Emperor Montoku

Montoku
Emperor of Japan
Montoku
Reign	850–858
Coronation	850
Born	827
Birthplace	Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
Died	858
Place of death	Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
Buried	Tamura no misasagi (Kyoto)
Predecessor	Ninmyō
Successor	Seiwa
Father	Ninmyō
Mother	Fujiwara no Junshi

Emperor Montoku (文徳天皇, Montoku-tennō^?, January 22, 827 – August 27, 858) was the 55th emperor of Japan,^[1] according to the traditional order of succession.^[2]

The years of Montoku's spanned the years from 850 through 858.^[3]

Traditional narrative

Before Montoku's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina)^[4] was Michiyasu (道康^?).^[5] He was also known as Tamura-no-mikado^[6] or Tamura-tei.^[7]

He was the eldest son of Emperor Ninmyō. His mother was Empress Dowager Fujiwara no Junshi (also called the Gojō empress 五条后), daughter of the minister of the left, Fujiwara Fuyutsugu.^[6]

Montoku had six Imperial consorts and 29 Imperial sons.^[8]

Events of Montoku's life

• May 6, 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month): In the 17th year of Ninmyō-tennō 's reign (仁明天皇17年), the emperor died; and his eldest son received the succession (senso).^[9]
• 850 (Kashō 3, 4th month): Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (sokui).^[10]
• 850 (Kashō 3, 5th month): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was also the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died. This very devout Buddhist had founded a temple called Danrin-ji (檀林寺^?) on the site of present-day Tenryū-ji (天龍寺^?) -- more formally known as Tenryū Shiseizen-ji (天龍資聖禅寺^?), located in what is now Susukinobaba-chō, Ukyō Ward in Kyoto, Before her death, the former empress had been known by the honorific title, Danrin-kōgō (檀林皇后^?); and she had been honored as if she were a saint.^[11]
• 850 (Kashō 3, 11th month): The emperor named Korehito-shinnō, the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir.^[12] This 9-month-old baby was also the grandson of udaijin Fujiwara no Yoshifusa.^[13]

• 853 (Ninju 3, 2nd month): The emperor visited the home of udaijin Yoshifusa, the grandfather of his designated heir.^[13]

• July 11, 854 (Saikō 1, 13th day of the 6th month): The saidaijin Minamoto no Tokiwa, also known as Minamoto no Tsune, died at age 43.^[14]
• 855 (Saikō 2, in the 1st month): The Emishi organized a rebellion; and in response, a force of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.^[15]

• 855 (Saikō 2, 5th month): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off; and in consequence, the emperor ordered the then dainagon Fujiwara no Yoshisuke, the brother of sadaijin Yoshifusa, to be in charge of gathering the gifts of the pious from throughout the empire to make another head for the Daibutsu.^[15]

Events during his reign included the repression of insurrections among the Ebisu people in Mutsu province in 855, and among the people of the island of Tsushima two years later.

• October 7, 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): Montoku's died at the age of 32.^[16]

The actual site of Montoku's grave is known.^[1] This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Montoku's mausoleum. It is formally named Tamura no misasagi.^[17]

Kugyō

Kugyō (公卿^?) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.-- kugyō of Montoku-tennō (in French)

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Montoku's reign), this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

• Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa　(藤原良房), 804-872.^[8]
• Sadaijin, Minamoto no Tokiwa　(源常), 812-854.^[8]
• Sadaijin, Minamoto no Makoto　(源信), 810-868.^[8]
• Udaijin, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa　(藤原良房), 804-872.^[8]
• Udaijin, Fujiwara no Yoshimi　(藤原良相), 813-867.^[8]
• Naidaijin (not appointed)
• Dainagon

Eras of Montoku's reign

The years of Montoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.^[11]

• Kashō (848-851)
• Ninju (851-854)
• Saikō (854-857)
• Ten'an (857-859)

Consorts and Children

Kōgo(Tai-Kotaigō): Fujiwara no Akirakeiko (藤原明子) (829-899), also known as Somedono-no-Kisaki, daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房).^[18]

• Imperial Prince Korehito (惟仁親王) (850-881) (Emperor Seiwa)
• Imperial Princess Gishi (儀子内親王) (?-879), 6th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 859-876

Nyōgo: Fujiwara no Koshi/Furuko (藤原古子), daughter of Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu (藤原冬嗣)

Nyōgo: Fujiwara no Takakiko (藤原多賀幾子) (?-858), daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshimi (藤原良相)

Nyōgo: Fujiwara no Nenshi/Toshiko (藤原年子))

Nyōgo: Princess Azumako (東子女王) (?-865)

Nyōgo: Fujiwara no Koreko (藤原是子)

Nyōgo: Tachibana no Fusako (橘房子), daughter of Tachibana no Ujikimi (橘氏公)

Nyōgo: Tachibana no Chushi (橘忠子), daughter of Tachibana no Ujikimi (橘氏公)

Koui: Ki no Shizuko (紀静子) (?-866), daughter of Ki no Natora (紀名虎)

• Imperial Prince Koretaka (惟喬親王) (844-897)
• Imperial Prince Koreeda (惟条親王) (848-868)
• Imperial Princess Tenshi (恬子内親王) (?-913), 20th Saiō in Ise Shrine 859-876
• Imperial Princess Jutsushi (述子内親王) (?-897), 5th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 857-858
• Imperial Princess Chinshi (珍子内親王) (?-877)

Court lady: Fujiwara no Retsushi (藤原列子), daughter of Fujiwara no Koreo (藤原是雄)

• Imperial Princess Anshi (晏子内親王) (?-900), 19th Saiō in Ise Shrine 850-858
• Imperial Princess Akirakeiko (慧子内親王) (?-881), 4th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 850-857

Court lady: Shigeno no Okuko (滋野奥子), daughter of Shigeno no Sadanushi (滋野貞主)

• Imperial Prince Korehiko (惟彦親王) (850-883)
• Imperial Princess Nōshi (濃子内親王) (?-903)
• Imperial Princess Shōshi (勝子内親王) (?-871)

Court lady: Fujiwara no Konshi/Imako (藤原今子), daughter of Fujiwara no Sadamori (藤原貞守)

• Imperial Prince Koretsune (惟恒親王) (?-904)
• Imperial Princess Reishi (礼子内親王) (?-899)
• Imperial Princess Keishi (掲子内親王) (?-914), 22nd Saiō in Ise Shrine 882-884

Court lady: Shigeno no Mineko (滋野岑子), daughter of Shigeno no Sadao (滋野貞雄)

• Minamoto no Motoari (源本有)
• Minamoto no Fuchiko/Shigeko (源淵子/滋子) (?-911)

Court lady: A daughter of Tomo clan (伴氏の娘)

• Minamoto no Yoshiari (源能有) (845-897), Udaijin 896-897

Court lady: A daughter of Fuse clan (布勢氏の娘)

• Minamoto no Yukiari (源行有) (854-887)
• Minamoto no Tomiari (源富有) (?-887)

Court lady: A daughter of Tajihi clan (多治氏の娘)

• Minamoto no Tsuneari (源毎有)

Court lady: A daughter of Kiyohara clan (清原氏の娘)

• Minamoto no Tokiari (源時有)
• Minamoto no Noriari (源載有)

Court lady: A daughter of Sugano clan (菅野氏の娘)

Court lady: A daughter of Sugawara clan (菅原氏の娘)

• Minamoto no Sadaari (源定有)
• Minamoto no Tomiko (源富子)

(from unknown women)

• Minamoto no Hyōshi (源憑子)
• Minamoto no Kenshi (源謙子)
• Minamoto no Okuko (源奥子)
• Minamoto no Retsushi (源列子)
• Minamoto no Seishi (源済子), married to Emperor Seiwa

See also

• Emperor of Japan
• List of Emperors of Japan
• Imperial cult
• Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku, one of the Six National Histories

Notes

Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom

1. ^ ^{a b} Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 文徳天皇 (55)
2. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 64-65.
3. ^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 264-265; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 165; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 112. at Google Books
4. ^ Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them; however, the number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
5. ^ Titsingh, p. 112; Brown p. 285.
6. ^ ^{a b} Varley, p. 165.
7. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Brown, p. 285.
9. ^ Titsingh, p. 112; Brown, p. 284; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
10. ^ Titsingh, p. 112; Varley, p. 44
11. ^ ^{a b} Titsingh, p. 112.
12. ^ Brown, p. 286.
13. ^ ^{a b} Titsingh, p. 113.
14. ^ Brown, p. 285; Titsingh, p. 113.
15. ^ ^{a b} Titsingh, p. 114.
16. ^ Brown, p. 285-286; Varley, p. 165.
17. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.
18. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 319-320.

References

• Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10-ISBN 0-520-03460-0; 13-ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
• Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
• Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
• Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. 10-ISBN 0-231-04940-4; 13-ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842

Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor Ninmyō	Emperor of Japan: Montoku 850–858	Succeeded by Emperor Seiwa

Persondata
Name	Montoku
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	827
Place of birth	Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
Date of death	858
Place of death	Heian Kyō (Kyōto)