Emperor Higashiyama

:"Higashiyama also refers to a ward of Kyoto City."

Emperor Higashiyama (東山天皇 "Higashiyama-tennō") (October 21, 1675 - January 16, 1710) was the 113th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Annales des empereurs du japon," p. 415.] He ruled from May 6, 1687 to July 27, 1709. His personal name was Asahito (朝仁) and his pre-accession title was "Go-no-miya" (五宮)

Genealogy

Higasiyama was the fifth son of Emperor Reigen; and he himself had at least ten children.
*Empress: Princess Yukiko (幸子女王) (Empress Dowager Shōshū, 承秋門院), daughter of Arisugawa-no-miya Yukihito
**First daughter: Imperial Princess Akiko (秋子内親王)
*Lady-in-waiting: Kushige Yoshiko (櫛笥賀子) (Empress Dowager Shin-syuken, 新崇賢門院)
**First son: Ichi-no-miya (一宮)
**Second son: Ni-no-miya (二宮)
**Fourth son: Hisa-no-miya (寿宮)
**Second daughter: Tomi-no-miya (福宮)
**Fifth son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito (慶仁親王) (Emperor Nakamikado)
**Sixth son: Imperial Prince Kan'in-no-miya Naohito (閑院宮直仁親王) - First Kan'in-no-miya
*Lady-in-waiting: Reizei Tsuneko (冷泉経子) (Buddhist priestess)
**Third son: Prince Kōkan (公寛法親王) (Buddhist priest)
*Handmaid (?): Daughter of Takatsuji (Sugawara) Nagakazu (高辻（菅原）長量)
**Third daughter: Kōmyōjyō'in-no-miya (光明定院宮)
**Fourth daughter: Princess Syōsyuku (聖祝女王)

Events of Higashiyama's life

In 1687, he acceded to the throne after the abdication of Emperor Reigen. On the 16th day of the 11th month of that year, he revived the Daijōsai (大嘗祭), the first ceremonial offering of rice by a newly enthroned Emperor.

Initially, Emperor Reigen continued to rule in Higashiyama's name, which caused much friction with the Bakufu. However, Higashiyama's gentle character helped to improve relations with the Bakufu, and imperial property was increased, and repairs were carried out on Imperial mausoleums.
* "Jōkyō 3", on the 21st day of the 3rd month (1687): Emperor Reigen abdicates in favor of his son, who will become Emperor Higashiyama. [see above] ] After abdication, Reigen's new home will be called the "Sentō-gosho" (the palace for an ex-Emperor).Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). "Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869," p. 342.]
* "Jōkyō 4", on the 16th day of the 11th month (December 20, 1688): The esoteric "Daijō-sai" ceremony, having been in abeyane since the time of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara -- for nine reigns -- was revived because of the "bakufu"'s insistence. [Ponsonby-Fane, p. 318.] This Shinto ritual is performed only once by emperor in the period of the enthronement ceremonies. [Bock, Felicia G. (1990). "The Great Feast of the Enthronement," "Monumenta Nipponica", Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 27-38.]

* "Genroku gannen" (1688): The Tokugawa shogunate revised the code of conduct for funerals ("Fuku-kiju-ryō"), which incorporated a code of conduct for mourning as well. [Smith, Robert "et al." (2004). "Japanese Culture: Its Development And Characteristics," p. 28.]
* "Genroku 2" (September 16, 1689): German physician Engelbert Kaempfer arrives at Dejima for the first time. "Bakufu" policy in this era was designed to marginalize the influence of foreigners in "Genroku" Japan; and Kaempfer had to present himself as "Dutch" in dealings with the Japanese. Regardless of this minor subterfuge, an unintended and opposite consequence of "sakoku" was to enhance the value and significance of a very small number of thoughtful observers like Kaempfer, whose writings document what he learned or discovered first-hand. Kaempfer's published accounts and unpublished writings provided a unique and useful perspective for Orientalists and Japanologists in the 19th century; and his work continues to be rigorously examined by modern researchers today. [Screech, T. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822," p. 73.]
* "Genroku 8", 8th month (1695): Minting begun of "Genroku" coinage. The shogunate placed the Japanese character "gen" (元) on the obverse of copper coins, the same character used today in China for the yuan. There is no connection between those uses, however. [see above] ]
* "Genroku 8", 11th month (1695): First kennel is established for stray dogs in Edo. In this context, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi comes to be nicknamed "the Dog Shogun" (いぬくぼう 犬公方, "Inu-kubō"').
* "Genroku 10" (1697): The fourth official map of Japan was made in this year, but it was considered to be inferior to the previous one -- which had been ordered in "Shōhō" 1 (1605 and completed in "Kan'ei" 16 (1639}. This "Genroku" map was corrected in "Kyōhō" 4 (1719) by the mathematician Tatebe Katahiro (1644-1739), using high mountain peaks as points of reference, and was drawn to a scale of 1:21,600. [Traganeou, Jilly. (2004). "The Tokaido Road: Traveling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan," p. 230.]
* "Genroku 10" (1697): Great fire in Edo. [see above] ] Five-storied Pagoda
* "Genroku 11" (1697): Another great fire in Edo. A new hall is constructed inside the enclosure of the Edo temple of Kan'ei-ji (which is also known as Tōeizan Kan’ei-ji or "Hiei-san of the east" after the principal temple of the Tendai Buddhist sect -- that is to say, after the temple of Enryaku-ji at Mount Hiei near to Heian-kyo). [see above] ]
* "Genroku 16", on the 28th day of the 11th month (1703): The Great Genroku Earthquake shook Edo [Japanese Wikipedia: ] and parts of the shogun's castle collapsed.Hammer, Joshua. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=yokohama+burning&sig=rbgbEDXJV5fht4wdSD1HBoAMANg#PPA63,M1 "Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II," p. 63.] ] The following day, a vast fire spread throughout the city [see above] ] . Parts of Honshū's coast were battered by tsunami, and 200,000 people were either killed or injured. [see above] ]

* "Genroku 13", 1701: when the Akō Incident took place, due to the bloodshed by Matsuno Ōroku, Emperor Higashiyama came near to withdrawing the imperial will.

* "Hōei 4", on the 14th day of the 10th month (1707): Great Hōei Earthquake. The city of Osaka suffers tremendously because of a very violent earthquake. [Titsingh, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA415,M1 p. 415.] ]
* "Hōei 4", on the 22nd day of the 10th month (November 15, 1707): An eruption of Mt. Fuji; the cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi.Titsingh, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=editions:OCLC63259938#PRA1-PA416,M1 p. 416.] ]
* "Hōei 5" (1708): The shogunate introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is marked with the "Hōei" nengō name {"Hōei Tsubo").Titsingh, p. 416.]
* "Hōei 5", on the 8th day of the 3rd month (1708): There was a great fire in Heian-kyō. [see above] ]
* "Hōei 5", 8th month (1708): Italian missionary Giovanni Sidotti landed in Yakushima, where he was promptly is arrested.
* "Hōei 6", on the 10th day of the 1st month (1709): The wife of Shogun Tsunayoshi killed him with a knife, and then she stabbed herself in the heart. Tsunayoshi's homosexual interests were aroused by the son of the "daimyo" of Kai; and his plans to adopt this Tokugawa youth as his successor were known by a few inside Edo castle. The shogun's wife, who was also a daughter of the emperor, foresaw that this choice of a successor would be very poorly received by many; and she feared that it might result in a disastrous civil war. The shogun's wife did everything she could to dissuade Tsunayoshi from continuing with such potentially divisive and dangerous plans; and when it became clear that her persuasive arguments were in vain, she resolutely sacrificed herself for the good of the country -- she killed her husband and then killed herself. [see above] ]
* "Hōei 6", in the 4th month (1709): Minamoto no Ienobu, Tsunayoshi's nephew, becomes the 6th shogun of the Edo bakufu. [see above] ] and Emperor Nakamikado accedes to the throne.
* "Hōei 6", on the 2nd day of the 7th month (1709): The Emperor abdicates, [see above] ]
* "Hōei 6", on the 17th day of the 12th month (1709): Higashiyama dies [see above] ]

Kugyō

"Kugyō" (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Higashiyama's reign, this apex of the "Daijō-kan included:
* "Sadaijin"
* "Udaijin"
* "Nadaijin"
* "Dainagon"

Eras of Higashiyama's reign

The years of Higashiyama's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō". [see above] ]
* "Jōkyō" (1684-1688)
* "Genroku" (1688-1704)
* " Hōei" (1704-1711)

Notes

References

* Hammer, Joshua. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tokyo+1923&lr=&source=gbs_summary_r "Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II."] New York: Simon & Schuster. 10-ISBN 0-743-26465-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-743-26465-5 (cloth)
* Screech, Timon. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822." London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-700-71720-X
* Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652] , "Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Cg8oAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions:OCLC63259938 ..Click link for copy of this book digitized from the collection of the University of Michigan (in French)]