Lüshunkou District

Infobox Settlement
name = Lǚshùnkǒu


imagesize = 220px
image_caption =The city and port of Lüshun, formerly Port Arthur, as seen from the heights outside the city - (November 2004)

---

mapsize = 220px
settlement_type = District
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_name = People's Republic of China
subdivision_type1 = Province
subdivision_name1 = Liaoning
subdivision_type2 = District
subdivision_name2 = Dalian
area_total_km2 = 512.15
area_land_km2 = 506
population_as_of = 2001
population_total = 210000
population_density_km2 =auto
latd = 38 | latm = 48 | lats = 45 | latNS = N
longd = 121 | longm = 14 | longs = 30 | longEW = E
blank_name = Lüshunkou District seat
blank_info = 24 Huanghe Road (黄河路24号)
blank1_name = Seat of Government
blank1_info = Dalian
website = http://www.dllsk.gov.cn/

Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally) Lüshun Port (zh-stp|s=旅顺口|t=旅順口|p=Lǚshùnkǒu), formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun, is a town located at the extreme southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, in the district of Dalian of the People's Republic of China. It has an excellent natural harbour, the possession and control of which became a casus belli in the Russo-Japanese war (1904–1905). Japanese and then Soviet administration would continue until 1953. During the first decade of that period, it was world famous and was more significant than the other port on the peninsula, today's Dalian. In Western diplomatic, news, and historical writings, it was known as Port Arthur, and during the period when the Japanese controlled and administered the Liaodong peninsula it was called Ryojun (旅順).

Geography

Dalian City, a sub-provincial city and prefectural capital, is some forty miles farther up the coast, sprawling around the narrowest neck of the Liaodong Peninsula, whereas "Lushun" occupies its southern tip. (See Landsat Map below 'Zoomed' — "Lushun city"' surrounds the lake-like structure clearly visible near the peninsular tip - the lakelike feature is the inner 'natural' harbor of the port, a very well-sheltered and fortifiable harbor to nineteenth-century eyes.)

The "Liaodong" (formerly "Liaotung") peninsula and its relation to Korea, The Yellow Sea to its southeast, the Korea Bay to its due east, and the Bohai Sea (or Gulf) to its west are clearly seen on the map at above-right. Beijing (Peking) is almost directly (due west-northwest) across the Bo Hai Gulf from the port city.

Names in China

Names in China during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are complicated by the fact that many places took on names based on how they were reported in Western literature or history. This is further complicated in that four or five different languages might apply different names to a given place, and further complicated again when different transliterative schemes are used by translators attempting to render local names into Roman script. As an example of the size of the problem, one Russian Admiral's name has six different spellings in English.Who|date=July 2007

[http://www.dllsk.gov.cn/en/map.asp Click for District Map ]

Earlier history

Surrounded by ocean on three sides, this strategic seaport was known as Port Artur (Порт Артур) under Russian administration and later Ryojun (旅順) under Japanese administration. Port Arthur took its name from a Royal Navy Lieutenant named William C. Arthur, but was known to the Chinese as "Lüshun". In August 1860, during the Second Opium War, Arthur had towed his crippled frigate into the harbor at Lüshun (at that time an unfortified fishing village) for repairs. The Russians and other Western powers then adopted the British name. Subsequent to World War II, the region found itself under Russian and finally Chinese rule. These and additional geo-historical name changes and recent history are delineated in the related article on Dalian.

As a focal point in history

Port Arthur first came into international prominence during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). Following Japan's defeat of Chinese troops at Pyongyang in Korea in September 1894, the Japanese First and Second Armies converged on the Liaodong Peninsula by land and sea. Japanese war planners, ambitious for control of the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur and also cognizant of that port's strategic position controlling the northern Yellow Sea routes and the passage to Tianjin, were determined to seize it.

Following only token resistance during the day and night of November 20-21, 1894, Japanese troops entered the fallen city on the morning of November 21. Several Western newspaper correspondents present at the time related the widespread massacre of Chinese inhabitants of the city by the victorious Japanese troops, apparently in response to the murderous treatment the Chinese had shown Japanese prisoners of war at Pyongyang and elsewhere. Foremost among the correspondents was James Creelman of the New York World. Though at least one American correspondent present completely contradicted Creelman's account, there is "little doubt" that the Japanese troops "indiscriminately killed" in the thousands Chinese soldiers and civilians (see Chushichi Tzusuki, "The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995",OUP, 2003 (reprint of 2000 ed), p. 128), and the story of a Japanese massacre soon spread among the Western public, damaging Japan's public image and nearly torpedoing the movement then ongoing in the United States to renegotiate the unequal treaties between that country and Japan. The event came to be known as the Port Arthur massacre.Japan went on to occupy Port Arthur and to seize control of the whole Liaodong Peninsula as spoils of war. As part of the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki concluding the war, Japan was granted the Liaodong Peninsula but had to cede back the territory when threatened jointly with war by France, Germany and Russia in what is called the Triple Intervention of 1895. This was seen as a great humiliation in Japan for reasons discussed at length in the article Treaty of Shimonoseki.

Two years later, Russia coerced a lease of the Liaodong from China and gained railroad right-of-way to join the Liaodong Peninsula to the Chinese Eastern Railway with a line running from Port Arthur and nearby Dalny (Dalian} to the Chinese city of Harbin (see Kwantung Leased Territory), and systematically began to fortify the town and harbor at Port Arthur. This railway from Port Arthur to Harbin became a southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway (not to be confused with the South Manchurian Railway, the name of a company that undertook its management during the later Japanese period after 1905). All this was an additional goad to an already seething Japan. It was a hard lesson in international geopolitics Japan would not soon forget.

Ten years later Port Arthur again played a central role in war in the Far East. It is fair to say that at its heart, the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) was an extended battle for the possession of Port Arthur and the railway to it, the Southern Manchurian Railway. After the Boxer Rebellion (1900–1901) had been extinguished by an international coalition of troops, Russia refused to withdraw its reinforcements from Manchuria and instead began to fortify and garrison the entire route along the Southern Manchurian Railway. With this development, Japan proposed the two powers meet and discuss their respective roles in eastern Manchuria, as the area was considered portion of their respective Spheres of Influence.

Such talks were conducted between 1902 and 1904. While numerous proposals and agreement papers were generated between the two powers, Russia continued the de facto annexation of territory through fortification and garrison, if not de jure while employing stalling tactics in its negotiations. In the end, with over two years of intensive bi-lateral negotiations having gotten nowhere in clarifying each country's rights, prerogatives, and interests in inner Manchuria, Japan opted for war with Russia.

At the Heart of Conflict

The Battle of Port Arthur, the opening battle of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought in the heavily fortified harbor of the town of Port Arthur/Lüshun on February 9, 1904 when the Japanese attacked at night with torpedoes, followed by a brief day light skirmish by major surface combatants. The port eventually fell January 2, 1905 after a long train of preparatory battles on land and sea (See Russo-Japanese War Article) during which the Japanese occupied the whole Korean Peninsula, split the Russian Army, devastated the Russian Fleet, cut off the source of supplies on the railway from Harbin, and culminated in the end of the vicious and bloody battle known as the Siege of Port Arthur (June — January, Some sources place the siege start in late July instead, a technical difference due to definitions). By the end of July, the Japanese army had pushed down the Liaodong and was at the outer defenses of Port Arthur.

The fact that Japanese forces had closed to within artillery range of the harbor in early August led directly to the naval Battle of the Yellow Sea which maintained Japan in command of the seas, where her fleets continued to blockade the harbor. Virtually all the battles of the war until July 1904 were strategic battles for territorial gain or position leading to the investment and siege of the port city. The Russian town of Dalney (Dalny / Dalien / Dalian) was undeveloped in this era prior to 1898 when the Russian Tsar Nicholas II of Russia funded founding of the town of Dalny (sometimes Dalney); and establishment of it as a port with many improvements and cultural attractions. In 1902, the Russian Viceroy de-emphasized Dalny (building a palace and cultural edifices instead at Port Arthur), except as a commercial port while continuing the development of manufacturing .

Postwar

The Japanese-controlled Ryojun City had 40 districts. The communist Lüshun City was established on November 25, 1945 to replace Ryojun. The city was a subdivision of a larger Lüda City and contained 40 villages in 3 districts: Dazhong (大众区), Wenhua (文化区), and Guangming (光明). In January 1946, Wenhua was merged into Dazhong, and the 40 villages were reduced to 23 communes (坊). In January 1948, the remaining two districts were merged into one: Shinei (市内区), with 12 communes.

On January 7, 1960, Lüshun City was renamed Lüshunkou District, still under Lüda. In 1985, 7 of its 9 townships were upgraded to towns.

Subdivisions

A district at the county level (市辖区, pinyin: shìxiáqū, lit. a district of a city) is a subdivision of a municipality or a prefecture-level city. These have status equal to a county, and are hence called "county level". Thus the 'Lüshunkou district contains 6 sub-districts and 7 towns (see ), and is itself under the prefecture level sub-provincial capitol city, Dalian.

Jiangsi Sub-district contains the 20.38-km² provincial Lushun Economic Development Zone established in 1992.

Today's Lushunkou

Although its southern half of the District along Lushun South Road, downtown Lushun and the Naval Port zone continues to be off-limit to the foreigners, Lushunkou District is well into this 21st century. World Peace Park opened on the western coast of Lushun, on the Bohai Sea, and is a new sightseeing spot. North of the Park were established the Lushun Development Zone, and Lushun New Port (on Yangtou Bay) where the railroad ferry across the Yellow Sea to Yantai is being planned. The universities in downtown Dalian are being relocated to Lushunkou. Dalian Jiaotong University (formerly Dalian Railroad University) moved its Software School to the area near the new port, and Dalian University of Foreign Languages and Dalian Medical University relocated their main campases to the eastern slope of Baiying Mountain, on Lushun South Road. Dalian Fisheries University is in the process of moving its English and Japanese language schools to Daheishi, on Lushun North Road.

Old and New Names of the main facilities

As the opening of Lushun to foreigners is said to be drawing near, the old and new names of the main facilities in Lushun are summarized for those foreign visitors, particularly from Japan, Russia and Korea (because An Jung-geun was jailed here), as follows:

Under Russian Rule	Under Japanese Rule	Under Chinese Rule
The Old Town:
Unknown	Lushun City Hall	Commercial Bldg. on right of New Mart Supermarket
Unknown	Public Welfare Office	Naval Hotel
--	Lushun Branch, Korean Bank	Lushun Branch, Commercial Bank of China
--	Lushun No. 1 Primary School	A Naval Facility (on left of Zhangjian Rd. South 3rd Alley)
Red Cross Hospital	Lushun Hospital & Medical School	A Naval Facility (Lushunkou Hospital on north side)
--	Kwantung High Court	Old Kwantung High Court (inside Hospital premises)
Lushun Jail (Gray Walled Bldgs.)	Lushun Jail (Extended with Red Walled Bldgs.)	Russo-Japanese Jail (Anti-Imperialist Propaganda Facility)
--	Lushun Danish Lutheran Church	Lushunkou Christian Church
--	Hyochu (Showing Loyalty) Tower	White Jade Tower
--	Asahi (Morning Sun) Plaza	Friendship Park
The New Town:
Unknown	Japan Bridge (over the Long He)	Liberation Bridge
Russian Marines Hqs.	Lushun Institute of Technology	Navy Hospital No. 406
Unknown	Lushun High Scjool	A Naval Facility (Lushun command)
A German Merchant's Store	Lushun (No. 1) Middle School	A Naval facility (No. 58 Slalin Rd.）
Meeting Place of Sniper Unit's Non-commissioned Officers	Lushun No. 2 Primary School	Dalian City No. 56 Middle School
Ji Fengtai's Shop	The Lushun Yamato Hotel	Shop & Hostel
Unknown	Lushun No. 2 Middle School	Not Used
Photoshop/Town Hall/Restaurant	Lushun Girls' High School	Navy Related Families' Living Quarters
Unknown	Kodama Ground	Ground for Navy
Unknown	Korakuen Park	Lushun Museum Park

Source: "Lushun under Russian Rule" (in Japanese; Lushun Library, 1936), as quoted in "Lushun under Russian Rule" (Abridged)" in "Journal Commemorating the 95th Anniversary of Lushun Institute of Technology" (in Japanese; Tokyo, 2006) The Lushunkou Local Government moved its office in 2005 from downtown (old tiwn) to the northeastern subburbs, on Guo-shui (Guojiacun-Shuishiying) Highway. The Navy facilities usually do not have the name tags at the entrances, but those which are well known are written above.

ee also

* Rail transport in the People's Republic of China
* South Manchurian Railway
* Manchurian Railway
* Manchuria
* Kwantung Leased Territory
* Twenty-One Demands

References

*F.R. Sedwick, (R.F.A.), "The Russo-Japanese War, 1909, The Macmillan Company, N.Y.
*Colliers (Ed.), "The Russo-Japanese War, 1904, P.F. Collier & Son, New York
*Dennis and Peggy Warner, "The Tide At Sunrise", 1974, Charterhouse, New York
*William Henry Chamberlain, "Japan Over Asia", 1937, Little, Brown, and Company, Boston
*Tom McKnight,PhD, et al; "Geographica" (ATLAS), Barnes and Noble Books AND Random House, New York, 1999–2004, 3rd revision, ISBN 0-7607-5974-X

External links

* [http://www.dllsk.gov.cn/ Official site]
* [http://www.lsedz.com Dalian Lüshun Economic Development Zone]