- Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines
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State Shinto (1871–1946) asserted and promoted belief in the divinity of the Emperor, which arose from a genealogical family tree extending back to the first emperor and to the most important deities of Japanese mythology. -- 1878 engraving by Yōshū Chikanobu (1838–1912).
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The figures represented in these three panels are:
* Center: Front. Emperor Meiji in a Western chair with his wife, Empress Shōken, seated in the foreground. The Imperial couple are accompanied behind and in the flanking panels with an array of Shinto kami and historical figures from Japan's past. Rear. The kami Izanami, Kunitokotatchi and Izanagi. * Right: Front. Emperor Kōmei (seated in foreground), Empress Go-Sakuramachi (here presented as a man with a false goatee), and Emperor Jinmu (carrying a rough bow and perched eagle. Rear. The kami Amaterasu (standing and holding the three Sacred Treasures of Japan) and Ninigi-no-Mikoto (who first brought to earth the Imperial regalia—the sword, Kusanagi, the mirror, Yata no Kagami, and the jewel, Yasakani no magatama). * Left: Front: Emperor Go-Momozono (clothed in red), Emperor Kōkaku (clothed in black) and Emperor Ninkō (clothed in green). Rear. The kami Hiko-hohodemi (clothed in white) and Ugayafukiaezu (clothed in yellow).The modern system of ranked Shinto shrines (近代社格制度 Kindai Shakaku Seido) (sometimes called simply shakaku (社格), was an organizational aspect of the establishment of Japanese State Shinto. This system classified Shinto shrines as either official government shrines or "other" shrines. The official shrines were divided into
- Imperial shrines (kampeisha), which are parsed into minor, medium, or major sub-categories; and
- National shrines (kokuheisha), which are similarly categorized as minor, medium, or major.[1]
Contents
History
In 1871, an Imperial decree established a hierarchic ranking of Shinto shrines. These rankings were set aside in 1946, when State Shinto was officially abolished.
Kanpei-sha
In 1871, the Kanpei-sha (官幣社) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines most closely associated with the Imperial family.[2] The kampeisha were shrines venerated by the imperial family. This category encompasses those sanctuaries enshrining emperors, imperial family members, or meritorious retainers of the Imperial family.[1]
Imperial shrines, 1st rank
The most highly ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社) encompassed 67 sanctuaries.[2]
Imperial shrines, 2nd rank
The mid-range of ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei-chūsha (官幣中社) included 23 sanctuaries.[5]
name location notes Shiramine jingū[18] Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Emperor Junnin; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 Akama jingū[13] Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Emperor Antoku; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 Minase jinja[18] Shimamoto, Osaka Emperor Go-Toba, Emperor Tsuchimikado and Emperor Juntoku; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940 Kamakura-gū[13] Kamakura, Kanagawa[19] Morinaga-shinnō Iinoya-gū[13] Kita-ku, Hamamatsu[20] Munenaga-shinnō Yatsushiro-no-miya[13] Yatsushiro, Kumamoto[21] Kanenaga-shinnō, Nganari--shinnō Umenomiya jinja.[13] Ukyō-ku, Kyoto[22] Sakatoke-no-kami, Ōwakako-no-kami, Satatokeko-no-kami Kifune jinja.[13] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Kuraokami-no-kami Ōharano jinja.[13] Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto.[13] Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko, Iwainushi-no-mitoko, Hime-kami Yoshida jinja.[13] Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Take-mikazuchi-no-mitoko, Iwainushi-no-mitoko, Hime-kami Kitano Tenman-gū.[13] Kamigyō-ku, Kyoto Sugawara no Michizane Tsukiyomi jinja.[13] Unzen Tsukiomi-no-mitoko Kanasana jinja.[13] Kamikawa, Saitama[23] Amaterasu Ōmikami, Susanoo-no-mikoto Ikasuri jinja Chūō-ku, Osaka ichinomiya of Settsu Province Hikosan jingū Soeda, Fukuoka Yatsushiro-gū Yatsushiro, Kumamoto Kanegazaki-no-miya[24] Tsuruga, Fukui[25] Takangaga-shinno, Tsunenaga-shinnō Dazaifu Tenman-gū.[24] Dazaifu, Fukuoka Sugawara no Michizane Ikuta jinja[24] Chūō-ku, Kobe Waka-hirume-no-mitoko Nagata jinja.[24] Nagata-ku, Kobe[26] Kotohshironushi-no-mitoko Watatsumi jinja (Tarumi jinja).[24] Tarumi-ku, Kobe, Harima Waka-hirume-no-mitoko Ehikoyama jinja.[24] Hikozan, Buzen Ame no Oshihone-no-mitoko (Ame-n-oshiho-mimi-no-mitoko) Sumiyoshi jinja[24] Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi[27] ichinomiya of Nagato Province; the aramitama of the Sun Goddess, Tsuki-sasaki-itsu no mitama-amasakaru-muka-tsu-hime-no- mitoko Kibitsu jinja[24] Okayama, Okayama ichinomiya of Bitchū Province, this temple holds the longest Japanese Odachi, which has a length of 377 cm (11 feet); Ōkibitsu-hiko-no-mitoko, son of Emperor Korei Kumano Nachi taisha[24] Nachikatsuura, Wakayama[28] ichinomiya of Kii Province; Ketsumiko, Kumano Hayatama-no-kami, Kumano Fusumi-no-kami Itakeso jinja[24] Wakayama, Wakayama[29] Ōya-hiko-no-mitoko Mikami jinja[24] Yasu, Shiga[30] Ame-no-mikage-no-mikoto Tainan jinja.[24] Tainan, Taiwan now extinct; Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa-no-mitoko Imperial shrines, 3rd rank
The lowest ranked among the Imperial shrines or Kanpei-shōsha (官幣小社) were five sanctuaries.[24]
name location notes Ōkunitama jinja.[24] Fuchū, Tokyo[31] Musashi no Ōkuni-tama-no-kami Shigaumi jinja.[24] Higashi-ku, Fukuoka[32] Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto Sumiyoshi Jinja.[24] Hakata-ku, Fukuoka[33] ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province; Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto Kamado jinja.[24] Dazaifu, Fukuoka[34] Tamayori-hime Naminoue jinja.[24] Naha, Okinawa[35] ichinomiya of Ryūkyū; Hayatama-no-o, Izanami, Kotosaka-no-o-no-mikoto Other Imperial shrines
In addition to the officially ranked Imperial shrines, there were also other shrines at which the kami of emperors were venerated.[24]
name location notes Annei-tennō-sha.[24] Shirakashi, Yamato Emperor Annei Futarayama jinja.[24] Utsunomiya, Shimotsuke Toyoki-iri-hoko no mikoto, son of Emperor Sujin Anaho jinja.[24] Anaho, Ōmi Emperor Keikō Hashirimizu jinja.[24] Uraga, Sagami Ototachibana-hime, wife of Yamato-takeru no mikoto Uji jinja.[36] Uji, Yamashiro Uji no Waki-iratsuko-no-miko Takatsu no miya.[36] Osaka, Settsu Emperor Nintoku Okenomiko.[36] Takaichi, Yamato Emperor Kenzō O-hatsuse-waka-sasagi no jinja.[36] Takaichi, Yamato Emperor Buretsu Goryō jinja.[36] Ishiyama, Ōmi Emperor Kobun Misu jinja.[36] Yokoōji, Yamashiro Emperor Temmu Sudō jinja.[36] Shūgaku-in, Yamashiro Prince Sawara (posthumously elevated, Sudō-tennō) Seiwa-tennō-sha.[36] Saga, Yamashiro Emperor Seiwa Moriya no Yashino.[36] Karuma, Yamashiro Korenaga-shinnō, son of Emperor Montoku Suiten-gū.[36] Kurume, Chikugo Emperor Antoku Fukuōji no jinja.[36] Hanazono, Yamashiro Hanshi-kōgō, empress-consort of Emperor Kōkō Takakura jinja.[36] Umekura, Yamashiro Mochihito-ō, son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa Shishō jinja.[36] Totsugawa, Yamato Emperor Chōkei Kokuhei-sha
The Kokuhei-sha (国幣社) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines with national significance. The kokuheisha enshrined kami considered beneficial to more local areas.[1]
National Shrines, 1st rank
The most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Taisha (国幣大) were six sanctuaries.
name location notes Keta taisha Hakui, Ishikawa ichinomiya of Noto Province Nangū taisha Tarui, Gifu ichinomiya of Mino Province Tado taisha Kuwana, Mie Kumano taisha Matsue, Shimane ichinomiya of Izumo Province Ōyamazumi jinja Imabari, Ehime ichinomiya of Iyo Province Kōra taisha Kurume, Fukuoka ichinomiya of Chikugo Province National Shrines, 2nd rank
The mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Chūsha (国幣中社) encompassed 47 sanctuaries.
name location notes Hakodate Hachiman-gū Hakodate, Hokkaidō Shiogama jinja Shiogama, Miyagi ichinomiya of Mutsu Province Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi jinja Yuza, Yamagata ichinomiya of Dewa Province Tsutsukowake jinja Tanagura, Fukushima ichinomiya of Mutsu Province Isasumi jinja Aizumisato, Fukushima ichinomiya of Iwashiro Province Nikkō Futrasan jinja Nikkō, Tochigi ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province Utsunomiya Futarasan jinja Utsunomiya, Tochigi ichinomiya of Shimotsuke Province Ichinomiya Nukisaki jinja Tomioka, Gunma ichinomiya of Kōzuke Province Ōarai Isozaki jinja Ōarai, Ibaraki Sakatsura Isozaki jinja Hitachinaka, Ibaraki Tamasaki jinja Ichinomiya, Chiba ichinomiya of Kazusa Province Samukawa jinja Samukawa, Kanagawa ichinomiya of Sagami Province Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu Kamakura, Kanagawa Ichinomiya Asama jinja Fuefuki, Yamanashi ichinomiya of Kai Province Ikushima Tarushima jinja Ueda, Nagano Iyahiko jinja Yahiko, Niigata ichinomiya of Echigo Province Imizu jinja Takaoka, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province Shirayamahime jinja Hakusan, Ishikawa ichinomiya of Kaga Province Wakasahiko jinja Obama, Fukui ichinomiya of Wakasa Province Masumida jinja Ichinomiya, Aichi ichinomiya of Owari Province Ōagata jinja Inuyama, Aichi Aekuni jinja Iga, Mie ichinomiya of Iga Province Izumo daijingu Kameoka, Kyoto ichinomiya of Tamba Province Komori jinja Miyazu, Kyoto ichinomiya of Tango Province Izushi jinja Toyooka, Hyōgo ichinomiya of Tajima Province Iwa jinja Shisō, Hyōgo ichinomiya of Harima Province Nakayama jinja Tsuyama, Okayama ichinomiya of Mimasaka Province Ani jinja Okayama, Okayama ichinomiya of Bizen Province Hayatani jinja Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima Ube jinja Tottori, Tottori ichinomiya of Inaba Province Mizuwakasu jinja Okinoshima, Shimane ichinomiya of Oki Province Miho jinja Matsue, Shimane Tamanooya jinja Hōfu, Yamaguchi ichinomiya of Suō Province Tamura jinja Takamatsu, Kagawa ichinomiya of Sanuki Province Kotohira-gu Kotohira, Kagawa Isono jinja Saijō, Ehime Inbe jinja Tokushima, Tokushima Ōasahiko jinja Naruto, Tokushima ichinomiya of Awa Province Tosa jinja Kōchi, Kōchi ichinomiya of Tosa Province Nishimuta jinja Ōita, Ōita ichinomiya of Bungo Province Tajima jinja Karatsu, Saga Sumiyoshi jinja Iki, Nagasaki Watasumi jinja Tsushima, Nagasaki ichinomiya of Tsushima Province Chinzei Taisha Suwa jinja Nagasaki, Nagasaki Nitta jinja Satsumasendai, Kagoshima ichinomiya of Satsuma Province National Shrines, 3rd rank
The lowest ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Shōsha (国幣小社) included 50 sanctuaries.
name location notes Iwakiyama jinja Hirosaki, Aomori ichinomiya of Tsugaru Province Koshiō jinja Akita, Akita Komagata jinja Ōshū, Iwate ichinomiya of Rikuchu Province Dewa jinja Tsuruoka, Yamagata one of the Dewa Sanzan Yudonosan jinja Tsuruoka, Yamagata one of the Dewa Sanzan Chichibu jinja Chichibu, Saitama ichinomiya of Chichibu Province Hakone jinja Hakone, Kanagawa Oguni jinja Mori, Shizuoka ichinomiya of Tōtōmi Province Shizuoka Sengen jinja Aoi-ku, Shizuoka Izusan jinja Atami, Shizuoka Togakushi jinja Nagano, Nagano Hotaka jinja Azumino, Nagano Watatsu jinja Sado, Niigata ichinomiya of Sado Province Takase jinja Nanto, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province Oyama jinja Tateyama, Toyama ichinomiya of Etchū Province Sugōisobe Jinja Kaga, Ishikawa Tsurugi jinja Echizen, Fukui Hida Ichinomiya Minashi jinja Takayama, Gifu ichinomiya of Hida Province Inaba jinja Gifu, Gifu Toga jinja Toyokawa, Aichi ichinomiya of Mikawa Province Tsushima jinja Tsushima, Aichi Owari Ōkunitama jinja Inazawa, Aichi Kibitsuhiko jinja Okayama, Okayama ichinomiya of Bizen Province Kibitsu jinja Fukuyama, Hiroshima ichinomiya of Bingo Province Nunakuma jinja Fukuyama, Hiroshima Ōgamiyama jinja Yonago, Tottori Shitori jinja Yurihama, Tottori ichinomiya of Hōki Province Hinomisaki jinja Izumo, Shimane Mononobe jinja Ōda, Shimane ichinomiya of Iwami Province Susa jinja Izumo, Shimane Sada jinja Matsue, Shimane Iminomiya jinja Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Chiriku Hachiman jinja Miyaki, Saga ichinomiya of Buzen Province Yusuhara Hachiman jinja Oita, Oita ichinomiya of Bungo Province Fujisaki Hachiman jinja Kumamoto, Kumamoto Tsuno jinja Tsuno, Miyazaki ichinomiya of Hyūga Province Hirakiki jinja Ibusuki, Kagoshima ichinomiya of Satsuma Province Keijo Jinja Seoul, Korea extinct Ryūtōzan Jinja Busan, Korea extinct Taikyu Jinja Daegu, Korea extinct Heijō Jinja Pyongyang, Korea extinct Kōshū Jinja Gwangju, Korea extinct Kōgen Jinja Chuncheon, Korea extinct Zenshū Jinja Jeonju, Korea extinct Kankō Jinja Hamhung, Korea extinct Shinchiku Jinja Hsinchu, Taiwan extinct Taichu Jinja Hsinchu, Taiwan extinct Kagi Jinja Chiayi, Taiwan extinct See also
- List of Shinto shrines
- Twenty-Two Shrines
- Setsumatsusha
Notes
- ^ a b c Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University: Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms, Kampei Taisha.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 124.
- ^ Nara National Museum: No. 31, Map of the Precincts of Kanpei Taisha Isonokami Shrine
- ^ National Diet Library (NDL): Kanpei Taisha Kasuga Jinja
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 125.
- ^ a b Sawada, Janine Anderson. (2004). Practical pursuits: religion, politics, and personal cultivation in nineteenth-century Japan, p. 312 n15.
- ^ Chiba prefectural government: Chiba, Katori Shrine
- ^ Encyclopedia of Shinto: Atsuta Shinkō
- ^ Asama Shrine: Fujinomiya, Shizuoka = Ōmiya in Suruga province
- ^ Takebe Taisha: Ōtsu, Shiga = Seta in Ōmi province
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1963) The Vicissitudes of Shinto, p. 328.
- ^ NDL: Kanpei Taisha Yoshino Jingu
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126.
- ^ Breen, John et al. (2000). Shinto in History: ways of the Kami, p. 276.
- ^ Bernstein, Andrew. "Whose Fuji?: Religion, Region, and State in the Fight for a National Symbol," Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 63, No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 51-99; Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 125.
- ^ Peattie, Mark R. (1988). Nanʻyō: the rise and fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945, pp. 225-229; n.b., construction completed in 1941
- ^ Peattie, p. 339 n61.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
- ^ Kamakura-gū: Kamakura, Kanagawa = Kamakura in Sagami province
- ^ Iinoya-gū:Kita-ku, Hamamatsu = Iya in Tōtōmi province.
- ^ Yatsushiro Shrine: Yatsushiro, Kumamoto = Yatsushiro in Higo province
- ^ Umenomiya Shrine: Ukyō-ku, Kyoto = Umetsu in Yamashiro province
- ^ Kanasana Shrine: Kamikawa, Saitama = Aoyagi in Musashi province.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 127.
- ^ Kanegazaki Shrine: Tsuruga, Fukui = Tsuruga in Echizen province
- ^ Nagata Shrine: Nagata-ku, Kobe = Kobe in Settsu province.
- ^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi = Katsuyama in Nagato province
- ^ Kumano Nachi Taisha: Nachikatsuura, Wakayama = Nachi in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 Kii no Kuni) = Kishū (紀州), was a province of Honshū in Wakayama Prefecture and Mie Prefecture.
- ^ Itakeso Shrine: Wakayama, Wakayama = Nishiyama Higashimura in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国 Kii no Kuni) = Kishū (紀州)
- ^ Mikami Shrine: Yasu, Shiga = Mikamimura in Ōmi province
- ^ Ōkunitama jinja at Fuchū, Tokyo = Fuchū in Musashi province
- ^ Shigaumi Shrine: Higashi-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka, Chikuzen province
- ^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Hakata-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
- ^ Kamado Shrine: Dazaifu, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
- ^ Naminoe Shrine: Naha, Okinawa = Wakasa on Okinawa Island in the Ryukyu Kingdom
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 128.
References
- Breen, John and Mark Teeuwen. (2000). Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 10-ISBN 0-824-82363-X; 13-ISBN 978-0-8248-2363-4
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- _______________. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 399449
- _______________. (1963). The Viciissitudes of Shinto. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 186605327
Categories:- 1871 establishments in Japan
- Shinto shrines
- Empire of Japan
- 1945 disestablishments
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