Nemean Games

The Nemean Games (Grk. Νέμεα, τὰ) were one of the four Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece, and were held at Nemea every two years (or every third).

With the Isthmian Games, the Nemean Games were held both the year before and the year after the Olympic Games and the Pythian Games in the third year of the Olympiad cycle. Like the Olympic Games, they were held in honour of Zeus. They were said to have been founded by Heracles after he defeated the Nemean Lion; another myth said that they originated as the funeral games of a child named Opheltes. However, they are known to have existed only since the 6th century BC (from 573 BC, or earlier). The winners received a wreath of wild celery leaves from the city of Argos.

History

The various legends concerning its origin are related in the argumenta of the Scholiasts to the Nemea of Pindar, with which may be compared Pausanias,^[1] and Apollodorus.^[2] All these legends, however, agree in stating that the Nemea were originally instituted by the Seven against Thebes in commemoration of the death of Opheltes, afterwards called Archemorus. When the Seven arrived at Nemea, and were very thirsty, they met Hypsipile, who was carrying Opheltes (Grk Ὀφέλτης), the child of the priest of Zeus and of Eurydice. While she showed to the heroes the way to the nearest well, she left the child behind lying in a meadow, which during her absence was killed by a dragon. When the Seven on their return saw the accident, they slew the dragon and instituted funeral games to be held every third year. Other legends attribute the institution of the Nemean games to Heracles, after he had slain the Nemean Lion; but the alternative tradition was that he had either revived the ancient games, or at least introduced the alteration by which they were from this time celebrated in honour of Zeus.

That Zeus was the god in honour of whom the games were afterwards celebrated is stated by Pindar.^[3] The games were at first of a warlike character, and only warriors and their sons were allowed to take part in them; subsequently, however, they were thrown open to all the Greeks. The games took place in a grove between Cleonae and Phlius.^[4] The various games, according to Apollodorus,^[5] were horse-racing, running in armour in the stadium,^[6] wrestling, chariot racing and discus, boxing, spear-throwing and archery, to which we may add musical contests.^[7] The prize given to the victors was at first a chaplet of olive-branches, but afterwards a chaplet of green celery. The presidency at these games and the management of them belonged at different times to Cleonae, Corinth, and Argos, and from the first of these places they are sometimes called the Cleonaean games. The judges who awarded the prizes were dressed in black robes, and an instance of their justice, when the Argives presided, is recorded by Pausanias.^[8]

Respecting the time of the year at which the Nemean games were celebrated, the Scholiast on Pindar^[9] merely states that they were held on the 12th of the month of Panemos, though in another passage he makes a statement which contradicts this assertion. Pausanias^[10] speaks of winter Nemea, and distinguishes them from others which were held in summer. It seems that for a time the celebration of the Nemea was neglected, and that they were revived in Olympiad 51.4 (573 BC), from which time Eusebius dates the first Nemead. Henceforth they were for a long time celebrated regularly twice in every Olympiad, viz. at the start of every second Olympic year in the winter, and soon after the start of every fourth Olympic year in the summer. About the time of the Battle of Marathon it became customary in Argolis to reckon according to Nemeads.

The Hellenistic Stadion (with a vaulted entrance tunnel dated to about 320 BC, according to Stephen G. Miller, 2001, pp. 90–93) has recently been discovered: the Games, under Macedonian control, returned to Nemea at the end of the 4th century BC. In 208 BC Philip of Macedonia was honoured by the Argives with the presidency at the Nemean games,^[11] and Quintius Flamininus proclaimed at the Nemea the freedom of the Argives.^[12] The emperor Hadrian restored the horse-racing of boys at the Nemea, which had fallen into disuse. But after his time they do not seem to have been much longer celebrated, as they are no longer mentioned by any of the writers of the subsequent period.

The program of the Nemean Games

The gymnic part

The participants to these parts competed in the nude.

• The Stadion A foot race which was about 178 meters at Nemea.
• The Diaulos Twice the Stadion foot race, about 355 meters at Nemea.
• The Hippios Twice the Diaulos foot race, about 710 meters at Nemea.^[13]
• The Dolichos A long distance running race. The exact length of this race is uncertain; it could have been 7, 10, 20 or 24 times round the stadium.^[14]
• The Hoplitodromos A Diaulos foot race with the competitors wearing helmets, a bronze covered hoplon and initially metal greaves.
• The Pyx A boxing-like game. In order to protect themselves and to do more damage the opponents bound their hands and wrists with long leather strips. The first to get knocked out or acknowledge defeat would lose.
• The Pankration A blend of boxing and wrestling with very few rules. Again the first to go knock-out would or acknowledge defeat would lose.
• The Pale Wrestling from an upright position. The goal was to throw the opponent on the ground three times.
• The Pentathlon This pentathlon consisted of the stadion, a game of wrestling or pale, javelin-throwing, discus-throwing and long-jump.

The equestrian part

Taking place in a hippodrome, these were the only games where women could take part,^[15] not because they were allowed to ride, but because it was the owner of a horse or chariot - rather than the rider or charioteer - who was considered the victor. This even allowed cities to participate by funding equestrian teams.

So far no ancient hippodrome has been recovered, so the given lengths are assumptions.

• The Tethrippon chariots, with four horses racing a distance of 8400 meters or 5.25 miles.
• The Synoris chariots, with two horses racing a distance of 5600 meters or 3.5 miles.
• The Kélēs, a horseback race over a distance of 4200 meters or 2.5 miles.

The modern Nemean Games

The Society for the Revival of the Nemean Games was founded in 1994, after more than 20 years of archaeological excavation at Nemea. The contemporary games, held every four years since 1996, are a form of popular education in history, as well as a counter to the commercialism of the modern Olympics. Races are organized according to age and gender, open to international participation. No medals are awarded, only crowns of palm branches and wild celery.

In 2008, some 600 people clad in tunics raced barefoot in the ruins of the ancient stadium on June 21. Two races were staged for the runners aged from 10 to 80, one of 100 metres (110 yards) and the other of 7.5 kilometres. The most striking feature of this attempt was the revival of the Hoplitodromos race.

Notes

1. ^ Pausanias, ii. 15. §2, etc.
2. ^ Apollodorus, iii. 6. §4
3. ^ Pindar, Nem. iii. 114, etc.
4. ^ Strabo, viii.
5. ^ Apollodorus, iii. 6
6. ^ Pausanias, ii. 15. §2
7. ^ Pausanias, viii. 50. §3; Plutarch, Philop. 11.
8. ^ Pausanias, viii. 40. §3
9. ^ Scholiast on Pindar, Argum. ad Nem.
10. ^ Pausanias, ii. 15. §2
11. ^ Livy, xxvii. 30, etc.; Polybius, x. 26
12. ^ Livy, xxxiv. 41; Polybius, x. 26.
13. ^ Evidence suggests this race wasn't held always.
14. ^ See J. Jüthner, Die athletische Leibesübungen der Griechen (1968) for a discussion of the classical sources.
15. ^ After the Romans conquered Greece, women could no longer participate.

References

• William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, (1870)
• Stephen G. Miller, Nemea: A Guide to the Site and the Museum, Berkeley, 1989 (2nd ed.: Athens, 2004).
• Stephen G. Miller (with contributions by Robert C. Knapp and David Chamberlain), Excavations at Nemea II: The Early Hellenistic Stadium, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.

External links

The Nemean Games, official site.