List of coffee varieties

Main article: Coffee

Map of coffee bean production: r for C. robusta, a for C.arabica, and m for both species

Coffee varieties refers to the diverse forms derived through selective breeding or natural selection of coffee plants. In essence they represent subspecies of the several coffee species.

Coffee beans from different places may have distinctive characteristics such as flavor (flavor criteria includes terms such as "citrus-like" or "earthy"), caffeine content, body or mouthfeel, and acidity. These reflect the local environment where the coffee plants are grown, their method of process, and the genetic subspecies. In this sense, coffee can be considered similar to wine which also demonstrates clear regional variation. Coffee from a single geographical location is called single-origin.

Variety, varietal, cultivar

All three terms have been used to refer to the various forms of coffee grown around the world.

Cultivar, the botanical term, is normally and correctly used for selections and forms of cultivated plants; it must be visually distinct from other cultivars and it must be possible to propagate it reliably.

Variety can be described as a more common and more popular term for cultivar, especially in wine.

Varietal is a term used to describe a wine made from or belonging to a single specified variety of grape. The coffee industry has somewhat adopted this term, but instead of using it to describe a coffee of a specific variety or cultivar (i.e. Bourbon coffee), it is used in the place of the term variety or cultivar.

Arabica varieties

Coffee from the species Coffea arabica are considered to have richer flavor than Coffea robusta. C. arabica has many different varieties, each with unique characteristics. Some well-known arabica coffees include:

Variety	Arabica	Region(s)	Comments	Ref
Arusha	Arabica	Mount Meru in Tanzania, and Papua New Guinea	either a Typica variety or a French Mission.	[1]
Bergendal, Sidikalang	Arabica	Indonesia	Both are Typica varieties which survived the Leaf Rust Outbreak of the 1880s; most of the other Typica in Indonesia was destroyed.
Blue Mountain	Arabica	Blue Mountains region of Jamaica. Also grown in Kenya, Hawaii, and Papua New Guinea.	A natural mutation of Typica.
Bourbon	Arabica	Réunion and Latin America.	Around 1708 the French planted coffee on the island of Bourbon (now called Réunion) in the middle of the Indian Ocean, all probably from the same parent stock - the plant the Dutch gave them. Unsurprisingly, it mutated slightly and was planted throughout Brazil in the late 1800s and eventually spread through Latin America. Bourbon produces 20-30% more fruit than Typica varieties.
Caturra	Arabica	Latin and Central America	This is a mutation of the Bourbon variety, found near the town of Caturra, Brazil in the 1930s. It produces a higher yield than Bourbon, and this is generally due to the plant being shorter, higher yielding, and with less distance between the branches. A relatively recently selected botanical variety of the Coffea arabica species that generally matures more quickly, produces more coffee, and is more disease resistant than older, traditional arabica varieties.[2] In fact this mutation is not unique; it led to the formation of the Pacas variety in El Salvador (from Bourbon) and the Villa Sarchi in Costa Rica (from Bourbon). Genetically it is very similar to Bourbon although it usually produces a poorer cup quality but this is mainly due to the variety yielding more.[3]
Catuai	Arabica	Latin America	This is a hybrid of Mundo Novo and Caturra bred in Brazil in the late 40s.[4]
Charrieriana	Arabica?	Cameroon	This is a newly found variety from Cameroon. It has gained some press recently due to its caffeine-free nature. Not yet grown commercially, but it probably will be.[5]
Colombian	Arabica	Colombia	Coffee was first introduced to the country of Colombia in the early 1800s. Today Maragogype, Caturra, Typica and Bourbon cultivars are grown. When Colombian coffee is freshly roasted it has a bright acidity, is heavy in body and is intensely aromatic. Colombia accounts for about 12% of the coffee market (by value) in the world, third in volume after Vietnam and Brazil.[6]
Ethiopian Harar	Arabica	Ethiopia	From the region of Harar, Ethiopia. Known for its complex, fruity flavor that resembles a dry red wine. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Sidamo	Arabica	Ethiopia	From the Sidamo (now Oromia) region of Ethiopia as well. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Yirgacheffe	Arabica	Ethiopia	From the Yirgachefe district in the Gedeo Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region of Ethiopia. All three Ethiopian varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia. [7]
French Mission	Arabica	Africa	French Mission is actually Bourbon that was planted in East Africa by French Missionaries around 1897.[8]
Guadeloupe Bonifieur	Arabica	Guadeloupe		[9]
Hawaiian Kona	Arabica	Hawaii	Grown on the slopes of Hualalai in the Kona District on the Big Island of Hawaii. Coffee was first introduced to the Islands by Chief Boki, the Governor of Oahu, in 1825.
Jamaican Blue Mountain	Arabica	Jamaica and Africa	From the Blue Mountain region of Jamaica. Due to its popularity, it fetches a high price in the market.
Java	Arabica, Robusta and interspecific hybrids	Indonesia	From the island of Java, in Indonesia. This coffee was once so widely traded that "java" became a slang term for coffee.
K7	Arabica	Africa	A Kenyan selection of French Mission Bourbon selected at Legelet Estate in Muhoroni, Kenya. Selected based on cupping trials.
Mayaguez	Arabica	Africa	A Bourbon cultivar grown in Rwanda.
Mocha	Arabica	Yemen	Yemeni [2] coffee traded through the once major port of Mocha. Not to be confused with the preparation style (coffee with cocoa).
Mundo Novo	Arabica	Latin America	Mundo Novo is a hybrid between Bourbon and Typica, crossed in the 1940s.
Orange, Yellow Bourbon	Arabica	Latin America	Red Bourbon and Orange Bourbon are types of Bourbon that have been selected from spontaneous mutation.
Pacamara	Arabica	Latin America	Pacamara is a hybrid between the Typica mutation Pacas and Maragogipe. It was bred in El Salvador in 1958 probably to achieve a Typica variety that produces larger beans.
Pacas	Arabica	Latin America	A natural mutation of the Bourbon variety found in El Salvador in 1949.
Pache Comum	Arabica	Latin America	Is a mutation of Typica first found in Santa Rosa, Guatemala.
Pache Colis	Arabica	Latin America	Pache Colis is a hybrid between Pache Comum and Caturra. This variety produces distinctly larger fruit and roughly textured foliage.
Panama	Arabica	Panama, Costa Rica	Gesha variety, grown in the highlands of Boquete in Chiriqui Province, highly sought after by bidders in auctions, achieving high prices.
Maragogipe	Arabica	Latin America	Maragogipe is a Typica mutation, first discovered in the Maragogipe region of Brazil's state Bahia. Maragogipe is well known for producing big beans.
Mundo Novo	Arabica	Latin America	Mundo Novo is a hybrid between Bourbon and Typica, crossed in the 1940s.
Ruiri 11	Arabica	Kenya	Ruiru 11 was released in 1985 by the Kenyan Coffee Research Station. While the variety is generally disease resistant, it produces a lower cup quality than K7, SL28 and 34.[10]
S795	Arabica	India, Indonesia	Probably the most commonly planted Arabica in India and Southeast Asia ,[11] known for its balanced cup and subtle flavour notes of mocca. Released during the 1940s, it is a cross between the Kents and S.288 varieties.[11]
Santos	Arabica	Brazil	Brazil Santos is usually used as a grading term for Brazilian coffee rather than a variety of Arabica. The name refers to the port in Brazil where coffee passed through, and was regarded as higher quality than "Brazilian coffee". Brazilian Santos is usually of the Bourbon variety. [3]
Sarchimor	Interspecific hybrid	Costa Rica, India	A hybrid between the Costa Rican Villa Sarchi and the Timor variety. Because of its Timor parent, Sarchimor is quite resistant to leaf rust disease and stem borer. As well as Costa Rica, it is grown in India.
SL28	Arabica	Kenya	A selection, by Scott Labs in Kenya from the Tanganyika Drought Resistant variety from northern Tanzania in 1931. Excellent flavour, commonly blackcurrant acidity.[12]
SL34	Arabica	Kenya	Selected by Scott Labs from the French Mission variety grown in Kenya. Selected for its superior cup quality (although inferior to SL28), but not resistant to CBD, CLR or BBC.
Sumatra Mandheling and Sumatra Lintong	Arabica	Indonesia	Mandheling is named after the similarly spelled Mandailing people located in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The name is the result of a misunderstanding by the first foreign purchaser of the variety, and no coffee is actually produced in the "Mandailing region". Lintong on the other hand, is named after the Lintong district, also located in North Sumatra.
Sulawesi Toraja Kalossi	Arabica	Indonesia	Grown at high altitudes on the island of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) in the middle of the Malay archipelago in Indonesia. Kalossi is the small town in central Sulawesi which serves as the collection point for the coffee and Toraja is the mountainous area in which the coffee is grown. Sulawesi exhibits a rich, full body, well-balanced acidity (slightly more than Sumatra) and is multi-dimensional in character. It has dark chocolate and ripe fruit undertones. It is an excellent coffee for darker roasting. Because of its semi-dry processing, it may roast a bit unevenly.
Timor, Arabusta	Interspecific hybrid	Indonesia	Timor is not actually a variety of coffea arabica, but a hybrid of two species of coffee; coffea arabica and coffea canephora (also called Robusta). It was found on the island of Timor around the 1940s and it was cultivated because of its resistance to leaf rust (which most arabica coffee is susceptible to). It is called Hybrido de Timor in the Americas and Tim Tim or Bor Bor in Indonesia. Another hybrid between the two species is called Arabusta but generally only found in Africa.
Typica	Arabica	Worldwide	The variety we call Typica is basically the same variety of coffee the Dutch gave to King Louis the <check> back in the 17th century <check>. Although, since then it has mutated slightly to reflect its surroundings i.e. Mexican Typica is genetically slightly different to Kona (Hawaiian Typica), and they take different names to reflect this: Criollo (South America), Arabigo (Americas), Kona (Hawaii), Pluma Hidalgo (Mexico), Garundang (Sumatra), San Bernado & San Ramon (Brazil), Kents & Chickumalgu (India)
Uganda	Arabica/Robusta		Although it mostly produces Robusta coffee, there is a quality Arabica bean grown there known as Bugishu around the Sipi Falls area.[citation needed]

Robusta varieties

While not separate varieties of bean, unusual and very expensive robustas are the Indonesian Kopi Luwak and the Philippine "Kape Alamid^[13]". The beans are collected from the droppings of the Common Palm Civet, whose digestive processes give it a distinctive flavor.

Unroasted coffee beans of the Robusta variety (Coffea Canephora)

In Northern Sumatra you have the Mussang which diets on the local Arabica coffees.

Other varieties

Although not as popular as Arabica or Robusta, other varieties of coffee also exist. these include Kape Barako or Kape Baraco, (English: Barako coffee), a Liberica.^[14] variety grown in the Philippines, particularly in the provinces of Batangas and Cavite.

Production

Brazil is world leader in production of green coffee followed by Vietnam and Colombia.

Top Ten green coffee Producers — 11 June 2008
Country	Production (Tonnes)	Footnote
Brazil	17 000 000
Vietnam	15 580 000	*
Colombia	9 400 000	F
Indonesia	2 770 554	*
Ethiopia	1 705 446	*
Mexico	962 000	F
India	954 000	F
Peru	677 000
Guatemala	568 000	F
Honduras	370 000	F
World	7 742 675	A
No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates); Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division

Ethiopia was producing coffee bean for 425mio $ the year 2007. 100% more than 2005 . ^[15]

References

1. ^ http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118868336/abstract
2. ^ http://www.coffeeglossary.net/C/caturra.html
3. ^ http://www.coffeeresearch.org/coffee/varietals.htm
4. ^ http://www.coffeeresearch.org/coffee/varietals.htm
5. ^ [http://species.asu.edu/2009_species09
6. ^ [http://coffee.wikia.com/wiki/Coffee_production_by_country_in_2006
7. ^ "Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow". BBC. June 21, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6225514.stm. Retrieved 2007-06-21. "Starbucks has agreed a wide-ranging accord with Ethiopia to support and promote its coffee, ending a long-running dispute over the issue." 
8. ^ http://www.crf.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=91
9. ^ [1]
10. ^ Ruiru 11 was released in 1985 by the Kenyan Coffee Research Station. While the variety is generally disease resistant, it produces a lower cup quality than K7, SL28 and 34.
11. ^ ^{a b} Neilson, Jeff; Pritchard, Bill (2009). Value chain struggles: institutions and governance in the plantation districts of South India. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 124. ISBN 1405173939. http://books.google.com/books?id=-sCWby8NT24C&pg=PA124. 
12. ^ http://www.crf.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=91
13. ^ http://www.arengga.com
14. ^ About Barako Coffee, http://www.gotbarako.com/aboutbarako, retrieved 2007-01-25 
15. ^ Important, The economist 19-25 apr 2008,page 70