#L_1_8. Retrieved 2011-03-22. 
2. ^ "BIPM Consultative Committee for Units (CCU), 15th Meeting" (PDF). 17–18 April 2003. http://www.bipm.fr/utils/common/pdf/CCU15.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-22. 
3. ^ "BIPM Consultative Committee for Units (CCU), 16th Meeting" (PDF). http://www.bipm.fr/utils/common/pdf/CCU16.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-22. 
4. ^ Dybkaer, René (2004). "An ontology on property for physical, chemical, and biological systems". APMIS Suppl. (117): 1–210. PMID 15588029. http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2005/2703/bw1_dybkaer.html. 
5. ^ ^{a b c} "Table of Dimensionless Numbers" (PDF). http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/gsac/grad_info/prelims/binders/dimensionless_numbers.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-05. 
6. ^ Bagnold number
7. ^ Katz J. I. (2009). "Circulation in blowdown flows". J. Pressure Vessel Technology 131 (3): 034501. doi:10.1115/1.3110038. 
8. ^ Paoletti S., Rispoli F., Sciubba E. (1989). "Calculation of exergetic losses in compact heat exchanger passager". ASME AES 10 (2): 21–9. 
9. ^ Bhattacharjee S., Grosshandler W.L. (1988). "The formation of wall jet near a high temperature wall under microgravity environment". ASME MTD 96: 711–6. 
10. ^ German G., Bertola V. (2010). "The spreading behaviour of capillary driven yield-stress drops". Colloid Surface A 366: 18–26. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.05.019. 
11. ^ Bond number
12. ^ Courant–Friedrich–Levy number
13. ^ Fanning friction factor
14. ^ Feigenbaum constants
15. ^ Fresnel number
16. ^ {{cite textbook | Incropera, Frank P., Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, pg. 376, 2007, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
17. ^ Lockhart–Martinelli parameter
18. ^ Manning coefficientPDF (109 KB)
19. ^ Katz J. I. (2009). "When hot water freezes before cold". Am. J. Phys. 77: 27–29. Bibcode 2009AmJPh..77...27K. doi:10.1119/1.2996187.  [1] Mpemba number
20. ^ Peel number
21. ^ Richardson number
22. ^ Schmidt number
23. ^ Sommerfeld number
24. ^ Strouhal number
25. ^ Weaver flame speed number
26. ^ Weissenberg number
27. ^ Womersley number

External links

• John Baez, "How Many Fundamental Constants Are There?"
• Huba, J. D., 2007, NRL Plasma Formulary: Dimensionless Numbers of Fluid Mechanics. Naval Research Laboratory. p. 23, 24, 25
• Sheppard, Mike, 2007, "Systematic Search for Expressions of Dimensionless Constants using the NIST database of Physical Constants."