Sumeru

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Sumeru (Sanskrit) or Sineru (Pāli) is the name of the central world-mountain in Buddhist cosmology. Etymologically, the proper name of the mountain is Meru (Pāli Neru), to which is added the approbatory prefix su-, resulting in the meaning "excellent Meru" or "wonderful Meru".

The concept of Sumeru is closely related to the Hindu mythological concept of a central world mountain, called Meru, but differs from the Hindu concept in several particulars.

According to Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam, Sumeru is 80,000 yojanas tall. The exact measure of the yojana is uncertain, but some accounts put it at about 24,000 feet, or approximately 4-1/2 miles, but other accounts put it at about 7-9 miles. It also descends beneath the surface of the surrounding waters to a depth of 80,000 yojanas, being founded upon the basal layer of Earth. Sumeru is often used as a simile for both size and stability in Buddhist texts.

Sumeru is said to be shaped like an hourglass, with a top and base of 80,000 yojanas square, but narrowing in the middle (i.e., at a height of 40,000 yojanas) to 20,000 yojanas square.

Sumeru is the polar center of a mandala-like complex of seas and mountains. The square base of Sumeru is surrounded by a square moat-like ocean, which is in turn surrounded by a ring (or rather square) wall of mountains, which is in turn surrounded by a sea, each diminishing in width and height from the one closer to Sumeru. There are seven seas and seven surrounding mountain-walls, until one comes to the vast outer sea which forms most of the surface of the world, in which the known continents are merely small islands. The known world, which is on the continent of Jambudvīpa, is directly south of Sumeru.

The dimensions stated in the Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam are shown in the table below:

Name	Width	Height/Depth
Sumeru (Sineru) mountain	80,000 yojanas	80,000 yojanas
Sea	80,000 yojanas	80,000 yojanas
Yugandhara mountains	40,000 yojanas	40,000 yojanas
Sea	40,000 yojanas	40,000 yojanas
Iṣadhara (Isadhara) mountains	20,000 yojanas	20,000 yojanas
Sea	20,000 yojanas	20,000 yojanas
Khadiraka (Karavīka) mountains	10,000 yojanas	10,000 yojanas
Sea	10,000 yojanas	10,000 yojanas
Sudarśana (Sudassana) mountains	5,000 yojanas	5,000 yojanas
Sea	5,000 yojanas	5,000 yojanas
Aśvakarṇa (Assakaṇṇa) mountains	2,500 yojanas	2,500 yojanas
Sea	2,500 yojanas	2,500 yojanas
Vinadhara (Vinataka) mountains	1,250 yojanas	1,250 yojanas
Sea	1,250 yojanas	1,250 yojanas
Nimindhara (Nemindhara) mountains	625 yojanas	625 yojanas
Outer Sea	32,000 yojanas	relatively shallow
Cakravāḍa (Cakkavāḷa) mountains (circular edge of the world)	312.5 yojanas	312.5 yojanas

The 80,000 yojana square top of Sumeru constitutes the Trāyastriṃśa "heaven" (devaloka), which is the highest plane in direct physical contact with the earth. The next 40,000 yojanas below this heaven consist of sheer precipice, narrowing in like an inverted mountain until it is 20,000 yojanas square at a heigh of 40,000 yojanas above the sea.

From this point Sumeru expands again, going down in four terraced ledges, each broader than the one above. The first terrace constitutes the "heaven" of the Four Great Kings and is divided into four parts, facing north, south, east and west. Each section is governed by one of the Four Great Kings, who faces outward toward the quarter of the world that he supervises.

40,000 yojanas is also the height at which the Sun and Moon circle Sumeru in a clockwise direction. This rotation explains the alteration of day and night; when the Sun is north of Sumeru, the shadow of the mountain is cast over the continent of Jambudvīpa, and it is night there; at the same time it is noon in the opposing northern continent of Uttarakuru, dawn in the eastern continent of Pūrvavideha, and dusk in the western continent of Aparagodānīya. Half a day later, when the Sun has moved to the south, it is noon in Jambudvīpa, dusk in Pūrvavideha, dawn in Aparagodānīya, and midnight in Uttarakuru.

The next three terraces down the slopes of Sumeru are each longer and broader by a factor of two. They contain the followers of the Four Great Kings, namely nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, and kumbhāṇḍas.

The names and dimensions of the terraces on the lower slopes of Sumeru are given below:

Name	Height above the sea	Breadth	Length (on one side)
Cāturmahārājika	40,000 yojanas	2,000 yojanas	24,000 yojanas
Sadāmada	30,000 yojanas	4,000 yojanas	32,000 yojanas
Mālādhara	20,000 yojanas	8,000 yojanas	48,000 yojanas
Karoṭapāni	10,000 yojanas	16,000 yojanas	80,000 yojanas

Below Sumeru, in the seas around it, is the abode of the Asuras who are at war with the Trāyastriṃśa gods.

See also

• Mount Meru — on more or less the same mythical concept
• Semeru — a mountain in Java, Indonesia, named after Sumeru.
• Mandala (Southeast Asian history)

External links

• Painting of Sumeru found in Buddhist cave sanctuary in Xinjiang
• Sumeru in Encyclopedia of Buddhist Iconography 12