Battle of Vercellae

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Vercellae
partof=the Cimbrian War


caption=Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, "The battle of Vercellae", 1725-1729
battle_name=Battle of Vercellae
date= 101 BC
place=Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul (see Location)
result=Decisive Roman victory
combatant1=Cimbri
combatant2=Roman Republic
commander1=King Boiorix †
commander2=Gaius Marius,
Quintus Lutatius Catulus
strength1=Unknown
strength2=50,000 (8 legions with cavalry and auxiliaries)
casualties1=Unknown, claimed as being: 90,000-140,000 killed,
60,000 captured
casualties2=Probably under 1,000

The Battle of Vercellae, or Battle of the Raudine Plain, in 101 BC was the Roman victory of Consul Gaius Marius over the Germanic Cimbri invasion force near the settlement of Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul.

The Cimbri were virtually wiped out, with the Romans claiming to have killed 90,000-140,000 andFact|date=February 2007 captured 60,000, including large numbers of women and children. The true number of Cimbrian combatants may have numbered only a few thousandFact|date=November 2007. Much credit for this victory has been given to the actions of Proconsul Quintus Lutatius Catulus's legate, Lucius Cornelius Sulla who led the Roman and allied Italian cavalry.

Location

Traditionally most historians locate the settlement of Vercellae near the modern Vercelli in Italy.Some historians [for instance: Cite book|first=Jacopo|last=Zennari|title=La battaglia dei Vercelli o dei Campi Raudii (101 a. C.)|publisher=Athenaeum cremonense|location=Cremona|year=1958|language=Italian] think that "vercellae" is not a proper name and may refer to any mining area at the confluence of two rivers.

These historians think that the Cimbri followed the river Adige after having crossed the Brenner Pass, instead of "unreasonably" turn west to the modern Vercelli; this way, the location of the battle would be in the modern Polesine instead, possibly near the modern Rovigo.

At Borgovercelli near the river Sesia, 5 km far from Vercelli, there are lots of archeological finds supposedly related to the facts that strengthen the tradition.

Quotes

:"The two armies met below Vercellae not far from the confluence of the Sesia with the Po,(25) just at the spot where Hannibal had fought his first battle on Italian soil. The Cimbri desired battle, and according to their custom sent to the Romans to settle the time and place for it; Marius gratified them and named the next day — it was the 30th July 653 (101 BC) — and the Raudine plain, a wide level space, which the superior Roman cavalry found advantageous for their movements. Here they fell upon the enemy expecting them and yet taken by surprise; for in the dense morning mist the Cimbrian cavalry found itself in hand-to-hand conflict with the stronger cavalry of the Romans before it anticipated attack, and was thereby thrown back upon the infantry which was just making its dispositions for battle. A complete victory was gained with slight loss, and the Cimbri were annihilated." -Theodor Mommsen [http://italian.classic-literature.co.uk/history-of-rome/04-the-revolution/ebook-page-71.asp 1]

:"Those might be deemed fortunate who met death in the battle, as most did, including the brave king Boiorix; more fortunate at least than those who afterwards in despair laid hands on themselves, or were obliged to seek in the slave-market of Rome the master who might retaliate on the individual Northman for the audacity of having coveted the beauteous south before it was time. The Tigorini, who had remained behind in the passes of the Alps with the view of subsequently following the Cimbri, ran off on the news of the defeat to their native land. The human avalanche, which for thirteen years had alarmed the nations from the Danube to the Ebro, from the Seine to the Po, rested beneath the sod or toiled under the yoke of slavery; the forlorn hope of the German migrations had performed its duty; the homeless people of the Cimbri and their comrades were no more." [http://italian.classic-literature.co.uk/history-of-rome/04-the-revolution/ebook-page-72.asp 2]

Aftermath

The victory of Vercellae, following close on the heels of Marius' defeat of the Teutons at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae the previous year, put an end to Germanic plans to invade Rome.

Politically, this battle had great implications for Rome as well. It marked a continuation in the rivalry between Marius and Sulla, which would eventually lead to the first of Rome's great civil wars. As a reward for their gallant service, Marius granted Roman citizenship to his Italian allied soldiers, without consulting or asking permission from the Senate first. When some Senators questioned this action, he would claim that in the din of battle he could not distinguish the voice of Roman from ally from the voice of the law. Henceforth all Italian legions would be Roman legions. This was also the first time a victorious general had openly defied the Senate. Nor would it be the last; In 88 BC, Sulla, in defiance of both the Senate and tradition, would lead his troops into the city of Rome itself. And Julius Caesar, when ordered by the Senate to lay down his command and return to Rome to face misconduct charges, would instead lead one of his legions across the Rubicon in 49 BC. This would mark the start of the civil war between himself and Senatorial forces under Pompey which would effectively end the Roman Republic.

Notes

ee also

*Battle of Aquae Sextiae

References

*Mommsen, Theodor, "History of Rome", Book IV "The Revolution", pp 71-72 .
*Florus, "Epitome rerum Romanarum", III, IV, partim
*Todd, Malcolm, "The Barbarians - Goths, Franks and Vandals", pp121-122.