Math rock

Math rock
Stylistic origins	Experimental rock, post-hardcore, post-punk, noise rock, minimalism, avant-garde jazz, progressive rock
Cultural origins	Late 1980s United States (Chicago, Pittsburgh, San Diego and Los Angeles) and Japan
Typical instruments	Guitar - Bass - Drums
Mainstream popularity	Low from the late 1980s to mid 1990s, low to moderate during the mid 2000s
Derivative forms	Screamo (first wave)
(complete list)
Fusion genres
Mathcore
Regional scenes
Chicago - San Diego - South Atlantic States - Pittsburgh - Boston - St. Louis - Japan
Other topics
Post-rock - Minimalist music - Instrumental rock

Math rock is a rhythmically complex guitar-based style of experimental rock^[1] that emerged in the 1980s and that was very influenced by progressive rock like King Crimson, Frank Zappa, Henry Cow - and 20th century composers such as Steve Reich and John Cage. It is characterized by complex, atypical rhythmic structures (including irregular stopping and starting), angular melodies, and dissonant chords.^[2]

Math rock shares its place of origin in the late 80s underground music scene of the American Midwest. Some earlier bands have characteristics of both math rock and post-rock, using instruments for textures rather than melodies and riffs, featuring atypical rhythms and some dissonance. The genres soon diverged: math rock concentrated on angular melodies, atypical time signatures, start-stop rhythms, and dissonance, while staying closer to rock music in sound and instrumentation. Post-rock, on the other hand, concentrated on heavy use of dynamics, creating soundscapes, and expanded the variety of instruments used, used a jazzier drumming style, and incorporated elements of shoegaze music.

Characteristics

Whereas most rock music uses a basic 4/4 meter (however accented or syncopated), math rock frequently uses asymmetrical time signatures such as 7/8, 11/8, or 13/8, or features constantly changing meters based on various groupings of 2 and 3. This rhythmic complexity, seen as "mathematical" in character by many listeners and critics, is what gives the genre its name.^{[citation needed]}

The sound is usually dominated by guitars and drums as in traditional rock, and because of the complex rhythms, drummers of math rock groups have a tendency to stick out more often than in other groups. It is commonplace to find guitarists in math rock groups using the "tapping" method of guitar playing, making for an unusual sound, and loop pedals are occasionally incorporated to create a machine-like effect, such as in the group Battles. Guitars are also often played in clean tones more than in other upbeat rock songs, but distortion is also used, depending on the group.

Lyrics are generally not the focus of math rock; the voice is treated as just another sound in the mix. Often, lyrics are not overdubbed, and are positioned low in the mix, as in the recording style of Steve Albini. The historically tragic third album by Dis- is a perfect example of Albini's recording style. Many of math rock's most famous groups are entirely instrumental such as Don Caballero or Hella, though both have experimented with singers to varying degrees.

The term math rock has often been passed off as a joke that has developed into what some believe is a musical style. An advocate of this is Matt Sweeney, singer with Chavez, who themselves were often linked to the math rock scene:^[3]

Development

Early influences

Some rock musicians who emerged in the 1960s and '70s experimented with unusual meters and structures. Notable examples include The Beatles, Frank Zappa, Henry Cow, Cream, Captain Beefheart, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Genesis, Jethro Tull, Gentle Giant, Yes, Rush, King Crimson, Gong, Cardiacs, Mahavishnu Orchestra and Pink Floyd. The music of these and others from this era sometimes had hard rock or metal leanings, but such groups were generally classified as "progressive rock".

Canadian punk rock group Nomeansno (founded in 1979 and active as of 2011) have been cited by critics^[4] as a "secret influence" on math rock, predating much of the genre's development by more than a decade. Though never finding or even seeking mainstream attention, Nomeansno's music typically blends dark humor, punk energy and aggression, drastic shifts in tempo and structure and acclaimed instrumental prowess in their quest for transcendence. An even more avant-garde group of the same era, Massacre, featured guitarist Fred Frith and bassist Bill Laswell. With some influence from the rapid-fire energy of punk, Massacre's influential music used complex rhythmic characteristics. Black Flag's 1984 album My War also included unusual polyrhythms.^[5]

In the 1990s, a heavier, rhythmically complex style grew out of the broader noise rock scenes active in Chicago and other Midwestern cities, with influential groups also coming from Japan and Southern California. These groups shared influences ranging from the music of 20th century composers such as Igor Stravinsky, John Cage, and Steve Reich, as well as the chaotic free-jazz approach of John Zorn's Naked City, and critics soon dubbed the style "math rock".

Midwestern groups

During the 1990s, the greatest concentration of math rock bands was in the urban centers of the U.S.'s Midwestern "Rust Belt", ranging from Minneapolis to Buffalo, with Chicago being a central hub. The Chicago-based sound engineer Steve Albini is a key figure in the scene, and many math rock bands from around the country have enlisted him to record their albums, giving the genre's recorded catalog a certain uniformity of sound, and lumping his bands past and present—Shellac, Rapeman, and Big Black—into the pigeonhole as well. Also, many math rock records were released by Chicago-based Touch and Go Records, as well as its sister labels, Quarterstick Records and Skin Graft Records.

Some key bands of this period include Bastro, Table, Cheer-Accident, Shellac, Kiriller and Breadwinner. Hailing from Chicago’s north side was The Great Brain, who infused their twisted experimental punk with mathematical precision. Performing live with the likes of Sweep the Leg Johnny, Blunderbus, and a litany of Skin Graft Records bands (U.S. Maple, Dazzling Killmen, The Flying Luttenbachers, Big’N, Mount Shasta) The Great Brain forged a unique musical taxonomy using carefully plied dissonance and thickly textured sound fields over skewed, angular riffs, adding disruptive bits of sonic trickery, rhythmic layers of feedback and changing time signatures.^[6] Also from the Chicago area, from nearby DeKalb, Illinois, is U.S. Maple, which formed out of the ashes of the Jesus Lizard-esque Shorty. U.S. Maple took a more deconstructive approach to their brand of rock music, similar to that of Captain Beefheart. Their music has a free-form approach to rhythm, with songs only occasionally coalescing into conventional rock beats. Thus, aesthetically, the group is not as "mathy" as other bands in the genre, but the same thought process of dismantling rock music still applies.

One of the few math rock bands from the Detroit area was Philo Beddow. The band originally leaned toward an aggressive and dissonant sound that would be more associated with mathcore. They went on to develop a warmer sound that often consisted of more traditionally melodic vocal lines laid over angular instrumentation in patterned mixed meters and triplet-time. These compositions tended to emphasize the range and counterpoint between bass lines that were influenced by progressive rock, and guitars that balanced ostinato figures with textural harmonies.

Several other math rock groups of the 1990s, all characterized by extreme rhythmic complexity and sonic brutality, were based in Midwestern cities: Cleveland's Craw and Keelhaul, St. Louis's Dazzling Killmen, and Minneapolis' Colossamite. These groups were notable for compositions with a relentless and often dark quality, along with especially thick layers of sound.

Pittsburgh groups

The city of Pittsburgh is home to one of the most defining examples of the math rock genre: the four-piece instrumental band Don Caballero. Formed in 1991 after the breakup of Sludgehammer (which featured Ian Williams and Karl Hendricks), "Don Cab" as the group is affectionately known, blends heavy noise rock sounds with avant-garde jazz influences. Like many other bands in the style, Don Caballero's members despise the "math rock" label applied to them by critics. Even so, it should come as no surprise that a temporary bass player Matt Jencik, a member of another former Pittsburgh math rock band, Hurl, also spent time in Don Caballero. The group's former guitarist Mike Banfield has noted Breadwinner to be an important early influence on the band's sound. Their other former guitarist, Ian Williams, drew quite heavily from the minimalist works of Steve Reich, shown especially in the group's final release with him as guitarist, American Don. Don Caballero disbanded in 2000 after a van accident that abruptly ended their support tour of American Don. Damon Che also was involved in a collaboration called Bellini between Catania, Italy's duo Agostino Tillota and Giovanna Cacciola of Uzeda. Today, the math rock genre is growing in the Sicilian region, such as Suzanne's Silver, and Diane and the Shell.^[7]

Later, Che reformed Don Caballero in 2003 with an entirely different lineup consisting of members of the Pittsburgh-based math rock band Creta Bourzia.

Aside from Don Caballero, other groups that were active during the mid-1990s heyday of math rock included Shale, Jumbo, Blunderbuss, Creta Bourzia, and Six Horse (featuring original Don Caballero bassist Pat Morris), all of whom shared similarities with their local contemporaries in the sound of "mathy", precise, metallic rock. The genre has persisted in Pittsburgh to the present, represented by such recent act as Red Team Blue Team, Black Moth Super Rainbow, A Voice Like Rhetoric, Token Black Guy, Tabula Rasa, Hero Destroyed, Adam Koisor's current band Mail Order Brides, Kalon and Knot Feeder.^[8]

San Diego groups

Formed in 1990, San Diego's Drive Like Jehu, which featured the off-kilter guitar of John Reis from Rocket from the Crypt, was an example of technical rock music, demonstrated on the band's swan song, Yank Crime. The group disbanded in 1994. Other San Diego bands of the time that have been likened to Jehu include Antioch Arrow, Clikitat Ikatowi, Tristeza, No Knife, and Heavy Vegetable, who took a more melodic approach than the first three. Heavy Vegetable also featured the songwriting of Rob Crow. The scene is still relatively alive today with the likes of Sleeping People (Kenseth Thibideau from Rumah Sakit on bass), Fever Sleeves, Japandi and WITT. This scene is often tagged as the origin of "screamo".^[9]

D.C. groups

Washington, D.C. also contributed to the sound of math rock with the bands Kerosene 454, The Dismemberment Plan, Shudder to Think, Hoover, Faraquet, Avoca 1.6 Band, Autoclave, later Jawbox, and Circus Lupus among some others. The latter is said to have influenced the sound of early Q and Not U. However, since D.C.-oriented bands tended to throw in odd-meters into their already eclectic mix of influences, some were branded with the genre name.

The South

Richmond-based Breadwinner (starting in the mid to late 1980s), who incidentally are to be credited for creating the niche genre from an early review of their music, spawned a number of later rock bands in the town. While direct descendants of Breadwinner include Sliang Laos and Ladyfinger, and precedents include Honor Role and Butterglove, there were many other notable Hampton Roads-area bands tied in with the genre: Buzzard, Kenmores, Sordid Doctrine, MEN, Alter Natives, Hoi Polloi, Guana, Kill/Joy, Loibon, Mao Tse Helen, Hell Mach 4, Hose.got.cable, Mulch, Hegoat, King Sour, chutney, Fulflej, HRM, Nudibranch, Ebonite, Engine Down, Gore De Vol and Human Thurma. Most recently the band Hex Machine, composed of members of Human Thurma, Discordance Axis (from New York/New Jersey) and Sliang Laos, carries on the Richmond tradition. Richmond's Lamb of God cite Breadwinner and Sliang Laos as major early influences.

Polvo, formed in Chapel Hill, North Carolina in 1990, is widely considered to be another math rock standard bearer, although in interviews the band disavowed that categorization.^[10]

The Louisville sound

In 1991, a young band from Louisville, Kentucky called Slint released its second album Spiderland. It is considered an extremely influential landmark album to not only math rock but across the underground music network and beyond. The short-lived group's sound, based on the interlocking of multiple "clean" (non-distorted) guitars playing in generally compound meters, was more sedate and less metal-influenced than most other math rock groups, and thus its style (and those of its imitators) represents a separate branch of the category. Several groups which followed Slint's lead (including a few that featured ex-members) also used unusual meters; such bands include Rodan, Crain, The For Carnation, June of 44, Sonora Pine, Stick People, Roadside Monument, Separation of M.A.Y., Shipping News, and August Moon.

Toronto/Windsor Ontario

Toronto, ON and Windsor, ON are known to have a small math rock scene. In Windsor, a few bands under the names of Red Red Run, The Bulletproof Tiger and Fin occupy the math rock scene.

Vanguarda Paulistana

In the early 1980s, São Paulo gave rise to a movement called Vanguarda Paulistana ("São Paulo Vanguard" in English) that flourished in South America's largest city as the Brazilian military dictatorship began to crumble. The original Vanguarda Paulista was an avant-garde wing of Popular Brazilian Music (MPB) championed by artists like Arrigo Barnabé, Alice Ruiz, Hélio Ziskind, Patife Band. It had a 'faccao zona norte' (Northerners) called 'Pracianos' as they were known for gathering at Praça Santo Eduardo (Vila Maria), formed by Dari Luzio, Pedro Lua, Paulo Barroso, Le Dantas & Cordeiro, Carl Guerreiro. Dari Luzio was the first to release an LP on his own label EKO, marked by an innovative approach, inspired by Heitor Villa-Lobos to bring to the main-stream the style at the time seen as 'second class music', the Brazilian country, which is booming today. Other artists took part in this underground movement, like Itamar Assumpção, Lingua de Trapo, Premeditando o Breque, all of them were regular performers at the Lira Paulistana theater and owner of their labels. Among the influences the movement had an angular jazz-rock with constantly shifting time signatures reminiscent of Frank Zappa or Henry Cow. In the early 21st century, there is a New Wave of art-rock bands emerging, such as Objeto Amarelo, Retórica, Debate and Matema that have been heavily influenced by sounds from the Northern Hemisphere made by all of the bands mentioned elsewhere in this article. These newer Brazilian groups are sometimes referred to as the Vanguarda Nova or New Vanguard.

Japanese groups

The most important Japanese groups include Ruins, Zeni Geva, Boredoms, Aburadako, and YBO2. (Yona-Kit is a collaboration between Japanese and U.S. musicians.) It is very likely that Japanese math rock exerted an early influence on some (if not many) of the earliest U.S. math rock groups, as both Zeni Geva and Ruins were formed several years before their North American counterparts became active in the genre. John Zorn is known to have been a key importer of the Japanese math rock styles into the West. Other Japanese groups which incorporate math rock in their music include Panic Smile, té, toe, Zazen Boys, the band apart, and Lite. Nipp Guitar, Chicago's Skin Graft and John Zorn's Tzadik label are some of the key labels which have released Japanese math rock in the United States.

European groups

In Europe (and particularly in France), a lot of famous math rock bands started to play in the late 90s - early 2000. At this period the American bands touring in Europe had influenced the whole indie scene. The most famous European math-rock band is Chevreuil but a lot of other names deserve to be paid attention to such as: 37500 Yens (France), Aucan (Italy), Casse Brique (Belgium), Cheval de Frise (France), Honey for Petzi (Switzerland), Papier Tigre (France), Perils of Penelope (Belgium), Room 204 (France), The Redneck Manifesto (Ireland) and many more.

Australian groups

In the early 2000s in Melbourne, The Good Morning Captain (a cafe/venue named after the song by Slint) was a hub for math rock inspired bands. Bands such as Colditz Glider, Because Of Ghosts, The Sinking Citizenship and My Disco emerged around this time. Other math rock bands from Australia, or bands that have math rock elements include: Ricaine, True Radical Miracle, Truth From Facts, Scul Hazzards, When Chimps Attack, To The North, Drowned Out.

East Coast groups There is a small yet steadily growing contemporary math scene out of New England. This includes groups such as: giraffes? giraffes!, Kendra, Mirrors and Dios Trio

Contemporary math rock

See also: List of math rock groups

By the turn of the 21st century, most of the later generation bands such as Thumbnail and Sweep the Leg Johnny had disbanded and the genre had, like most musical movements identified in the ever-shifting and elusive underground rock scene, been roundly disavowed by most bands labeled with the "math rock" moniker. However, the influences of the movement can clearly be heard in the abiding avant-garde and indie rock scenes. Many more bands, consisting of both those from the original wave of the genre and those of the new generation, have managed to be tagged with the moniker of "math-rock". Cinemechanica run contemporary math rock label Hello Sir Records out of Athens, Georgia. The British band Foals exemplify the angular guitar sections and start/stop dynamics of the math rock sound particularly in their earlier demos; however they lack the mixture of time signatures or the odd time signatures needed to be thought of as a proper math rock band. The Edmund Fitzgerald is a band containing members of the band Foals, with the addition of the use of complex time signatures and time changes. Other British math rock acts of the 21st century such as The Murder of Rosa Luxemburg who toured with screamo band Circle Takes the Square before breaking up in 2004 have stood out in the UK scene but have been less successful. Youthmovie Soundtrack Strategies are another British band who use angular guitar sections, as well as some post-rock techniques and the use of different time signatures. This Town Needs Guns, an Oxford based band, predominantly use asymmetrical time signatures, typical math rock characteristics, as well as complex finger picking.

In the mid-2000s, many math rock bands have enjoyed renewed popularity. Slint and Chavez embarked on reunion tours, while Shellac toured and released their first album in seven years. The members of the short-lived Seyarse formed a new band under the name of Piglet, releasing Lava Land in 2005, putting them on the chart as a pioneering new math rock band. Don Caballero reunited with a new lineup and released an album in 2006, while several of its original members joined new projects; Mike Banfield has formed the band Knot Feeder in 2006, while bassist Pat Morris joined The Poison Arrows in 2005.

See also

• Mathcore
• Noise rock
• Post-hardcore
• Post-rock
• Screamo
• Progressive metal
• List of musical works in unusual time signatures
• Music and mathematics

Notes and references

1. ^ "Math Rock". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d4560. Retrieved 2007-08-01. 
2. ^ OPEN » A lesson in math rock
3. ^ "Interview: Chavez". Pitchfork Media. 2006-08-12. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/40055-interview-chavez. Retrieved 2007-08-01. 
4. ^ "Live and Cuddly". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r14208/review. Retrieved 2007-08-01. 
5. ^ "its seven-minute Metal dirges and Fusion-style time signatures proved too much for many fans" Steven Blush, American Hardcore: A Tribal History, "Thirsty and Miserable", Los Angeles: Feral House, 2001, p. 66
6. ^ "Review of The Great Brain’s Algorithm CD, November 10, 2000". College Music Journal (CMJ). http://prod1.cmj.com/articles/display_article.php?id=3600. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
7. ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20050108215243/pittsburghrock.com/content/content.php3?number=124&type=news
8. ^ http://mathandnoise.blogspot.com/2007/12/knot-feeder.html
9. ^ Jason Heller, "Feast of Reason". Denver Westword, June 20, 2002. http://www.westword.com/2002-06-20/music/feast-of-reason/print Access date: June 15, 2008
10. ^ You can call Polvo math rock, but the numbers just don't add up | Atlanta|Music|Feature

External links

• Another list of math Rock bands on www.everything2.com.
• Electrical Audio Forum, a message board run by Steve Albini and populated by math rock followers.
• [1] Interview with Matt Sweeney of Chavez citing the mathrock concept as a joke.
• A blog showcasing math rock.
• Russian Math-Rock Community