Dogs in warfare

"War dogs" redirects here. For other uses, see War Dogs.

A U.S. Air Force dog atop an M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle in Iraq in 2007.

Dogs in warfare have a long history starting in ancient times. From 'war dogs' trained in combat to their use as scouts, sentries and trackers, their uses have been varied and some continue to exist in modern military usage.

History

War dogs were used by the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Sarmatians, Alans, Slavs, Britons, and the Romans.^[1][2] The Molossian 'Canis Molossus' dog of Epirus was the strongest known to the Romans, and was specifically trained for battle.^[3] However, when fought against the broad-mouthed, powerful mastiff of Britannia, they were outmatched. The Romans exported many of this breed of mastiff to Rome and then disseminated them over the known world. Often war dogs would be sent into battle with large protective spiked metal collars and coats of mail armor. The Romans had attack formations made entirely of dogs. Native Americans also used dogs, though not on this scale.^[4]

During the Late Antiquity, Attila the Hun used giant Molosser dogs in his campaigns.^[1] Gifts of war dog breeding stock between European royalty were seen as suitable tokens for exchange throughout the Middle Ages. Other civilizations used armored dogs to defend caravans or attack enemies. The Spanish conquistadors used armoured dogs that had been trained to kill and disembowel when they invaded the land controlled by South American natives.^[5] The British used dogs when they attacked the Irish and the Irish in turn used Irish Wolfhounds to attack invading Norman knights on horseback. Two wolfhounds, or even a single one were often capable of taking a mounted man in armour off his horse, where the lightly armed handler would finish him off if necessary.

Later on, Frederick the Great used dogs as messengers during the Seven Years' War with Russia. Napoleon would also use dogs during his campaigns. Dogs were used up until 1770 to guard naval installations in France.^{[citation needed]}

The first official use of dogs for military purposes in the United States was during the Seminole Wars.^[1] The American Pit Bull Terrier was used in the American Civil War to protect, send messages, and as mascots in American World War I propaganda and recruiting posters.^{[citation needed]}

Historical examples

The use of dogs in warfare has been common even in many early civilizations. As warfare has progressed, their purposes have changed greatly. Some examples are:^{[citation needed]}

• 628 BC: The Lydians deployed a separate battalion of fighting dogs.
• 525 BC: Cambyses II used huge fighting dogs against Egyptian spearmen and archers.
• 490 BC: Battle of Marathon: A brave fighting dog was immortalized in a mural.
• 385 BC: Siege of Mantineia: Fighting dogs cut off enemy reinforcements.
• 101 BC: Battle of Vercellae: Large Cimbri dogs led by women defended their wagon forts.
• 1525: Henry VIII exported 400 mastiffs to support Spain.
• 1580: Elizabeth I sent 800 fighting dogs to fight in the Desmond Rebellions.
• 1799: Napoleon assembled large numbers of fighting dogs in front of his reserves.
• 1914: The Belgian Army used carabiniers, strong-muscled Bouvier des Flandres to haul heavy machine guns to the front.
• 1914–1918: Dogs were used by international forces to deliver vital messages.
• 1941–1945: The Soviet Union used dogs strapped with explosives to destroy invading German tanks.
• 1943–1945: The United States Marine Corps used dogs, donated by their American owners, in the Pacific theater to help take islands back from Japanese occupying forces. During this period the Doberman Pinscher became the official dog of the U.S.M.C.; however, all breeds of dogs were eligible to train to be "war dogs of the Pacific". Of the 549 dogs that returned from the war, only 4 could not be detrained and returned to civilian life. Many of the dogs went home with their handlers from the war.^[6]
• 1966–1973: Approximately 5,000 US war dogs served in the Vietnam War (the US Army did not retain records prior to 1968); about 10,000 US servicemen served as dog-handlers during the war, and the K9 units are estimated to have saved over 10,000 human lives. 232 military working dogs^[7] and 295^[8] US servicemen working as dog handlers were killed in action during the war. It is estimated that about 200 Vietnam War dogs survived the war to be assigned at other US bases outside the US. The remaining canines were euthanized or left behind.^[9][10]
• 1979–1988: The Soviet Union again used dogs, this time in the Soviet war in Afghanistan.
• 2011: United States Navy SEALs used a Belgian Malinois war dog named Cairo in Operation Neptune Spear, in which Osama bin Laden was killed.^[11][12]

File:Militarydog.jpg==Roles==

U.S. Army SP4 Bealock and scout dog "Chief" on patrol in Vietnam.

Dogs have been used for many different purposes. Different breeds were used for different things, but always met the demands of the handlers. Many roles for dogs in war are obsolete and no longer practiced.

Historical

Fighting

Military working dog wearing body armor, undergoing aggression training in Afghanistan.

Main article: Attack dog

In ancient times, dogs, often large ancient mastiff type breeds, would be strapped with armor and spiked collars, and sent into battle to attack the enemy. This strategy was used by various civilizations, such as the Romans and the Greeks. This approach has been largely abandoned in modern day militaries due to the fact that modern weapons would allow the dogs to be killed almost immediately, as on Okinawa when U.S. soldiers quickly eliminated a platoon of Japanese soldiers and their dogs.^[13]

Another program attempted during World War II was suggested by a Swiss citizen living in Santa Fe, New Mexico. William A. Prestre proposed using large dogs to kill Japanese soldiers. He convinced the military to lease an entire island in the Mississippi to house the training facilities. There the army hoped to train as many as two million dogs. The idea was to begin island invasions with landing craft releasing thousands of dogs against the Japanese defenders, then followed up by troops as the Japanese defenders scattered in confusion. One of the biggest problems encountered was getting Japanese soldiers to train the dogs with, as few Japanese soldiers were being captured. Eventually, Japanese-American soldiers volunteered for the training. The biggest problem was the dogs; either they were too docile, did not respond to training teaching them to rush across beaches, or were terrified by shellfire. After millions of dollars were spent, the program was abandoned.^[14]

Logistics & communication

About the time World War I broke out, many Europeans used dogs to pull small carts.^[15] Many European armies adapted the process for military use.^[16] The Belgian Army used dogs to pull their Maxim Guns and other supplies or wounded in their carts.^[17] The French had 250 dogs at the start of World War I. The Dutch army copied the idea and had hundreds of dogs trained and ready by the end of World War I (the Netherlands remained neutral). The Soviet army also used dogs to drag wounded men to aid stations during WWII.^[18] The dogs were well-suited to transporting loads over snow and through craters.

Dogs were often used to carry messages in battle. They would be turned loose to move silently to a second handler. This required a dog which was very loyal to two masters, otherwise the dog would not deliver the message on time, or at all. Some messenger dogs also performed other communication jobs, such as pulling telephone lines from one location to another.^{[citation needed]}

The latest canine tactical vests are outfitted with cameras and durable microphones that allow dogs to relay audio and visual information to their handlers.^[19]

Mascots

Main article: Military mascot

Dogs were often used as unit mascots for military units. The dog in question might be an officer's dog, an animal that the unit chose to adopt, or one of their canines employed in another role as a working dog. Some naval dogs such as Sinbad and Judy were themselves enlisted service members. Some units also chose to employ a particular breed of dog as their standard mascot, with new dogs replacing the old when it died or was retired. The presence of a mascot was designed to uplift morale, and many were used to this effect in the trenches of World War I.

Medical research

Main article: Animal testing

Medical researchers, and their allies in the armed forces, awarded military-style medals to animals in laboratories to emphasize the martial significance of animal experimentation. Here, Army Surgeon General Major General Norman T. Kirk, on behalf of the Friends of Medical Research, bestows medals upon research dogs Trixie and Josie "for outstanding services to humanity."

In World War II, dogs took on a new role in medical experimentation, as the primary animals chosen for medical research.^[20] The animal experimentation allowed doctors to test new medicine without risking human lives, though these practices came under more scrutiny after the war. The United States' government responded by proclaiming these dogs as heroes.

The Cold War sparked a heated debate over the ethics of animal experimentation in the U.S., particularly aimed at how canines were treated in World War II.^[20] In 1966, major reforms came to this field with the adoption of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act.^[21]

Detection & tracking

Main article: Detection dog

Many dogs were used to locate mines. They did not prove to be very effective under combat conditions. Marine mine detecting dogs were trained using bare electric wires beneath the ground surface.^[22] The wires shocked the dogs, teaching them that danger lurked under the dirt. Once the dog's focus was properly directed, dummy mines were planted and the dogs were trained to signal their presence. While the dogs effectively found the mines, the task proved so stressful for the dogs they were only able to work between 20 and 30 minutes at a time. The mine detecting war dogs anticipated random shocks from the heretofore friendly earth, making them extremely nervous.^{[clarification needed]} The useful service life of the dogs was not long. Experiments with lab rats show that this trend can be very extreme, in some tests rats even huddled in the corner to the point of starvation to avoid electric shock.

This is the result of variable schedule operant conditioning. Rather than shocking the entire ground surface, the electric shock components should be placed directly over the mine detonation area. This would teach the dogs and mice that only sections of ground over mines are dangerous, not all of the ground.

Dogs have historically also been used in many cases to track fugitives and enemy troops, overlapping partly into the duties of a scout dog, but use their olfactory skill in tracking a scent, rather than warning a handler at the initial presentation of a scent.

Marine Raiders take scouting and messenger dogs to the frontlines on Bougainville, late 1943

Scouts

SCOUT DOG by Augustine G. Acuna, Vietnam Combat Artists Program, CAT II, 1966-67. Image courtesy of National Museum of the U. S. Army.

Some dogs are trained to silently locate booby traps and concealed enemies such as snipers. The dog's keen senses of smell and hearing would make them far more effective at detecting these dangers than humans. The best scout dogs are described as having a disposition intermediate to docile tracking dogs and aggressive attack dogs.^[23]

Scout dogs were used in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam by the United States to detect ambushes, weapon caches, or enemy fighters hiding underwater, with only reed breathing straws showing above the waterline. The US operated a number of scout dog platoons (assigned on a handler-and-dog team basis to individual patrols) and had a dedicated dog training school in Fort Benning, Georgia.^[23]

Sentries

Main article: Guard dog

One of the earliest military-related uses, sentry dogs were used to defend camps or other priority areas at night and sometimes during the day. They would bark or growl to alert guards of a stranger's presence. During the Cold War, the American military used sentry dog teams outside of nuclear weapons storage areas. A test program was conducted in Vietnam to test sentry dogs, launched two days after a successful Vietcong attack on Da Nang Air Base (July 1, 1965). Forty dog teams were deployed to Vietnam for a four month test period, with teams placed on the perimeter in front of machine gun towers/bunkers. The detection of intruders resulted in a rapid deployment of reinforcements. The test was successful, so the handlers returned to the US while the dogs were reassigned to new handlers. The Air Force immediately started to ship dog teams to all the bases in Vietnam and Thailand.

The buildup of American forces in Vietnam created large dog sections at USAF Southeast Asia (SEA) bases. 467 dogs were eventually assigned to Bien Hoa, Bien Thuy, Cam Ranh Bay, Da Nang, Nha Trang, Tuy Hoa, Phu Cat, Phan Rang, Tan Son Nhut, and Pleiku Air Bases. Within a year of deployment, attacks on several bases had been stopped when the enemy forces were detected by dog teams. Captured Vietcong told of the fear and respect that they had for the dogs. The Vietcong even placed a bounty on lives of handlers and dogs. The success of sentry dogs was determined by the lack of successful penetrations of bases in Vietnam and Thailand. It is estimated by the United States War Dogs Association that war dogs saved over 10,000 U.S. lives in Vietnam.^[24] Sentry Dogs were also used by the Army, Navy, and Marines to protect the perimeter of large bases.

Modern uses

U.S. Army military working dog searches among rubble and trash outside a target building in Rusafa, eastern Baghdad, Iraq.

Contemporary dogs in military roles are also often referred to as police dogs, or in the United States as a Military Working Dog (MWD), or K-9. Their roles are nearly as varied as their ancient cousins, though they tend to be more rarely used in front-line formations. As of 2011, 600 U.S. Military dogs were actively participating in the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.^[25]

Traditionally, the most common breed for these police-type operations has been the German Shepherd; in recent years there has been a shift to smaller dogs with keener senses of smell for detection work, and more resilient breeds such as the Belgian Malinois and Dutch Shepherd for patrolling and law enforcement. All MWDs in use today are paired with a single individual after their training. This person is called a handler. While a handler usually won't stay with one dog for the length of either's career, usually a handler will stay partnered with a dog for at least a year, and sometimes much longer.

In the 1970s the US Air Force used over 1,600 dogs worldwide. Today, personnel cutbacks have reduced USAF dog teams to approximately 530, stationed throughout the world. Many dogs that operate in these roles are trained at Lackland Air Force Base, the only United States facility that currently trains dogs for military use.^[26]

Change has also come in legislation for the benefit of the canines. Prior to 2000, older war dogs were required to be euthanized. Thanks to a new law, retired military dogs may now be adopted,^[26] one notable case 17:38, 9 July 2011 (UTC) of which of which was Lex, a working dog whose handler was killed in Iraq.

There are numerous memorials dedicated to war dogs, including March Field Air Museum in Riverside, California;^[27] the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia;^[27] at the Naval Facility, Guam, with replicas at the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine in Knoxville;^[28] the Alfred M. Gray Marine Corps Research Center in Quantico, Virginia;^[29] and the Alabama War Dogs Memorial at the USS Alabama Battleship Memorial Park in Mobile, Alabama.^[30]

Law enforcement

A dog inspects baggage for loading aboard an HMX-1 aircraft.

Main article: Police dog

As a partner in everyday military police work, dogs have proved versatile and loyal officers. Police dogs can chase suspects, track them if they are hidden, and guard them when they are caught. They are trained to respond viciously if their handler is attacked, and otherwise not to react at all unless they are commanded to do so by their handler. Many police dogs are also trained in detection as well.

Drug and explosives detection

Main article: Detection dog

Both MWDs and their civilian counterparts provide service in drug detection, sniffing out a broad range of psychoactive substances despite efforts at concealment. Provided they have been trained to detect it, MWDs can smell small traces of nearly any substance, even if it is in a sealed container. Dogs trained in drug detection are normally used at ports of embarkation such as airports, checkpoints, and other places where there is high security and a need for anti-contraband measures.

MWDs can also be trained to detect explosives. As with narcotics, trained MWDs can detect minuscule amounts of a wide range of explosives, making them useful for searching entry points, patrolling within secure installations, and at checkpoints. These dogs are capable of achieving over a 98% success rate in bomb detection.^[31]

Intimidation

A bound prisoner in an orange jumpsuit is intimidated with a dog by a U.S. soldier.

The use of Military Working Dogs on prisoners by the United States during recent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq has been very controversial.

Iraq War: The U.S. has used dogs to intimidate prisoners in Iraqi prisons.^[32] In court testimony following the revelations of Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, it was stated that Col. Thomas M. Pappas approved the use of dogs for interrogations. Pvt. Ivan L. Frederick testified that interrogators were authorized to use dogs and that a civilian contract interrogator left him lists of the cells he wanted dog handlers to visit. "They were allowed to use them to ... intimidate inmates", Frederick stated. Two soldiers, Sgt. Santos A. Cardona and Sgt. Michael J. Smith, were then charged with maltreatment of detainees, for allegedly encouraging and permitting unmuzzled working dogs to threaten and attack them. Prosecutors have focused on an incident caught in published photographs, when the two men allegedly cornered a naked detainee and allowed the dogs to bite him on each thigh as he cowered in fear.^[33]

Guantanamo Bay: It is believed that the use of dogs on prisoners in Iraq was learned from practices at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.^[33] The use of dogs on prisoners by regular U.S. forces in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base was prohibited by Donald Rumsfeld in April 2003. A few months later following revelations of abuses at Abu Ghraib prison, including use of dogs to terrify naked prisoners; Rumsfeld then issued a further order prohibiting their use by the regular U.S. forces in Iraq.^[34]

Retirement

Traditionally, as in World War II, US military working dogs (war dogs) were returned home after the war; to their former owners or new adopted ones. The Vietnam War was different in that US war dogs were designated as expendable equipment and were either euthanized or turned over to an allied army prior to the US departure from South Vietnam.^[35] Due to lobbying efforts by veteran dog handlers from the Vietnam War Congress approved a bill allowing veteran US military working dogs to be adopted after their military service. In 2000, President Bill Clinton signed a law that allowed these dogs to be adopted,^[36] making the Vietnam War the only American war in which US war dogs never came home.^[10][37]

Other roles

Military Working dogs continue to serve as sentries, trackers, Search and rescue, scouts, and mascots. Retired working dogs are often adopted as pets or Therapy dogs.

Images

• 

  A U.S. soldier and his dog wait before conducting an assault against insurgents in Buhriz

• 

  U.S. Naval Security Force K-9 Unit training

• 

  U.S. Army working dog wearing body armor clears a building in Afghanistan

• 

  Post World War II cartoon emphasizing the importance of canines in medical research

• 

  Ambulance dogs search for wounded men through scent and hearing

• 

  Belgian dogs trained to draw quick-firing guns

• 

  German Bundeswehr dog demonstration

• 

  A Navy Master-at-arms fires blank ammunition to condition his dog to the sound

See also

• Ancient warfare
• Animals in War Memorial
• Dogs of Roman Britain
• Examples of dogs that gained notability in war
• List of Labrador Retrievers

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Newton, Tom. "K-9 History: The Dogs of War!". Hahn's 50th AP K-9. http://community-2.webtv.net/Hahn-50thAP-K9/K9History/. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
2. ^ "Dogs of War in European Conflict; Egyptians and Romans Employed Them in Early Warfare — Battle Dogs in 4000 B.C.". New York Times: p. S3. February 21, 1915. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00E2DE123FE233A25752C2A9649C946496D6CF. Retrieved 2008-11-26. 
3. ^ Morral, Timothy. "History of the Pit Bull". Pitbull411.com. http://www.pitbull411.com/history.html. Retrieved Novembeg 26, 2008. 
4. ^ The Journal
5. ^ Stannard, David. American holocaust: the conquest of the New World. 
6. ^ http://worldwar2history.info/Marines/dogs.html
7. ^ Burnam (2008) p. 288-293
8. ^ Burnam (2008) p. 281-288
9. ^ CNN special report
10. ^ ^{a b} Burnam (2008) p. XIV
11. ^ Viegas, Jennifer (2 May 2011). "A U.S. Navy Seals' Secret Weapon: Elite Dog Team". Discovery.com. http://news.discovery.com/animals/a-us-navy-seals-secret-weapon-elite-dog-team-110503.html. Retrieved 5 May 2011. 
12. ^ Brammer, Jack; Steven Thomma (7 May 2011). "Obama thanks special forces for daring bin Laden raid". Seattle Times. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/mobile/?type=story&id=2014986679&. Retrieved 7 May 2011. 
13. ^ Astor, Gerald (1996). Operation Iceberg: The Invasion and Conquest of Okinawa in World War II. Dell. ISBN 0440221781. 
14. ^ Winston Groom (2005). 1942: The Year that Tried Men's Souls. Atlanta Monthly Press. pp. 166–168. ISBN 0-87113-889-1. 
15. ^ Ouida (1872). A Dog of Flanders. Chapman & Hall. 
16. ^ Dyer, Walter A. (2006). Pierrot the Carabinier: Dog of Belgium. Diggory Press. ISBN 9781846850363. 
17. ^ Willmott, H.P. (2003). First World War. Dorling Kindersley. p. 59. 
18. ^ "World War Two Combat: Axis and Allies". Hahn's 50th AP K-9. http://community-2.webtv.net/Hahn-50thAP-K9/K9History21/. 
19. ^ "War Dogs: K9 Storm Armor Protects Canine Soldiers". Military Gear News. 2011-05-17. http://militarygear.com/blog/war-dogs-k9-storm-armor-protects-canine-soldiers/. 
20. ^ ^{a b} "Canine Heroes and Medals". History of Medicine: Animals as Cold Warriors. National Library of Medicine, NIH. October 24, 2006. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/animals/canine.html. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
21. ^ Buettinger, Craig (January 1, 1993). "Antivivisection and the charge of zoophil-psychosis in the early twentieth century". The Historian. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-13506650.html. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
22. ^ Putney, William. (2001) Always Faithful: A Memoir of the Marine Dogs of World War II, New York: Simon & Schuster Inc. ISBN 0-7432-0198-1
23. ^ ^{a b} Rubenstein, SP4 Wain (June 1969). "Scout Dogs - Enemy's Worst Enemy...". Danger Forward (U.S/ Army Quartermaster Museum) 3 (2). http://www.qmfound.com/scout_dogs.htm. 
24. ^ "War Dogs". Fort Lee, Virginia: U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum. January 9, 2007. http://www.qmfound.com/War_Dogs.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
25. ^ Gardiner Harris (4). "A Bin Laden Hunter on Four Legs". The New York Times Company. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/science/05dog.html?_r=1. Retrieved 5 May 2011. "There are 600 dogs serving in Afghanistan and Iraq, and that number is expected to grow substantially over the next year." 
26. ^ ^{a b} Mott, Maryann (April 9, 2003). "Dogs of War: Inside the U.S. Military's Canine Corps". National Geographic News. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0409_030409_militarydogs.html. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
27. ^ ^{a b} "War-Dogs.com". http://www.war-dogs.com/. 
28. ^ "War Dog Memorial". The University of Tennessee. http://www.vet.utk.edu/wardog/. 
29. ^ Simpson, Tara K. (September 22, 2007). "War Dog Memorial Tells Little-Known Tale". Stars and Stripes. http://www.stripesguam.com/content/war-dog-memorial-tells-little-known-tale. Retrieved July 23, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
30. ^ "Alabama War Dogs Memorial. The most recent Working Military Dog memorial, and the only one west of the Mississippi was dedicated on April 16, 2011 at the Rancho Coastal Humane Society in Encinitas, California.". July 23, 2010. http://www.awdm.org/. 
31. ^ "War Dogs". U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum. http://www.qmfound.com/War_Dogs.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
32. ^ Goodman, Amy (August 29, 2007). "Gonzales' tortured legacy lingers". Seattle Post Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/opinion/329528_amy30.html. 
33. ^ ^{a b} White, Josh (July 26, 2005). "Abu Ghraib Dog Tactics Came From Guantanamo". Washington Post: p. A14. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/26/AR2005072601792.html. 
34. ^ Diamond, John (July 19, 2004). "Top commanders in Iraq allowed dogs to be used". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2004-07-19-iraq-dogs_x.htm. 
35. ^ Burnam (2008) p. XIII-XIV
36. ^ Burnam (2008) p. 270-272
37. ^ Watson, Julie (May 27, 2011). "Demand for adopting retired military dogs soars after SEAL raid". The Star (Toronto). http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/998309--demand-for-adopting-retired-military-dogs-soars-after-seal-raid. 

Further reading

• Dyer, Walter A. (2006). Pierrot the Carabinier: Dog of Belgium. Meadow Books. ISBN 1846850363. 

• Richardson, E.H. (1920). British War Dogs; their training and psychology. London: Skeffington. 

• Rohan, Jack (2006). Rags, The Dog Who Went to War. Liskeard: Diggory Press. ISBN 978-1846853647. OCLC 1348025. 

• Whitridge-Smith, Bertha (2006). Only A Dog: The True Story of a Dog's Devotion to His Master During World War. Lightning Source. ISBN 978-1846853654. 

• Wood, E. S.; R. M. Franklin (2005). Captain Loxley's Little Dog And Lassie The Life-saving Collie: Hero Dogs of the First World War Associated With The Sinking of H.M.S. Formidable. Burgress Hill: Diggory Press. ISBN 978-1905363131. OCLC 62306949. 

• Burnam, John C. (2006). Dog Tags of Courage: Combat Infantrymen and War Dog Heros in Vietnam. Lost Coast Press. ISBN 978-1-882897-88-9. 
• Burnam, John C. (2008). A Soldier's Best Friend; Scout Dogs and their Handlers in the Vietnam War. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4027-5447-0. 

External links

• Born, K. M (January 8, 2007). "Quartermaster Dog Training Program". Fort Lee, Virginia: U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum. http://www.qmfound.com/K-9.htm. 

• Donn, Jeff (August 12, 2007). "Dogs in war receive loyalty, top care". Army Times. Associated Press. http://www.armytimes.com/news/2007/08/ap_wardogs_070812a/. 

• "K-9 History: The Dogs of War!" (not an official military site). Hahn Air Base, West Germany: 50th Air Police K-9 Section. http://community-2.webtv.net/Hahn-50thAP-K9/K9History/. 

• "The Military Working Dog Memorial". http://www.militaryworkingdogmemorial.com. 

• Pitts, 2ndLt. Mike (1966). "U.S. war dogs remembered". K-9 Heroes - Remembered. The United States War Dogs Association. http://www.uswardogs.org/id16.html. 

• "Vietnam Security Police Association K-9 pages". http://www.vspa.com/k9/bases.htm. 

• "War Dogs". Fort Lee, Virginia: U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum. January 9, 2007. http://www.qmfound.com/War_Dogs.htm. 

• "War dogs, military service dogs, battle dogs". The Bulldog Information Library. http://www.bulldoginformation.com/war-dogs.html. 

• "War Dogs: Reference Bibliography". Fort Lee, Virginia: U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum. http://www.qmfound.com/War_Dogs_Bibliography.htm. 

• "Military Working Dog Public Domain Images Collection". http://www.visualintel.net/Special_Topics/776096. 

• "Alabama War Dogs Memorial Foundation". http://www.awdm.org. 

• "Dogs of the American Civil War: A Tribute". http://www.loyaltyofdogs.com/LargeView.aspx.