Adam Malik

Adam Malik
3rd Vice President of Indonesia
In office 23 March 1978 – 12 March 1983
President	Suharto
Preceded by	Hamengkubuwana IX
Succeeded by	Umar Wirahadikusumah
26th President of the United Nations General Assembly
In office 1971–1972
Preceded by	Edvard Hambro
Succeeded by	Stanisław Trepczyński
People's Representative Council Speaker
In office 1977–1978
Preceded by	Idham Chalid
Succeeded by	Daryatmo
Personal details
Born	22 July 1917(1917-07-22) Pematangsiantar, Dutch East Indies
Died	5 September 1984(1984-09-05) (aged 67) Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
Political party	Golongan Karya
Profession	Politician
Religion	Islam

Adam Malik Batubara (22 July 1917 – 5 September 1984) was Indonesia's third vice president, a senior diplomat, and one of the pioneers of Indonesian journalism.

Early life

Malik was born in Pematang Siantar, North Sumatra, Dutch East Indies to Abdul Malik Batubara and Salamah Lubis. He is from a Batak Muslim family of Batubara clan.^[1] After completing Junior High School, he received his first job as a shopkeeper, filling in time by reading books and increasing his knowledge.^[2]

Malik quickly developed an interest in politics and aged just 17, became the Chairman of the Pematang Siantar branch of Partindo (Indonesia Party). In this position, Malik campaigned for the Dutch Colonial Government to grant independence to Indonesia. As a result of this, Malik was put in prison for disobeying the Colonial Government's ban on political assemblies. Once he was freed, Malik left Pematang Siantar for Jakarta.^[2]

Career

After leaving hometown, Malik pursued a job as a journalist. He wrote for Partindo's Party Magazine and Pelita Andalas Newspaper. In 1937, along with like-minded colleagues, Malik formed ANTARA.^[3] ANTARA would develop to become Indonesia's national news agency.

Malik played an important role in the events leading up to Indonesia's Declaration of Independence. On the 16 August 1945 Malik and other pro-Independence youths kidnapped Nationalist movement leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta. They took the two leaders to the town of Rengasdengklok and forced them to declare Indonesia's Independence to fill the vacuum left by the Japanese Occupational Forces which had surrendered. Sukarno and Hatta finally declared Indonesia's Independence, on 17 August 1945. The two were also elected as Indonesia's first President and Vice President. After Indonesia's independence, Malik formed the Murba Party and used it as a platform to become a Parliament member. Malik also served as the Third Deputy Chairman of the Indonesian Central National Committee (KNIP).

After becoming a journalist and a politician, Malik then took up the duties of a diplomat. In 1959, he was appointed ambassador to the Soviet Union and Poland.^[4] This was followed in 1962 by an appointment as Chairman of the Indonesian Delegation for the negotiations to hand over West Irian to Indonesia.^[4] He then served as Minister for Trade before being appointed Minister for the Implementation of the Guided Economy in Sukarno's Cabinet.^[4]

Transition from Old Order to the New Order

With Sukarno being increasingly influenced by the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) in his policies, Malik set up the Preservation of Sukarnoism Body (BPS). This organization aimed to translate Sukarnoist ideas in a non-Communist sense and to use the name Sukarno to criticise the PKI. Sukarno was not oblivious to this and banned BPS in 1965. Together with General Abdul Haris Nasution and Ruslan Abdulgani, Malik was despised by the PKI for his anti-Communist stance.

1966 was the year which saw Sukarno lose his executive powers as he passed them over to Lieutenant General Suharto through a Presidential decree known as Supersemar. Although Sukarno continued to keep the title of President, all the de facto power was in the hand of Suharto. A Cabinet reshuffle followed in which Malik took up the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs. Malik, together with Suharto and Hamengkubuwono IX formed a triumvirate as they sought to reverse Sukarno's policies.

As Foreign Affairs Minister, Malik conducted trips to Western countries to reschedule debt payments. Malik also quit the Murba Party that year to put himself more in line with the new regime's more open economic policies. The Murba Party having been a party that rejected foreign investments. In 1967, Malik, together with the Foreign Ministers of Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Singapore would officially form ASEAN in a bid to form a united front in the face of Communist expansion in Vietnam.^[5]

New Order

With Suharto finally elected as President in 1968, Malik continued to serve as the Foreign Affairs Minister. In 1970, Malik solidified his position with the regime by officially joining Golkar. Malik would also represent Indonesia and deputize for Suharto in summits with Suharto not showing much interest in foreign policy in the first years of his Presidency.^[6]

As Foreign Affairs Minister, Malik had had differences with Suharto's ABRI Generals such as General Maraden Panggabean over the way in which Indonesia should approach its Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia. The Generals wanted Indonesia and its regional neighbors in ASEAN to have a closer security cooperation which in effect. The Generals were also in favor of sending Indonesian troops to help the South Vietnamese in the Vietnam War. On the other hand, Malik insisted that ASEAN should only be about economic, not military cooperation.^[7] In this he was supported by Suharto. Malik also adopted a softer stance towards the People's Republic of China who the Suharto regime saw as supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).

In 1971, Malik was chosen as President of the United Nations General Assembly.

Malik was briefly involved in the crisis that would lead to the invasion of East Timor. Malik had assured an East Timorese delegation led by José Ramos-Horta that Indonesia would not be involved in the crisis in East Timor.^[8] Suharto at first supported this stance towards East Timor but in 1975, was convinced by his Generals to intervene and invade.

In 1977, Malik was replaced as Foreign Minister as he took on the Chairmanship of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR)

Vice Presidency

Malik's stint as MPR Chairman would not last long however. In March 1978, Suharto had been elected President for a 3rd term and had expected Hamengkubuwono IX to continue as Vice President. As it turned out, Hamengkubuwono refused to be nominated. After considering some alternative candidates, Suharto chose Malik to be his Vice President.

In his position as Vice President, Malik was not afraid to criticize the Government. In 1979, he admitted that the current regime had violated the spirit of the 1945 constitution.^[9] He also criticized the increasing feudalism in the regime. A reference to Suharto, who acted in the manner of a feudal Javanese King. In 1981, Malik commented on the corruption in the regime, referring it as an "epidemic".^[10]

In 1983, Malik's term as Vice President came to an end and he was replaced by Umar Wirahadikusumah.

Malik died on 5 September 1984 in Bandung, West Java, as a result of liver cancer.

Awards and commendations

In 1982, Malik received the Dag Hammarskjöld Award from the United Nations. He has also been recognized as a National Hero of Indonesia.

Notes

1. ^ [[Earl Drake |Drake, Earl]] (1999). A stubble-jumper in striped pants: memoirs of a prairie diplomat. University of Toronto Press. pp. 173. ISBN 0802044646, 9780802044648. http://books.google.com/books?id=N_ihLMivwyMC&pg=PA173. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Profile at TokohIndonesia.com
3. ^ Profile on UN Website
4. ^ ^{a b c} "Jejak Adam, Hawa Panas Washington" (in indonesian). Majalah Tempo (Jakarta). 1 december 2008. http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/2008/12/01/LU/mbm.20081201.LU128897.id.html. Retrieved 6 december 2008. 
5. ^ Bernard Eccleston, Michael Dawson, Deborah J. McNamara (1998). The Asia-Pacific Profile. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-17279-9. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0415172799&id=l07ak-yd6DAC&pg=RA1-PA311&lpg=RA1-PA311&ots=XgqmmGV3CC&dq=%22Bangkok+Declaration%22+ASEAN&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&sig=u2ddDhzn-yVhEn5Fwu3d8iih0OA. 
6. ^ Elson, Robert. Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 214. ISBN 0-521-77326-1. 
7. ^ Elson, Robert. Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 213–214. ISBN 0-521-77326-1. 
8. ^ Elson, Robert. Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 211. ISBN 0-521-77326-1. 
9. ^ "http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah10.shtml". Gimonca.com. http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah10.shtml. Retrieved 30 October 2006. 
10. ^ Sinjal, Daud (2 May 2001). "Gincu Luntur Anti-Korupsi". Aksara. http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:Cf5Q7-KFTSMJ:www.aksara.or.id/jurnal_detail.asp%3Fitem_id%3D233+Wakil+Presiden+Adam+Malik+Uang+Negara&hl=id&ct=clnk&cd=11. Retrieved 30 October 2006. 

External links

• (Indonesian) Profile at TokohIndonesia.com
• Profile on UN Website

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Edvard Hambro	President of the United Nations General Assembly 1970–1971	Succeeded by Stanisław Trepczyński
Political offices
Preceded by Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX	Vice President of Indonesia 23 March 1978–12 March 1983	Succeeded by Umar Wirahadikusumah
Preceded by Subandrio	Foreign minister of Indonesia 1966–1978	Succeeded by Mochtar Kusumaatmadja

Persondata
Name	Malik, Adam
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	22 July 1917
Place of birth	Pematangsiantar, Dutch East Indies
Date of death	5 September 1984
Place of death	Bandung, West Java, Indonesia