Fundus (eye)

Fundus (eye)
For other uses, see Fundus (disambiguation).
An ophthalmogram, showing the optic disc as a bright area on the right where blood vessels converge. The spot to the left of the centre is the macula. The grey, more diffuse spot in the centre is a shadow artifact.
Fundus of human eye
Fundus of human eye

The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye, opposite the lens, and includes the retina, optic disc, macula and fovea, and posterior pole.[1] The fundus can be viewed with an ophthalmoscope.[1] The term may also be inclusive of Bruch's membrane and the choroid.[citation needed]

The color of the fundus varies both between and within species. In one study[2] of primates the retina is blue, green, yellow, orange, and red; only the human fundus (from a lightly pigmented blond person) is red. The major differences noted among the "higher" primate species[clarification needed] were size and regularity of the border of macular area, size and shape of the optic disc, apparent 'texturing' of retina, and pigmentation of retina.

The eye's fundus is the only part of the human body where the microcirculation can be observed directly.[3] The diameter of the blood vessels around the optic disc is about 150 μm, and an ophthalmoscope allows observation of blood vessels with diameters as small as 10 μm.[3]

Medical signs that can be detected from observation of eye fundus (generally by funduscopy) include hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, blood vessel abnormalities (tortuosity, pulsation and new vessels) and pigmentation.[4] Arteriolar constriction, seen as `silver wiring` and vascular tortuosities are seen in hypertensive retinopathy.

References

  1. ^ a b Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. Dictionary of Eye Terminology. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.
  2. ^ Wolin LR, Massopust LC (September 1967). "Characteristics of the ocular fundus in primates". J. Anat. 101 (Pt 4): 693–9. PMC 1270903. PMID 6059819. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1270903. Free full text in PubMed Central
  3. ^ a b Ronald Pitts Crick, Peng Tee Khaw, "A Textbook of Clinical Ophthalmology: A Practical Guide to Disorders of the Eyes and Their Management", 3rd edition, World Scientific, 2003, ISBN 981-238-128-7
  4. ^ Imran Akram, Adrian Rubinstein "Common retinal signs. An overview", "Optometry Today", 28/01/05, [1]

See also

v · d · eSensory system – visual system – globe of eye (TA A15.2.1–6, TH 3.11.08.0-5, GA 10.1005)
Fibrous tunic (outer)
Episcleral layer • Schlemm's canal • Trabecular meshwork
1: posterior compartment 2: ora serrata 3: ciliary muscle 4: ciliary zonules 5: canal of Schlemm 6: pupil 7: anterior chamber 8: cornea 9: iris 10: lens cortex 11: lens nucleus 12: ciliary process 13: conjunctiva 14: inferior oblique muscule 15: inferior rectus muscule 16: medial rectus muscle 17: retinal arteries and veins 18: optic disc 19: dura mater 20: central retinal artery 21: central retinal vein 22: optical nerve 23: vorticose vein 24: bulbar sheath 25: macula 26: fovea 27: sclera 28: choroid 29: superior rectus muscle 30: retina1:posterior compartment 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:canal of Schlemm 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscule 15:inferior rectus muscule 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optical nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina
About this image
Uvea/vascular tunic (middle)
Retina (inner)
Layers
Cells
Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell
Muller glia
Other
Macula (Foveola, Fovea centralis) • Optic disc (Optic cup)
Anterior segment
Anterior chamber • Aqueous humour • Posterior chamber • Lens (Capsule of lens, Zonule of Zinn)
Posterior segment
Other

M: EYE

anat(g/a/p)/phys/devp/prot

noco/cong/tumr, epon

proc, drug(S1A/1E/1F/1L)

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