Neurogenic bladder

Neurogenic bladder
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	N31.9
ICD-9	596.54
DiseasesDB	30837
eMedicine	med/3176
MeSH	D001750

Neurogenic bladder refers to dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of micturition (urination).

Causes

Neurogenic bladder is often associated with spinal cord diseases (such as Syringomyelia/Hydromyelia), injuries, and neural tube defects including spina bifida. It may also be caused by brain tumors and other diseases of the brain, and by peripheral nerve diseases. It is a common complication of major surgery in the pelvis, such as for removal of sacrococcygeal teratoma and other tumors.

Treatments

Neurogenic bladder usually causes difficulty or full inability to pass urine without use of a catheter or other method. Catheterization methods range from intermittent catheterization, which involves no surgery or permanenty attached appliances, to the creation of a stoma, which bypasses the urethra to empty the bladder directly.

Intermittent catheterization is the use, several times a day, of straight catheters (which are usually disposable or single-use products) to empty the bladder. This can be done independently by the patient, or with help, in the case that the patient lacks the dexterity to manage the catheter.

Other treatments involve creation of a stoma that is continent and readily accepts a catheter. These are known as Mitrofanoff mechanisms. An example of this treatment is the creation of an Indiana pouch. Additionally, a muscarinic agonist like Bethanechol may also be used, particularly in the postpartum or postoperative period.

Function of the stoma may be augmented by periodic injections of botulinum toxin to relax one of the two sphincters involved in normal urination.^[1] The effect is longer lasting with botulinum toxin type A than with type B.^[2] This use of botulinum toxin is discussed at length in the French medical literature.^{[3][4][5][6][7]}

References

1. ^ Akbar M, Abel R, Seyler TM, Gerner HJ, Möhring K (2007). "Repeated botulinum-A toxin injections in the treatment of myelodysplastic children and patients with spinal cord injuries with neurogenic bladder dysfunction". BJU Int. 100 (3): 639–45. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06977.x. PMID 17532858. 
2. ^ Hirst GR, Watkins AJ, Guerrero K, Wareham K, Emery SJ, Jones DR, Lucas MG (2007). "Botulinum toxin B is not an effective treatment of refractory overactive bladder". Urology 69 (1): 69–73. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.09.005. PMID 17270619. 
3. ^ Game X, Karsenty G, Chartier-Kastler E, Ruffion A (2007). "[Treatment of neurogenic detrusor hyperactivity: enterocystoplasty]" (in French). Prog. Urol. 17 (3): 584–96. doi:10.1016/S1166-7087(07)92373-8. PMID 17622095. 
4. ^ Karsenty G, Corcos J, Schurch B, Ruffion A, Chartier-Kastler E (2007). "[Pharmacological treatment of neurogenic detrusor hyperactivity: intradetrusor botulinum toxin A injections]" (in French). Prog. Urol. 17 (3): 568–75. doi:10.1016/S1166-7087(07)92370-2. PMID 17622092. 
5. ^ Chartier-Kastler E, Ruffion A (2007). "[Treatment of vesicoureteric reflux and neurogenic bladder]" (in French). Prog. Urol. 17 (3): 470–2. PMID 17622079. 
6. ^ Chartier-Kastler E, Comperat E, Ruffion A (2007). "[Disorders of bladder compliance and neurogenic bladder]" (in French). Prog. Urol. 17 (3): 442–7. PMID 17622074. 
7. ^ Chenet A, Perrouin-Verbe B, Le Normand L, Labat JJ, Brunel P, Lefort M, Mathé JF (2007). "[Efficacy of repeat injections of botulinum A toxin to the detrusor in neurogenic bladder overactivity.]". Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique 50 (8): 651–60. doi:10.1016/j.annrmp.2007.03.019. PMID 17490775.