Merit (Buddhism)

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Merit (Sanskrit puṇya, Pāli puñña) is a concept in Buddhism. It is that which accumulates as a result of good deeds, acts or thoughts and that carries over to later in life or to a person's next life. Such merit contributes to a person's growth towards liberation. Merit can be gained in a number of ways. In addition, according to the Sutra of The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, one can "transfer" 1/7 merit of an act they have performed to a deceased loved one such as in the Shitro practice in order to diminish the deceased's suffering in their new existence. Pariṇāmanā (Sanskrit) may be rendered as 'transfer of merit' or 'dedication' and involves the transfer of merit as a cause to bring about an effect.

Three bases of merit

The Pali canon identifies three bases of merit (Pali: puññakiriyavatthu). In the Puññakiriyavatthusuttaṃ ("Meritorious actions discourse," AN 8.36 or A 8.4.6),^[1] the Buddha identifies these three bases:

• giving (dānamayaṃ puññakiriyavatthu)
• virtue (sīlamayaṃ puññakiriyavatthu)
• mental development (bhāvanāmayaṃ puññakiriyavatthu)

In the "Sangiti Sutta" ("Chanting together discourse," DN 33), verse 38, Ven. Sariputta identifies the same triad: dāna, sīla, bhāvanā.^[2]

In the Khuddaka Nikaya's Itivuttaka (Iti. 1.22),^[3] the three bases are defined as: giving (dānassa), self mastery (damassa) and refraining (saññamassā).^[4] Later in this same sutta, the triad is restated as: giving (dāna), a life of mental calm (sama-cariya)^[5] and a mind of good-will (metta-citta).^[3]

Merit-making

Buddhist monks earn merit through mindfulness, meditation, chanting and other rituals.

A post-canonical commentary, elaborating on the canonically identified meritorious triad of dana-sila-bhavana (see D.III,218), states that lay devotees can make merit by performing these seven more specific acts:

1. honoring others (apacayana-maya)
2. offering service (veyyavacca-maya)
3. involving others in good deeds (pattidana-maya)
4. being thankful for others' good deeds (pattanumodana-maya)
5. listening to Teachings (dhammassavana-maya)
6. instructing others in the Teachings (dhammadesana-maya)
7. straightening one's own views in accord with the Teachings (ditthujukamma)^[6]

Quantification

Merits are quantified in some merit ledgers (功過格) in China and are said to be able to offset bad karma, such as those in the Jade Record or the Liaofan's four lessons (了凡四訓).^{[7][8][9][10]}

See also

• Metta
• Karma
• Funeral (Buddhism)

Notes

1. ^ Upalavanna (n.d.), sutta 6.
2. ^ Walshe (1995), p. 485.
3. ^ ^{a b} Thanissaro (2001).
4. ^ The Itivuttaka triad of giving, self-mastery and refraining parallels the Anguttara and Digha Nikaya triads if "self-mastery" is taken as being synonymous with "mental development" (bhāvanā) and "refraining" as being synonymous with "virtue" (sīla).
5. ^ Thanissaro (2001) translates "sama-cariya" as "a life in tune." However, assuming that there is parallelism between "sama-cariya," "dama" and "bhāvanā," then translating "sama" as "mental calm" (as suggested by Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921-25, p. 681, entry for "sama¹") – alluding to concentrative skill – seems preferable.
6. ^ D.A.III.999 cited in Payutto (1997), chapter 20, "The devotee."
7. ^ 《太上感應篇》、《太微仙君功過格》等善惡功過說與民俗信仰 蕭登福
8. ^ 功過格彙集
9. ^ 功過格匯集1
10. ^ 地獄行〔之十五〕善惡功過格錄

Bibliography

• Payutto, P.A. (1997, trans. from Thai by Bruce Evans). A Constitution for Living. Buddhadhamma Foundation. Retrieved 2007-11-09 from "Buddhist Scriptures Information Retrieval" (budsir) at http://www.budsir.org/Conlive.html.

• Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/. The entry for "sama¹" (as in "sama-cariya) is at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:3467.pali.

• Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2001). The Group of Ones §22 (Iti. 1.22). Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.1.001-027.than.html#iti-022.

• Upalavanna, Sister (n.d.). Anguttara Nikaya 8.4, Dānavaggo: On giving gifts. Retrieved 2007-11-09 from "MettaNet" at http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/4Anguttara-Nikaya/Anguttara5/8-atthakanipata/004-danavaggo-e.html. The "Puññakiriyavatthusuttaṃ" ("Meritous actions discourse") is identified as sutta 6.

• Walshe, Maurice O'C. (1995). The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-103-3.

Lay Theravada Practices: For a Fortunate Rebirth
FAITH (Saddhā)	GIVING (Dāna)	VIRTUE (Sīla)	MIND (Bhāvanā)	WISDOM (Paññā)
Buddha · Dhamma · Sangha	Charity · Almsgiving	5 Precepts · 8 Precepts	Metta · Vipassanā	4 Noble Truths · 3 Characteristics
Based on: Dighajanu Sutta, Velama Sutta, Dhammika Sutta.				view · talk · edit