List of English monarchs

For the various rulers of the kingdoms within England prior to its formal unification, during the so-called Heptarchy, see Bretwalda. For British monarchs since the Union of England and Scotland, see List of British monarchs. For monarchs that have reigned over the various kingdoms and other states that have existed in the British Isles throughout recorded history, see List of monarchs in the British Isles.

Coat of arms of England

This list of English monarchs begins with Offa of Mercia, who was dominant in the late eighth century, although his power did not extend to Northumbria and did not survive him. In the 9th century Wessex became dominant over the other English kingdoms under Egbert, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825. Alfred the Great and his son Edward the Elder used the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons". After Athelstan conquered Northumbria in 927, he adopted the title Rex Anglorum. Starting with Henry II in 1154, the title became Rex Angliae (King of England).

The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301 Edward I invested his eldest son, the future Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, with the exception of Edward III, the eldest sons of all English monarchs have borne this title. After the death of Elizabeth I without issue, in 1603, the crowns of England and Scotland were joined in personal union under James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England. By royal proclamation James titled himself "King of Great Britain", but no such kingdom was created until 1707, when England underwent legislative union with Scotland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain.^[1]

House of Mercia

According to some sources the first ruler to assume the title Rex Anglorum is said to have been Offa in 774, who had been King of Mercia since 757, but this claim is based on charters apparently forged in the 10th century.^[2][3] However, on some of his coins Offa describes himself as Of Rx A, believed to stand for Offa Rex Anglorum.^[4] This probably had a different meaning at the time from what it acquired later, i.e. king of the Angles, and not necessarily the Saxons.^[4] Several earlier kings are called rex anglorum or some variant in surviving sources: Aldfrith of Northumbria by Aldhelm; Æthelred of Mercia in Felix's Vita sancti Guthlaci (Life of Saint Guthlac); and Æthelbald of Mercia by Saint Boniface.^[5] Regardless, Mercia's dominance did not survive Offa's death, and he has been considered by historians as being driven for personal power rather than nationhood.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Offa +OFFA•REX+ 774–796		Circa 747[citation needed] son of Thingfrith.	Cynethryth five children	29 July 796 Aged 58.[citation needed]

House of Wessex

Main article: House of Wessex

The continuous list traditionally starts with Egbert, King of Wessex from 802, the first King of Wessex to have overlordship over much of England.^[6] He defeated the Mercians in 825 and became Bretwalda in 829, although he later lost control of Mercia. Alfred the Great and his son Edward the Elder used the title "king of the Anglo-Saxons." After Æthelstan conquered Northumbria in 927, he adopted the title rex Anglorum (King of the English).

There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king for four weeks in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his brother Athelstan, although he was not crowned.^[7][8] However this is not accepted by all historians.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Egbert (Ecgberht) 802–839[9] Bretwalda from 829		Circa.770[9] son of Ealhmund of Kent.[9]	Redburga three children[9]	4 February 839 Aged about 69.[10]
Æthelwulf (Æþelwulf) 5 February 839–856		c.795 Aachen son of Egbert and Redburga	(1) Osburga six children (2) Judith of Flanders 1 October 853 no children	13 January 858 62 or 63[6]
Æthelbald (Æþelbald) 856–860		Circa.834[11] son of Æthelwulf and Osburh.	Judith of Flanders no children	20 December 860 Aged 26 or 27.
Æthelberht (Æþelberht) 21 December 860–865		Circa.835 son of Æthelwulf and Osburh.	Unmarried no children	865 Aged about 30.
Æthelred (Æþelræd) 865–871		Circa.837 son of Æthelwulf and Osburh.	Wulfthryth? 868 three children	23 April 871 Aged about 34.
Alfred the Great (Ælfræd) 24 April 871–899[12]		Circa.849 Wantage son of Æthelwulf and Osburh.[13]	Ealhswith Winchester 868 six children[14]	26 October 899 Aged about 50.[15]
Edward the Elder (Eadweard) 27 October 899–924[16]		c.871–877 son of Alfred the Great and Ealhswith[17]	(1) Ecgwynn 893 three children (2) Aelffaed c.902 ten children (3) Eadgifu of Kent 905 four children[18]	17 July 924 Farndon, Cheshire aged about 50[16]
Æthelstan the Glorious (Æþelstan) 3 August 924–939[19] Rex Anglorum from 927		895 son of Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn.	unmarried[19]	27 October 939 Aged about 44.[19]
Edmund the Magnificent (Eadmund) 28 October 939–946[20]		c.921 son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent[20]	(1) Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury two children (2) Æthelflæd of Damerham 944 no children[21]	26 May 946 Pucklechurch aged about 25 (murdered)[20]
Eadred (Eadred) 27 May 946–955[22]		Circa.923 son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent.	Unmarried	23 November 955 Frome Aged about 32.[23]
Eadwig (Eadwig) 24 November 955–959[24]		Circa.940 son of Edmund the Magnificent and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury[25]	Ælfgifu.[24]	1 October 959 Aged about 19.[24]
Edgar the Peaceful (Eadgar) 2 October 959–975[26]		Circa.943 Wessex son of Edmund the Magnificent and Elgiva	(1) Æthelflæd c.960 1 son (2) Ælfthryth c.964 2 sons	8 July 975 Winchester Aged about 32.[27]
Edward the Martyr (Eadweard) 9 July 975–978[28]		Circa.962 son of Edgar the Peaceful and Æthelflæd.	Unmarried	18 March 978 Corfe Castle Aged about 16 (Assassinated).[28]
Æthelred the Unready (Æþelræd Unræd) 19 March 978–1013 (first reign)[29]		c.968 son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ælfthryth[30]	(1) Ælfgifu of York 991 nine children (2) Emma of Normandy 1002 three children[31]	23 April 1016 London aged about 48[29]

House of Denmark

Main article: Danish Kings of England

England came under the rule of Danish kings during and following the reign of Æthelred the Unready.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Sweyn Forkbeard (Svend Tveskæg) 25 December[32] 1013–1014[33]		c.960 Denmark son of Harald Bluetooth and Gyrid Olafsdottir[34]	(1) Gunhild of Wenden c.990 seven children (2) Sigrid the Haughty c.1000 1 daughter[34]	3 February 1014 Gainsborough aged about 54[34]

House of Wessex (restored, first time)

Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, Æthelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed king on 3 February 1014.^[35] His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the Witan,^[36] despite ongoing Danish efforts in wresting the crown from the West Saxons.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Æthelred the Unready (Æþelræd Unræd) 3 February 1014–1016 (second reign)[29]		c.968 son of Edgar the Peaceable and Ælfthryth[30]	(1) Aelgifu 991 nine children (2) Emma of Normandy 1002 three children[31]	23 April 1016 London aged about 48[29]
Edmund Ironside (Eadmund) 24 April – 30 November 1016[36]		c.993 son of Æthelred the Unready and Ælfgifu of York[36]	Edith of East Anglia two children[37]	30 November 1016 Glastonbury aged about 23[36][37]

House of Denmark (restored)

Following the decisive Battle of Ashingdon on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Canute in which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Canute.^[38] Upon Edmund's death on 30 November, Canute ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Cnut (Knútr) 30 November 1016–1035[39][40]		c.995 son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhilda of Poland[39]	(1) Aelgifu of Northampton two children (2) Emma of Normandy 1017[39] two children	12 November 1035[40] Shaftesbury aged about 40[39]
Harold Harefoot (Harald) 13 November 1035–1040[41]		c.1016/7 son of Canute and Ælfgifu of Northampton.[41]	Aelgifu 1 son[42]	17 March 1040 Oxford Aged about 23 or 24.[41]
Harthacnut (Hardeknud) 17 March 1040 – 8 June 1042[43]		1018 son of Canute and Emma of Normandy.[42]	Unknown	8 June 1042 Lambeth Aged about 24.[42]

House of Wessex (restored, second time)

After Harthacanute, there was a brief Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066. After the Battle of Hastings, a decisive point in British history, William I of Normandy became king of England.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Children	Death
Edward the Confessor (Eadweard) 9 June 1042–1066[44]		Circa.1003 Islip, Oxfordshire son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy.[44]	Edith of Wessex 23 January 1045.[44]	None.	5 January 1066 Westminster Palace Aged about 60.[44]
Harold Godwinson (Harold Godwinesson) 6 January-14 October 1066[44]		Circa.1020 son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir.[44]	Edith Swannesha.[44]	Godwine, Edmund, Magnus, Gunhild, Gytha.	14 October 1066 Hastings Aged about 46 (Died in battle).[44]
			Ealdgyth Circa.1064.	Harold, Ulf.
Edgar the Ætheling (Eadgar Æþeling) 15 October–17 December 1066. Proclaimed, but never crowned[45]		Circa.1053 Hungary son of Edward the Exile and Agatha.[46]	Unmarried.[46]	None.	Circa.1125 Aged about 72.[45]

House of Normandy

Main article: Normans

In 1066 the Duke of Normandy, William II, a vassal to the King of France and cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor, invaded and conquered England in the Norman Conquest of England, and made permanent the recent removal of the capital from Winchester to London. Following the death of King Harold II in the decisive Battle of Hastings on 14 October, the Anglo-Saxon witan elected Edgar the Ætheling king in Harold's place, but Edgar was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day 1066, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.

It was only from the reign of William and his descendents that monarchs took regnal numbers in the French fashion, though the earlier custom of distinguishing monarchs by nicknames did not die out by consequence.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
William I William the Bastard William the Conqueror (Guillaume le Bâtard) (Guillaume le Conquérant) 25 December 1066–1087[47]		c.1028 Falaise Castle son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy, and Herleva[47]	Matilda of Flanders Chapel Notre Dame of the castle in Eu, Normandy 1053 ten children[47]	9 September 1087 Rouen aged about 59 after wounding himself on the saddle when his horse stumbled.[47] Buried at Saint Etienne Abbey (Abbaye aux Hommes) of Caen	Supposedly named heir by Edward the Confessor in 1052 (de facto right of conquest)
William II William Rufus (Guillaume le Roux) 26 September 1087–1100[47]		c.1060 Normandy son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders[47]	unmarried	2 August 1100 New Forest aged about 40 when shot by an arrow, events still unclear.[47]	son of William I (appointment)
Henry I Henry Beauclerc (Henri Beauclerc) 5 August 1100–1135[48]		September 1068 Selby son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders[48]	(1) Edith otherwise Matilda of Scotland Westminster Abbey 11 November 1100 four children (2) Adeliza of Louvain Windsor Castle 29 January 1121 no children[48]	1 December 1135 Castle of Lyons-la-Forêt (Saint-Denis-en-Lyons) aged 67 apparently from eating a surfeit of lampreys.[48] Buried at Reading Abbey	son of William I; (seizure of the crown)
Stephen Stephen of Blois (Étienne de Blois) 22 December 1135–1154[49]		c.1096 Blois son of Stephen, Count of Blois, and Adela of Normandy[48]	Matilda of Boulogne Westminster 1125 five children[48]	25 October 1154 Dover Castle aged about 58 from dysentery[48]	grandson of William I (appointment/usurpation)

---

Disputed Claimants

Empress Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, and acknowledged as such by the barons. However, upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. The Anarchy followed, with Matilda's being a de facto ruler for a few months in 1141, but she was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Matilda Empress Matilda (Mathilde l'emperesse) 7 April 1141–1 November 1141[50] Title disputed		7 February 1102 Sutton Courtenay daughter of Henry I and Edith of Scotland[51]	(1) Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor Mainz 6 January 1114 no children (2) Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou Le Mans Cathedral 22 May 1128 three children	10 September 1167 Notre Dame du Pré in Rouen aged 65[50]	daughter of Henry I (seizure of the crown)

Prince Eustace (c. 1130 – 17 August 1153) was appointed co-king of England by his father, King Stephen, on 6 April 1152, in order to guarantee his succession to the throne (as was the custom in France, but not in England). However the Church would not agree to this, and Eustace was not crowned. Eustace died the next year aged 22, during his father's lifetime, and so never became king in his own right.^[52]

House of Plantagenet

Main article: House of Plantagenet

Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford, where Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda, as his heir to the throne in lieu of his own son.

Rather than ruling among the Normans, the Plantagenets ruled from Aquitaine — lands which were acquired through Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, but did not regard England as their primary home until after most of their French possessions were lost by King John. This long-lived dynasty is usually divided into three houses: the Angevins, the House of Lancaster and the House of York.

The Plantagenets formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Henry II Henry Curtmantle (Henri Court-manteau) 19 December 1154–1189[53]		5 March 1133 Le Mans son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda[53]	Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 eight children[53]	6 July 1189 Chinon aged 56.[53] Buried at Fontevraud Abbey	grandson of Henry I (Treaty of Wallingford)
Henry the Young King (Henri le Jeune Roy) (co-ruler with his father) 14 June 1170–1183		28 February 1155 son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	Margaret of France Winchester Cathedral 27 August 1172 one child	11 June 1183 Martel, Limoges aged 28. Buried at Rouen Cathedral (Notre-Dame)	son of Henry II (coronation as junior king)
Richard I Richard the Lionheart (Richard Cœur de Lion) 3 September 1189–1199[53]		8 September 1157 Beaumont Palace son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine[53]	Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 no children[53]	6 April 1199 Chalus aged 41 from an arrow wound in the shoulder that became infected.[53] Buried: Heart at Rouen Cathedral. Body at Fontevraud Abbey	son of Henry II (primogeniture)
John Lackland (Jean sans Terre) 27 May 1199–1216[54]		24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine[54]	(1) Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 no children (2) Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 five children[54]	19 October 1216 Newark-on-Trent aged 49, probably from dysentery brought on by eating peaches and drinking wine.[54] Buried at Worcester Cathedral	brother of Richard I (appointment)

---

Disputed claimant

Louis VIII of France briefly ruled about half of England from 1216 to 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. On marching into London he was openly received by the rebel barons and citizens of London and proclaimed (though not crowned) king at St Paul's cathedral. Many nobles, including Alexander II of Scotland for his English possessions, gathered to give homage to him. However in signing the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217 Louis conceded that he had never been the legitimate king of England.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Louis The Lion 1216–22 September 1217 Title disputed		5 September 1187 Paris son of Philip II of France, and Isabella of Hainault	Blanche of Castile Portmont 23 May 1200 13 children	8 November 1226 Montpensier aged 39	Right of conquest

---

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Henry III Henry of Winchester 28 October 1216–1272[55]		1 October 1207 Winchester Castle son of John and Isabella of Angoulême[55]	Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 nine children[55]	16 November 1272 Westminster Palace aged 65[55]	son of John (primogeniture)
Edward I Longshanks 20 November 1272–1307[56]		17 June 1239 Westminster Palace son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence[56]	(1) Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Santa Maria la Real de Huelgas 18 October 1254 17 children (2) Margaret of France 10 September 1299 three children[56]	7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands aged 68[56]	son of Henry III (primogeniture)
Edward II 7 July 1307 – 25 January 1327[57]		25 April 1284 Caernarfon Castle son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile[57]	Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 25 January 1308 five children[57]	21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle aged 43 (murdered, probably 'with a hoote brooche putte thro the secret place posterialle' according to a Confessor of one of the Jailers)[57][58]	son of Edward I (primogeniture)
Edward III 25 January 1327–1377[59]		13 November 1312 Windsor Castle son of Edward II and Isabella of France[59]	Philippa of Hainault York Minster 24 January 1328 14 children[59]	21 June 1377 Sheen Palace aged 64[59]	son of Edward II (primogeniture)
Richard II 21 June 1377 – 29 September 1399[60]		6 January 1367 Bordeaux son of Edward, the Black Prince and Joan of Kent[60]	(1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 no children (2) Isabella of Valois Calais 4 November 1396 no children[60]	14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle aged 33 probably from starvation[60]	grandson of Edward III (primogeniture)

House of Lancaster

Main article: House of Lancaster

This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Henry IV Bolingbroke 30 September 1399–1413[61]		3 April 1366/7 Bolingbroke Castle son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster[61]	(1) Mary de Bohun Arundel Castle 27 July 1380 seven children (2) Joanna of Navarre Winchester Cathedral 7 February 1403 no children[61]	20 March 1413 Westminster Abbey aged 45 or 46[62]	grandson and heir male of Edward III (usurpation/agnatic primogeniture)
Henry V 20 March 1413–1422[61]		16 September 1386 or 9 August 1387[63] Monmouth Castle son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun[61]	Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 one son[61]	31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes aged 35[61]	son of Henry IV (agnatic primogeniture)
Henry VI (first reign) 31 August 1422 – 4 March 1461[64]		6 December 1421 Windsor Castle son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois[64]	Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son[64]	21 May 1471 Tower of London aged 49[64]	son of Henry V (agnatic primogeniture)

House of York

Main article: House of York

The House of York was descended from the fourth surviving son of Edward III, Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York.

The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Edward IV (first reign) 4 March 1461 – 2 October 1470[65]		28 April 1442 Rouen son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville[65]	Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 ten children[65]	9 April 1483 Westminster Palace aged 40[65] (probably died of a stroke after catching a chill during a fishing trip)	great-great-grandson and heir general of Edward III (seizure of the crown/cognatic primogeniture)

House of Lancaster (restored)

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Henry VI (second reign) 30 October 1470 – 11 April 1471[64]		6 December 1421 Windsor Castle son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois[64]	Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son[64]	21 May 1471 Tower of London aged 49 (murdered)[64] by being stabbed in the head.	son of Henry V (seizure of the crown)

House of York (restored)

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Edward IV (second reign) 11 April 1471 – 9 April 1483[65]		28 April 1442 Rouen son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville[65]	Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 ten children[65]	9 April 1483 Westminster Palace aged 40[65] (probably died of a stroke after catching a chill during a fishing trip)	great-great-grandson and heir general of Edward III (seizure of the crown/cognatic primogeniture)
Edward V 9 April – 25 June 1483[66]		2 November 1470 Westminster son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville[66]	unmarried	c. 1483 London aged about 12[67] (according to many sources smothered)	son of Edward IV (cognatic primogeniture)
Richard III 26 June 1483–1485[68]		2 October 1452 Fotheringhay Castle son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville[69]	Anne Neville Westminster Abbey 12 July 1472 1 son[69]	22 August 1485 Bosworth Field aged 32 (killed in battle)[69]	great-great-grandson of Edward III (Titulus Regius)

House of Tudor

Main article: Tudor dynasty

The Tudors descended matrilineally from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year (also enshrined in an Act of Parliament in 1397). A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognized the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne. Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.

John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tewdr (anglicised to "Owen Tudor") and Katherine of Valois, the widowed queen consort of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed. By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses.

With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England and of the Church of Ireland. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Henry VII 22 August 1485–1509[70]		28 January 1457 Pembroke Castle son of Edmund Tudor and Lady Margaret Beaufort[70]	Elizabeth of York Westminster Abbey 18 January 1486 eight children[70]	21 April 1509 Richmond Palace aged 52[70]	great-great-great-grandson of Edward III (right of conquest)
Henry VIII 21 April 1509–1547[71]		28 June 1491 Greenwich Palace son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York[71]	Catherine of Aragon Greenwich 11 June 1509 one daughter	28 January 1547 Whitehall Palace aged 55[71]	son of Henry VII (primogeniture)
			Anne Boleyn Westminster Palace 25 January 1533 one daughter
			Jane Seymour Whitehall Palace 30 May 1536 one son
			Anne of Cleves Greenwich Palace 6 January 1540
			Catherine Howard Hampton Court Palace 28 July 1540
			Catherine Parr Hampton Court Palace 12 July 1543
Edward VI 28 January 1547–1553[72]		12 October 1537 Hampton Court Palace son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour[72]	unmarried	6 July 1553 Greenwich Palace aged 15[72]	son of Henry VIII (primogeniture)

---

Disputed claimant

Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir presumptive. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary. Jane was executed in 1554, aged 16. Many historians do not consider her to have been a legitimate monarch.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Jane The Nine Days Queen 10–19 July 1553[73] Title disputed		October 1537 Bradgate Park daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and Lady Frances Brandon[73]	Lord Guildford Dudley The Strand 21 May 1553 no children[74]	12 February 1554 Tower of London aged 16 (beheaded)[73]	great-granddaughter of Henry VII (Devise for the succession)

---

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Mary I Bloody Mary 19 July 1553–1558[72]		18 February 1516 Greenwich Palace daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon[72]	Philip II of Spain Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 no children[72]	17 November 1558 St. James's Palace aged 42[72]	daughter of Henry VIII (Third Succession Act)
Philip[75] 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 (in the right of his wife)		21 May 1527 Valladolid, Spain son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Isabella of Portugal	(2) Mary I of England Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 no children three other marriages and seven children	13 September 1598 El Escorial, Spain aged 71	husband of Mary I (Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain)

Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip I of Naples (Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace’s realms and dominions"^[76] (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.^[77] As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.^[77][78][79] Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England (right) was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.^[80][81] Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in England^[82] and Ireland.^[83] In 1555, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Elizabeth I The Virgin Queen 17 November 1558–1603[72]		7 September 1533 Greenwich Palace daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn[72]	unmarried	24 March 1603 Richmond Palace aged 69[72]	daughter of Henry VIII (Third Succession Act)

House of Stuart

Main article: House of Stuart

Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, the Scottish king, James VI, succeeded to the English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII. In 1604 he adopted the title King of Great Britain. However the two parliaments remained separate.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
James I The Peacemaker King 24 March 1603–1625[84]		19 June 1566 Edinburgh Castle son of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and Mary I, Queen of Scots	Anne of Denmark Oslo 23 November 1589 7 Children	27 March 1625 Theobalds House Aged 58	great-great-grandson and heir general of Henry VII
Charles I 27 March 1625–1649[85]		19 November 1600 Dunfermline Palace son of James I and Anne of Denmark[85]	Henrietta Maria of France St Augustine's Abbey 13 June 1625 nine children[85]	30 January 1649 Whitehall Palace aged 48 (beheaded)[85]	son of James I (cognatic primogeniture)

Commonwealth

Main article: Commonwealth of England

There was no reigning monarch between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Instead, from 1653 the following individuals held power as Lords Protector, during the period known as the Protectorate, when the monarchy was overthrown.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Oliver Cromwell Old Ironsides 16 December 1653–1658[86]		25 April 1599 Huntingdon[86] son of Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward[87]	Elizabeth Bourchier St Giles[88] 22 August 1620 nine children[86]	3 September 1658 Whitehall aged 59[86]
Richard Cromwell Tumbledown Dick 3 September 1658 – 7 May 1659[89]		4 October 1626 Huntingdon son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier[89]	Dorothy Maijor May 1649 nine children[89]	12 July 1712 Cheshunt aged 85[90]

House of Stuart (restored)

Although the monarchy was restored in 1660, no stable settlement proved possible until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when Parliament finally asserted the right to choose whomsoever it pleased as monarch.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Charles II The Merrie Monarch 1660–1685[91] Recognized by Royalists in 1649		29 May 1630 St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France[92]	Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth 21 May 1662 no children[92]	6 February 1685 Whitehall Palace aged 54[92]	son of Charles I (cognatic primogeniture; English Restoration)
James II 6 February 1685 – 23 December 1688 (deposed)[93]		14 October 1633 St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France[93]	(1) Anne Hyde The Strand 3 September 1660 eight children (2) Mary of Modena Dover 21 November 1673 seven children[93]	16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye aged 67[93]	son of Charles I (cognatic primogeniture)
Mary II 13 February 1689–1694[93]		30 April 1662 St. James's Palace daughter of James II and Anne Hyde[93]	St. James's Palace 4 November 1677 no children	28 December 1694 Kensington Palace aged 32[93]	grandchildren of Charles I (offered the crown by the Parliament)
William III William of Orange 13 February 1689–1702[94]		4 November 1650 The Hague son of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, Princess Royal[95]		8 March 1702 Kensington Palace aged 51 after breaking his collarbone from falling off his horse[94]
Anne 8 March 1702–1 May 1707[96] Queen of Great Britain and Ireland 1 May 1707–1 August 1714		6 February 1665 St. James's Palace daughter of James II and Anne Hyde[97]	George of Denmark St. James's Palace 28 July 1683 5 children[97]	1 August 1714 Kensington Palace aged 49[97]	daughter of James II (cognatic primogeniture; Bill of Rights 1689)

Timeline of English Monarchs

Acts of Union

See also: List of British monarchs

The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into a single Kingdom of Great Britain.^[98]

The two countries had shared a monarch for about 100 years (since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I). Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the same head. There had been three attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689 to unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early eighteenth century that the idea had the will of both political establishments behind them, albeit for rather different reasons.

Titles

The standard title for all monarchs from Alfred the Great until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum (King of the English). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:

• Alfred the Great: Rex Angulsaxonum (King of the Anglosaxons) and Rex Anglorum et Saxonum (King of the Angles and Saxons)
• Athelstan: Rex Anglorum per omnipatrantis dexteram totius Bryttaniæ regni solio sublimatus
• Edmund the Magnificent: Rex Britanniae and Rex Anglorum caeterarumque gentium gobernator et rector
• Edred: Regis qui regimina regnorum Angulsaxna, Norþhymbra, Paganorum, Brettonumque
• Edwy the Fair: Rex nutu Dei Angulsæxna et Northanhumbrorum imperator paganorum gubernator Breotonumque propugnator
• Edgar the Peaceable: Totius Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus
• Canute: Rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector and Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus

In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England"). Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ("Lady of the English").

From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex Anglie, or Regina Anglie ("Queen of England") if female.

In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was of course Queen of Great Britain rather than king).^[99]

See also

• List of British monarchs
• List of monarchs in the British Isles
• List of Scottish monarchs
• Line of succession to the British Throne (a list of people)
• List of English consorts
• English monarchs family tree
• Succession to the British throne (historical overview and current rules)
• Alternative successions of the English crown
• List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death
• Demise of the Crown
• Mnemonic verse of monarchs in England

External links

• English Monarchs – A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England
• Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
• Archontology
• Kings of England

Notes

1. ^ In 1801 the Kingdom of Ireland, which had been under English rule since Henry II, became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following the Act of Union, which lasted until the secession of Ireland in 1922 and the subsequent renaming of the state to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2. ^ Keynes, Simon (1999). "Offa". In Lapidge, Michael. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 301–341. ISBN 0-631-22492-0  "The notion that Offa claimed to be 'king of the English', or 'king of the whole country of England', has been shown to depend, however, on charters forged in the tenth century. In his own day he was 'king of the Mercians', and proud enough to be so." (p. 341)
3. ^ Wormald, Patrick (1996). "The Age of Offa and Alcuin". In Campbell, matthew. The Anglo-Saxons. doncaster: Phaidon. pp. 101–128. ISBN 0-14-0143950-5  "Charlemagne, moreover, saw England as if it were ruled by two kings only; Æthelred ruling Northumbria, and Offa everything to the south." (p. 101)
4. ^ ^{a b} The Earliest English Kings, D.P. Kirby
5. ^ Colgrave, Bertram, ed (1956). Felix's Life of Saint Guthlac. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN 0-521-31386-4. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Burke's Peerage & Gentry. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
7. ^ Yorke, Barbara. Bishop Æthelwold. His Career and Influence. Woodbridge, 1988. p. 71
8. ^ Textus Roffensis
9. ^ ^{a b c d} "thePeerage.com – Æthelbald, King of Wessex and others". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10262.htm#i102615. Retrieved 24 October 2007. 
10. ^ "King Egbert". http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=egbert. Retrieved 24 October 2007. 
11. ^ Weir, Alison (1999). Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy. London, U.K.: =The Bodley Head. p. 6 
12. ^ Alfred (the Great) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
13. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Alfred the Great. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
14. ^ Alfred the Great. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
15. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Alfred the Great. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
16. ^ ^{a b} EADWEARD (Edward the Elder) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
17. ^ There are various references listing Edward the Elder's birth as sometime in the 870s, being the second child of a marriage of 868. There are no sources listing his birth as after 877. Anglo-Saxons.net : Edward the Elder. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
18. ^ English Monarchs – Kings and Queens of England – Edward the Elder. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
19. ^ ^{a b c} Aethelstan @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
20. ^ ^{a b c} EADMUND (Edmund) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
21. ^ English Monarchs – Kings and Queens of England – Edmund the Elder. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
22. ^ EADRED (Edred) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
23. ^ BritRoyals – King Edred. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
24. ^ ^{a b c} EADWIG (Edwy) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
25. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Edwy. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
26. ^ EADGAR (Edgar the Peacemaker) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
27. ^ The Ætheling. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
28. ^ ^{a b} EADWEARD (Edward the Martyr) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
29. ^ ^{a b c d} Æthelred the Unready was forced to go into exile in the summer of 1013, following Danish attacks, but was invited back following Sweyn Forkbeard's death. AETHELRED (the Unready) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
30. ^ ^{a b} Schoolnet Spartacus: Ethelred. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
31. ^ ^{a b} English Monarchs – Kings and Queens of England – Ethelred II, the Redeless. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
32. ^ "English Monarchs". http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/vikings.htm. Retrieved 27 October 2007. 
33. ^ "Sweyn (Forkbeard) - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/swen.php. Retrieved 27 October 2007. 
34. ^ ^{a b c} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10242". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10242.htm#i102418. Retrieved 27 October 2007. 
35. ^ thePeerage.com – Person Page 102175. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
36. ^ ^{a b c d} EADMUND (Edmund the Ironside) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
37. ^ ^{a b} English Monarchs – Kings and Queens of England – Edmund Ironside. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
38. ^ Edmund II (king of England) @ Britannica.com. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
39. ^ ^{a b c d} CNUT (Canute) @ Archontology.org. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
40. ^ ^{a b} thePeerage.com – Person Page 10219. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
41. ^ ^{a b c} Harold was only recognised as king north of the River Thames until 1037, after which he was recognised as king of all England. "Harold (Harefoot) - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harold1.php. Retrieved 27 October 2007. 
42. ^ ^{a b c} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10220". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10220.htm. Retrieved 27 October 2007. 
43. ^ "Harthacnut - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/harthacnut.php. Retrieved 28 October 2007. 
44. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10218". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10218.htm. Retrieved 26 October 2007. 
45. ^ ^{a b} After reigning for approximately 9 weeks, Edgar the Atheling submitted to William the Conqueror, who had gained control of the area to the south and immediate west of London ("Eadgar (the Ætheling) - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/anglosaxon/edgar2.php. Retrieved 26 October 2007. ).
46. ^ ^{a b} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 9". http://www.thepeerage.com/p9.htm#i83. Retrieved 26 October 2007. 
47. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10203". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10203.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
48. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10204". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10204.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
49. ^ "STEPHEN (of Blois) - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/stephen.php. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
50. ^ ^{a b} Matilda ruled at the same time as Stephen, but her reign was disputed. "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10204". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10204.htm#i102037. Retrieved 27 October 2007. 
51. ^ "MATILDA (the Empress) - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/matilda.php. Retrieved 27 October 2007. 
52. ^ Ashley, Mike (1999). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens, London: Robinson Publishing Ltd. p. 516. ISBN 1-84119-096-9
53. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10202". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10202.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
54. ^ ^{a b c d} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10201". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10201.htm#i102006. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
55. ^ ^{a b c d} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10193". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10193.htm#i101923. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
56. ^ ^{a b c d} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10191". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10191.htm#i101903. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
57. ^ ^{a b c d} Edward II was officially deposed by Parliament on 25 January 1327, having been imprisoned on 16 November 1326. "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10094". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10094.htm#i100933. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
58. ^ The date of Edward II's death is disputed by Ian Mortimer in his book "The Perfect King: The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation," which argues that he may not have been murdered, but held imprisoned in Europe for several more years: ISBN 009952709X
59. ^ ^{a b c d} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10188". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10188.htm#i101871. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
60. ^ ^{a b c d} Richard II was deposed, and became a prisoner of Henry Bolingbroke, who usurped the throne from the prior claims of the issue of his father John of Gaunt. "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10206". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10206.htm#i102054. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
61. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10187". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10187.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
62. ^ "HENRY IV - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/henry4.php. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
63. ^ Biography of HENRY V - Archontology.org. Retrieved 28-11-2009
64. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Edward IV usurped the throne in 1461 after years of civil war. Henry VI was restored for about five months in 1470 before being deposed again permanently. "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10186". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10186.htm#i101859. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
65. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Edward was briefly deposed during his reign by Henry VI. "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10164". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10164.htm#i101635. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
66. ^ ^{a b} Edward V was deposed by Richard III, who usurped the throne on the grounds that Edward was illegitimate. "EDWARD V - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/edward5.php. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
67. ^ "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10165". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10165.htm#i101645. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
68. ^ "RICHARD III - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/richard3b.php. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
69. ^ ^{a b c} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10163". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10163.htm#i101628. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
70. ^ ^{a b c d} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10142". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10142.htm#i101418. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
71. ^ ^{a b c} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10148". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10148.htm#i101473. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
72. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10150". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10150.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
73. ^ ^{a b c} Jane was deposed in favour of Mary I. "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10152". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10152.htm#i101513. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
74. ^ "Lady Jane Grey: Marriage". http://www.britannia.com/history/ladyjane/marriage.html. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
75. ^ Philip was not meant to be a mere consort; rather, the status of Mary I's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch during her reign. See Philip II of Spain's reign in England. However the extent of his authority and his status are ambiguous. An Act of Parliament, 1 Mar. stat. 2 c. 2, says that Philip shall have the title of king and "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace’s realms and dominions," but elsewhere says that Mary shall be the sole Queen.
76. ^ 1 Mar. stat. 2 c. 2
77. ^ ^{a b} Louis Adrian Montrose, The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation, University of Chicago Press, 2006
78. ^ A. F. Pollard, The History of England – From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547–1603), READ BOOKS, 2007
79. ^ Wim de Groot, The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557), Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005
80. ^ Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978
81. ^ American Numismatic Association, The Numismatist, American Numismatic Association, 1971
82. ^ Treason Act 1554
83. ^ Robert Dudley Edwards, Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilisation, Taylor & Francis, 1977
84. ^ "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10137". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10137.htm#i101370. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
85. ^ ^{a b c d} "thePeerage.com –Person Page 10138". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10138.htm#i101375. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
86. ^ ^{a b c d} "Oliver Cromwell 1599–1658". http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
87. ^ "Oliver Cromwell – Faq 1". http://www.olivercromwell.org/faqs1.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
88. ^ "New Page 1". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929223348/http://www.stgilescripplegate.org.uk/frhistory.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
89. ^ ^{a b c} "Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector, 1626–1712". http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/richard-cromwell.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
90. ^ "CROMWELL, Richard - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/commonwealth/cromwell2.php. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
91. ^ Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
92. ^ ^{a b c} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10139". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10139.htm#i101388. Retrieved 30 November 2008. 
93. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10136". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10136.htm. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
94. ^ ^{a b} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10141". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10141.htm#i101402. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
95. ^ "WILLIAM III - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/william3.php. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
96. ^ "Anne (England) - Archontology.org". http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_grbritain/anne.php. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
97. ^ ^{a b c} "thePeerage.com – Person Page 10134". http://www.thepeerage.com/p10134.htm#i101338. Retrieved 25 October 2007. 
98. ^ Welcome parliament.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
99. ^ After the personal union of the three crowns, James was the first to style himself King of Great Britain, but the title was rejected by the English Parliament and had no basis in law. The Parliament of Scotland also opposed it. Croft, p67; Wilson, pp249–252. See also the early history of the Union Flag.