Alexander I of Scotland

Alexander I
King of the Scots
Reign	1107–1124
Born	c.1078
Birthplace	Dunfermline
Died	23 April 1124(1124-04-23)(aged 44)
Place of death	Stirling
Buried	Dunfermline Abbey
Predecessor	Edgar
Successor	David I
Consort to	Sybilla de Normandy
Offspring	Máel Coluim (illegitimate)
Royal House	House of Dunkeld
Father	Malcolm III
Mother	Margaret of Wessex

Alexander I (c. 1078 – 23 April 1124), also called Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim (Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) and nicknamed "The Fierce",^[1] was King of the Scots from 1107 to his death.

Life

Alexander was the fourth son of Malcolm III by his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named for Pope Alexander II.

He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhabs earlier). In that year he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their reinterrment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.^[2]

On the death of Edgar in 1107 he succeeded to the Scottish crown; but, in accordance with Edgar's instructions, their brother David was granted an appanage in southern Scotland. Edgar's will granted David the lands of the former kingdom of Strathclyde or Cumbria, and this was apparently agreed in advance by Edgar, Alexander, David and their brother-in-law Henry I of England. However, in 1113, perhaps at Henry's instigation, and with the support of his Anglo-Norman, David demanded, and received, additional lands in Lothian along the Upper Tweed and Teviot. David did not receive the title of king, but of "prince of the Cumbrians", and his lands remained under Alexander's final authority.^[3]

The dispute over Upper Tweeddale and Teviotdale does not appear to have damaged relations between Alexander and David, although it was unpopular in some quarters. A Gaelic poem laments:

It's bad what Malcolm's son has done,
dividing us from Alexander;
he causes, like each king's son before,
the plunder of stable Alba.^[4]

The dispute over the eastern marches does not appear to have caused lasting trouble between Alexander and Henry of England. In 1114 he joined Henry on campaign in Wales against Gruffydd ap Cynan of Gwynedd.^[5] Alexander's marriage with Henry's illegitimate daughter Sybilla de Normandy may have occurred as early as 1107, or as at late as 1114.^[6]

William of Malmesbury's account attacks Sybilla, but the evidence argues that Alexander and Sybilla were a devoted but childless couple and Sybilla was of noteworthy piety.^[7] Sybilla died in unrecorded circumstances at Eilean nam Ban (Kenmore on Loch Tay) in July, 1122 and was buried at Dunfermline Abbey. Alexander did not remarry and Walter Bower wrote that he planned an Augustinian Priory at the Eilean nam Ban dedicated to Sybilla's memory, and he may have taken steps to have her venerated.^[8]

The reverse of the seal of Alexander I, enhanced as a 19th century steel engraving.

Alexander had at least one illegitimate child, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, who was later to be involved in a revolt against David I in the 1130s. He was imprisoned at Roxburgh for many years afterwards, perhaps until his death some time after 1157.^[9]

Alexander was, like his brothers Edgar and David, a notably pious king. He was responsible for foundations at Scone and Inchcolm. His mother's chaplain and hagiographer Thurgot was named Bishop of Saint Andrews (or Cell Rígmonaid) in 1107, presumably by Alexander's order.^[2] The case of Thurgot's would-be successor Eadmer shows that Alexander's wishes were not always accepted by the religious community, perhaps because Eadmer had the backing of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph d'Escures, rather than Thurstan of York. Alexander also patronised Saint Andrews, granting lands intended for an Augustinian Priory, which may have been the same as that intended to honour his wife.^[10]

For all his religiosity, Alexander was not remembered as a man of peace. John of Fordun says of him:

Now the king was a lettered and godly man; very humble and amiable towards the clerics and regulars, but terrible beyond measure to the rest of his subjects; a man of large heart, exerting himself in all things beyond his strength.^[11]

He manifested the terrible aspect of his character in his reprisals in the Mormaerdom of Moray. Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland says that Alexander was holding court at Invergowrie when he was attacked by "men of the Isles".^[12] Walter Bower says the attackers were from Moray and Mearns. Alexander pursued them north, to "Stockford" in Ross (near Beauly) where he defeated them. This, says Wyntoun, is why he was named the "Fierce". The dating of this is uncertain, as are his enemies' identity. However, in 1116 the Annals of Ulster report: "Ladhmann son of Domnall, grandson of the king of Scotland, was killed by the men of Moray." The king referred to is Alexander's father, Malcolm III, and Domnall was Alexander's half brother. The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray was ruled by the family of Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findláich) and Lulach (Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin); not overmighty subjects, but a family who had ruled Alba within little more than a lifetime. Who the Mormaer or King was at this time is not known, it may have been Óengus of Moray or his father, whose name is not known. As for the Mearns, the only known Mormaer of Mearns, Máel Petair, had murdered Alexander's half-brother Duncan II (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim) in 1094.^[13]

Alexander died in April 1124 at his court at Stirling; his brother David, probably the acknowledged heir since the death of Sybilla, succeeded him.^[14]

Fictional portrayals

Alexander I has been depicted in a fantasy novel. ^[15]:

• Pater Nostras Canis Dirus: The Garrison Effect (2010). Alexander is depicted troubled by his lack of direct heirs, having no child with his wife Sybilla of Normandy. He points that his father-in-law Henry I of England is asking them for a grandson. ^[15]

Ancestry

Notes

1. ^ This nickname however is not attested for another three centuries, in the work of Andrew of Wyntoun.
2. ^ ^{a b} Barrow, p. 154.
3. ^ Oram, pp. 60–63.
4. ^ Oram, p. 66 citing Clancy, The Triumph Tree.
5. ^ Oram, p. 65.
6. ^ Oram, p. 65; a date around 1114 would place the marriage at about the same time as that of David and Maud of Huntingdon.
7. ^ Duncan, p. 65; Oram, p. 71.
8. ^ Oram, p. 71.
9. ^ Oram, p. 77. The identity of this person may be still in question, see Meic Uilleim and MacHeths.
10. ^ Barrow, p. 156.
11. ^ Fordun, V, xxviii (Skene's edition).
12. ^ Wyntoun, cxxvii.
13. ^ MacDonald, pp. 23–24, deals with this affair.
14. ^ Oram, pp.71–72.
15. ^ ^{a b} Saint Andrews, Brodrick (2010), p. 99-104

Sources

• Barrow, G.W.S., The Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN 0-7486-1803-1
• Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
• Oram, Richard, David I: The King Who Made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X
• McDonald, R. Andrew, Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2003. ISBN 1-86232-236-8
• Saint Andrews, Sawyer; Brodrick, John F (2010), Pater Nostras Canis Dirus: The Garrison Effect, AuthorHouse, ISBN 9781452093567, http://books.google.gr/books?id=Kanr-ORzWc4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 

Alexander I of Scotland House of Dunkeld Born: c. 1078 Died: 23 April 1124
Regnal titles
Preceded by Edgar	King of the Scots 1107–1124	Succeeded by David I

Persondata
Name	Alexander 01 Of Scotland
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth
Place of birth	Dunfermline
Date of death	23 April 1124
Place of death	Stirling