Material Girl

Material Girl
For other uses, see Material girl (disambiguation).
"Material Girl"
A blond female sits on a bed partially wrapping a mauve colored silk cloth around her. Her short hair is arranged roughly on her head. Above her image, the words "Madonna" is written in blue lowercase. Beneath the word, "Material Girl" is written on the right hand side.
Single by Madonna
from the album Like a Virgin
B-side "Pretender"
Released January 30, 1985
Format 7", 12" maxi single, CD single
Recorded 1984[1]
Genre Pop, New wave
Length 4:00
Label Sire, Warner Bros.
Writer(s) Peter Brown, Robert Rans
Producer Nile Rodgers
Madonna singles chronology
"Like a Virgin"
(1984)		 "Material Girl"
(1985)		 "Crazy for You"
(1985)

"Material Girl" is a song performed by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released on January 30, 1985, by Sire Records, as the second single from her second album Like a Virgin. It also appears slightly remixed on the 1990 greatest hits compilation, The Immaculate Collection, and in its original form on the 2009 greatest hits compilation, Celebration. The song was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, while Nile Rodgers produced the track. Madonna explained that the concept of the song was similar to her life's situation at that time. According to her, the song was provocative, hence she was attracted to it.

"Material Girl" incorporated New Wave music and consists of synth arrangements with a robotic voice repeating the hook. The lyrics identify with materialism, with Madonna asking for a rich and affluent life, rather than romance and relationships. Contemporary and old critics have frequently noted "Material Girl" and "Like a Virgin" as the songs that made Madonna an icon. "Material Girl" was a commercial success, reaching the top-five in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Japan and United Kingdom. It reached the position two of the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, becoming her third top-five single there.

The music video was a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. The mimicked scenes are interspersed with scenes of a Hollywood director trying to win the heart of an actress, played by Madonna herself. Discovering that, contrary to her song, the young woman was not impressed by money and expensive gifts, he pretended to be penniless and succeeded in taking her out on a date. Scholars noted the symbology of the video and deduced it as a medium for promoting Madonna's image. She has performed the song in four of her world tours, most of them being mimicry of the song and the video.

"Material Girl" has been covered by a number of artists, including Britney Spears, Eliza Doolittle (singer), The Chipettes and Hilary Duff. It has appeared in films like Moulin Rouge! (2001) and Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004). Madonna has often remarked that she regrets recording "Material Girl" as the name became a pseudonym for her in mainstream media. The song has been labelled an empowering influence for women, and was the subject of some debate.

Contents

Background

"Material Girl" was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, while Nile Rodgers produced the track.[2] In 1986, Madonna told Company magazine, that although she did not write or create the song, the lyrical meaning and concept did apply to her situation at that point of time. She elaborated, "I'm very career-oriented. You are attracted to people who are ambitious that way, too, like in the song 'Material Girl'. You are attracted to men who have material things because that's what pays the rents and buys you furs. That's the security. That lasts longer than emotions."[2] During a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone, Madonna was asked by interviewer Austin Scaggs regarding her first feelings, after listening to the demos of "Like a Virgin" and "Material Girl". Madonna responded by saying, "I liked them both because they were ironic and provocative at the same time but also unlike me. I am not a materialistic person, and I certainly wasn't a virgin, and, by the way, how can you be like a virgin? I liked the play on words, I thought they were clever. They're so geeky, they're cool."[3]

Composition

"Material Girl" was one of the first Madonna songs to incorporate New Wave music and consists of synth arrangements, with a strong backbeat supporting it. A robotic male voice repeats the hook "Living in a material world".[4] According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing, the song is set in the time signature of common time, with a metronome of 120 beats per minute. It is set in the key of C major, with Madonna's voice spanning from the tonal nodes of C4 to C5. The song has a basic chord progression of C–Bb–Am–C–F–Dm–C in the verses and F–G–G–Am in the chorus.[5] The bassline in the song with the post-disco origins is reminiscent of The Jacksons' "Can You Feel It", which appeared on their 1980 album Triumph. Furthermore, the strophes remind of the refrain from Melissa Manchester's hit "You Should Hear How She Talks About You" (1982).[4][6]

The lyrics explain that what Madonna wants is money, good clothes, the perfect life and men who are able to supply those materialistic things. A cross-reference to the 1960 song "Shop Around" by The Miracles is also present. The lyrics also portray relationships in terms of capitalism as commodities, and romance becomes synonymous to trading stocks and shares.[4] The title was a polysemy like the lyrics. It deduced Madonna as the desired and most respected woman.[7]

Critical reception

Author Rikky Rooksby, in his book The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, compared the song with those of Cyndi Lauper because of Madonna's shrill voice in the song. He added that the song was a "pungent satire on the Reagan/Thatcher young-guns-go-for-it era. Which just goes to show that pop music and irony don't mix."[4] Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic said that "Material Girl" was one of the songs that made Madonna an icon, other being "Like a Virgin" from the same album, both remaining as a definitive statement. He added that both tunes overshadow the rest of the record, "because they are a perfect match of theme and sound."[8] Debby Miller from Rolling Stone, felt that the song portrayed Madonna as a more practical girl than previous female singers.[9] Dave Karger from Entertainment Weekly, while reviewing the album in 1995, felt that the song came off a bit repetitious and immature when compared to the present context.[10] Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly felt that the song provided then critics a way to criticize Madonna's work.[11] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine commented that Madonna had "defined a generation with hits like 'Material Girl'."[12][13] Tony Power from Blender called the song ambitious.[14] Alfred Soto from Stylus Magazine compared the song with "Everything She Wants" by Wham!.[15] Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented that the song sustained a "fevered dance-rock momentum."[16] Nancy Erlick from Billboard said that "singer and team conquer once more with their irresistible assembly of new and used pop hooks."[17] In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their Top 20 Madonna singles of all time by Q magazine. "Material Girl" was allocated the fifteenth spot on the list.[18]

Chart performance

The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 during the week of February 9, 1985, at position forty-three, when "Like a Virgin" was descending out of the top ten.[19] The single climbed the Hot 100 quickly, jumping thirteen spots to number five the week of March 9, 1985,[20] and eventually spent two weeks at position two, held off by REO Speedwagon's "Can't Fight This Feeling" and Phil Collins' "One More Night".[21][22] The week when the song slipped to position three, her upcoming single "Crazy for You" reached number four, giving Madonna two simultaneous top-five hits.[2] "Material Girl" reached the top of the Hot Dance Music/Club Play Chart but was less successful on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, failing to enter the top forty and peaking at fifty.[23] It placed at 58 on the year-end chart for 1985, with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year.[24] In Canada, the song debuted on the RPM Singles Chart at position seventy-six, on the issue dated February 16, 1985.[25] After five weeks, it reached a peak position of four on the chart[26] and was present for twenty-one weeks.[27] It was ranked 46 on the RPM Year-End chart, for 1985.[28]

In Australia, the song reached the top five and peaked at four.[29] In the United Kingdom, "Material Girl" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at position twenty-four on March 2, 1985[30] and reached a peak of three. It was present for a total of ten weeks on the chart.[31] The song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry, for shipment of 200,000 copies of the song.[32] According to The Official Charts Company, the song has sold 405,000 copies there.[33] Across Europe, the song reached the top-ten in Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain and the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles[34][35][36][37] while reaching the top-forty of Germany, Italy and Switzerland.[34][38][39] In New Zealand and Japan, the song reached the top-five.[34][40]

Music video

The music video for "Material Girl" (left) was inspired by Marilyn Monroe's "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" (right), from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.

The music video was inspired by Madonna's admiration of Marilyn Monroe and mimicked the latter's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.[2] It featured an appearance by actor Keith Carradine, who played Madonna's love interest. The video was the first to showcase Madonna's acting ability, as it combined the dance routines of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" with the storyline of a man who impresses Madonna with flowers, rather than diamonds.[2] In a 1987 interview with New York Daily News, Madonna said:

"Well, my favorite scene in all of Monroe's movies is when she does that dance sequence for 'Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend'. And when it came time to do the video for the song [Material Girl], I said, I can just redo that whole scene and it will be perfect. [...] Marilyn was made into something not human in a way, and I can relate to that. Her sexuality was something everyone was obsessed with and that I can relate to. And there were certain things about her vulnerability that I'm curious about and attracted to."[2][41]

The music video was shot January 10 and 11, 1985, at Ren-Mar Studios in Hollywood, California, and was directed by Mary Lambert, who worked with Madonna in the videos for "Like a Virgin" and "Borderline". It was produced by Simon Fields with principal photography by Peter Sinclair, editing by Glenn Morgan and choreography by Kenny Ortega. Actor Robert Wuhl appeared in the video's opening. The music video was at the same time an exegesis and a critique of the lyrics and Madonna herself.[7] It was on the set of the video that Madonna met her first husband, actor Sean Penn.[41]

The video opens with two men watching a rush in the screening rooms of a Hollywood studio. On the screen, an actress played by Madonna sings and dances to "Material Girl", dressed like Monroe from "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend". One of the men, played by Carradine, is a director or a producer and is immensely rich. He falls in love with the actress and wants to express his passion for her.[7] He tells his employee, played by Wuhl: "She's [Madonna] fantastic. She could become a star." The employee answered: "She could be. She could be great. She could be a major star." The former then concludes by saying: "She is a star, George."[7] Madonna is in a pink sleeveless gown and has her hair in blond locks ala Monroe.[42] The background is a reconstruction of the Monroe video, complete with staircase, chandeliers and a number of tuxedo clad chorus boys.[41] Madonna dances and sings the song, while she is showered with cash, expensive jewellery, furs and is carried by the men over the stairs. At one time, she alludes herself from the men, by dismissing them with her fan. As the producer tries to impress Madonna, he comes to know that she does not like material things, but rather prefers simple romance. He pretends to be penniless, and brings her hand-cut flowers while paying a poor man a large amount to borrow (or possibly buy) his dirty truck to take her on a date. His plan seems to work, because the final scene shows him and Madonna kissing in the truck in an intimate position.[41]

It was in the video of "Material Girl" that Madonna began to accept and utilize herself being compared to Monroe. However, she established a safe distance from those comparisons and developed inside the same pastiche. Details like the usage of different gloves or different fans in the video brought forth the connections between these women, but Madonna alluded to herself in subtle ways.[43] The fan in Monroe's hand for the original video was an iconography of the Sudarshana Chakra (wheel) held by the Indian God Vishnu. Scholar Georges-Claude Guilbert, who wrote Madonna as postmodern myth: how one star's self-construction rewrites sex, said that the fan symbolized fiery desire aroused by Monroe as well as ritual sacrifice, eerily foreshadowing her untimely death in 1962.[43] Madonna's fan, which appeared at the end of the video, signified that Madonna – while paying her tribute to Monroe – was signaling that she had no intention of being a victim like her, and that she was on the path of becoming a feminist post-modern myth.[43] Author Nicholas Cook commented that the video promoted Madonna's identity as the song suggested, with the purpose of shifting "Madonna's image from that of a disco-bimbo to authentic star."[44] Lisa A. Lewis, author of Gender, Politics and MTV said that with the video, Madonna achieved the rare distinction of being accepted as a literature medium by the music authors.[45] "Material Girl" was nominated for best female video at the 1985 MTV Video Music Awards but lost to Tina Turner's "What's Love Got to Do with It".[46] The video was ranked at position fifty-four on VH1's 100 Greatest Videos.[47]

Live performances

Madonna performing "Material Girl" on the Re-Invention World Tour on 2004.

"Material Girl" was performed by Madonna on four of her world tours. She ended The Virgin Tour (1985) with a self-parodying performance of the song. She wore a white tube top and a tight white skirt and carried a bunch of notes in her left hand.[48] At the end of the performance she asked the audience "Do you really think I'm a material girl?...I'm not...Take it [Throwing fake money]... I don't need money... I need love."[49] As she began to strip off more clothes, she was apprehended and marched offstage by an extra posing as her father. In Detroit, Tony Ciccone himself did the honors.[48] The performance was included in the VHS release Live – The Virgin Tour.[50] In the Who's That Girl World Tour of 1987, Madonna performed it as a medley with "Dress You Up" and "Like a Virgin". She wore an elaborate costume, inspired by Dame Edna Everage. It consisted of a hat strewn with fake fruits, flowers and feathers, jeweled batwing spectacles with heavy, black frames, a ruffled skirt, a bodice covered with objects like watches and dolls and fishnets. Author Carol Clrek stated that the dress was more "ludicrous for Madonna, than humorous."[51] Two different performances of the song on this tour can be found on the videos: Who's That Girl – Live in Japan, filmed in Tokyo, Japan, on June 22, 1987,[52] and Ciao, Italia! – Live from Italy, filmed in Turin, Italy, on September 4, 1987.[53]

For the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990, Madonna and her supporting dancers Niki Haris and Donna De Lory were dressed as old women in fluffy dressing gowns and curling pins in their hair. Singing the song with a strong mid-western accent, they got up and revealed a frivolish pink dress underneath their gown, in which they danced around. Madonna replaced the words "experience has made me rich" with "experience has made me a bitch". After singing, she produced dollar bills out of her corsage and threw them up in the air for the audience to catch.[54] Two different performances were taped and released on video, the Blond Ambition – Japan Tour 90, taped in Yokohama, Japan, on April 27, 1990,[55] and the Live! – Blond Ambition World Tour 90, taped in Nice, France, on August 5, 1990.[56] During the Re-Invention World Tour of 2004, a general setlist was decided where the show rehearsals would start with "I'm So Stupid" from American Life, "Dress You Up" and "Material Girl". But "Dress You Up" and "I'm So Stupid" were later dropped from the show.[57] Hence "Material Girl" was transferred as the closing song of the military segment of the show, and was re-arranged as an electric guitar version. Madonna wore military themed clothes and sang the song while standing in front of a microphone and playing an electric guitar.[58] The backdrops displayed mathematical equations along with DNA helixes rushing through the screens.[59]

Cover versions

Mexican Latin pop singer Byanka covered the song in Spanish in 1985, under the title "Chica Material".[60] The children's show Sesame Street did a loose parody of the song in 1989 with completely different lyrics called "Cereal Girl". The "music video" was about a monster girl who loves cereal after tasting a bowl of it.[61] The Chipettes performed a cover version on the 1980s Alvin and the Chipmunks cartoon.[62] In 1998 the song was sampled for the number-two dance hit "If You Buy This Record (Your Life Will Be Better)" by The Tamperer featuring Maya.[63] Industrial band KMFDM covered the song for the 1999 Virgin Voices: A Tribute To Madonna: Vol 1 tribute album.[64] The same year, Britney Spears performed the song in her ...Baby One More Time Tour, calling Madonna and Janet Jackson as her biggest inspirations.[65] Deathgrind band Exhumed covered the song as part of a limited edition bonus CD for their 2004 album Platters of Splatter.[66] Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine covered the song in lounge music style on his 2004 album I'd Like a Virgin.[67]

Pop singer Hilary Duff and her sister, Haylie, recorded a cover of the song for the beginning of the film Material Girls (2006), in which both actresses starred. Their cover was to be produced by Timbaland, and was originally to have been produced by Lil Jon, with the released version being produced by the Dead Executives.[68] According to Haylie, the song was to be released as a single but there was no time to shoot a music video.[69] Icelandic singer Hafdís Huld performed the song at The Secret Garden Festival and The Big Chill in the summer of 2007.[70] On her sold out May 16, 2009, concert at the National Auditorium of Mexico City, Mexican Latin Pop singer, Yuridia performed a cover version of "Material Girl".[71] An avant-garde/folk rock cover of the song by Mountain Party was included on the 2007 Madonna tribute compilation Through the Wilderness.[72] The song Marteria Girl by the German rapper Marteria samples the song in its chorus.[73]

The song was part of the "Sparkling Diamonds" medley in the 2001 film Moulin Rouge!.[74] In the 2004 movie Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, the song was used for the scene where Bridget gets out of a Thai jail.[75] The 2006 Nintendo DS rhythm-action game Elite Beat Agents contains a cover version of the song for one of the game's levels. The level follows two celebutantes trapped on a deserted island.[76] It also appears in the video game Karaoke Revolution Party and in Nintendo's Wii Music, a 2008 music video game for the Wii.[77][78] In 2010, Elton John performed a cover version of "Material Girl" at the Rainforest Fund Benefit Concert.[79]

Legacy

After the song's release, the phrase "material girl" became another nickname for Madonna. She often remarked that "Material Girl" is the song she most regrets recording, as it became a label that has been attached to her for decades. She also said if she had known this, she probably would have never recorded it.[2] After making the video, Madonna said she never wanted to be compared to Monroe, despite posing as the Hollywood icon and recreating many of Marilyn's signature poses for various photos shoots, most notably a 1991 issue of Vanity Fair.[49] Reflecting on the song, Madonna told author J. Randy Taraborrelli:

"I can't completely disdain the song and the video, because they certainly were important to my career. But talk about the media hanging on a phrase and misinterpreting the damn thing as well. I didn't write that song, you know, and the video was about how the girl rejected diamonds and money. But God forbid irony should be understood. So when I'm ninety, I'll still be the Material Girl. I guess it's not so bad. Lana Turner was the Sweater Girl until the day she died."[41]

Academics analyzed the usage of the term "material" as odd because, according to them, "materialistic" is the correct word. However, that would have posed problems of versification for Madonna and songwriter Brown.[7] Guilbert commented that "material girl" designated a certain type of liberated women, thus deviating from its original coinage which meant a girl who is tangible and accessible.[7] Cook said that the meaning and impact of "material girl" was no more circumscribed by the video, rather by its song. Its influence was seen later among such diverse groups such as female versus male, gay versus straight, and academic versus teenage.[80]

In 1993, a conference was held at the University of California at Santa Barbara, with the subject as Madonna: Feminist Icon or Material Girl? The conference pondered on the duality of Madonna as both of them and deduced that the question of Madonna's feminism is not easy to decide. Some of the feminists left the conference, citing that they had not been able to make up their minds.[81] As the New Age concept became popular in the US in the late 1990s, Madonna tried her best to shun the "material girl" tag, and embarked on a spiritual quest of her own. Journals like The Times and The Advocate declared her as "the Ethereal Girl" and "Spiritual Girl" respectively.[82]

Track listing

  1. "Material Girl" (Album Version) – 4:00
  2. "Material Girl" (Extended Dance Remix) – 6:05
  3. "Material Girl" (Video Version) – 4:43
  4. "Material Girl" (Remastered) – 3:50
  1. "Material Girl" – 4:00
  2. "Pretender" – 4:28
  • Japan CD single[85]
  1. "Material Girl" (Extended Dance Remix) – 6:10
  2. "Into The Groove" – 4:45
  3. "Angel" (Extended Dance Mix) – 6:14
  1. "Material Girl" (Extended Dance Remix) – 6:05
  2. "Pretender" – 4:28

Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[1]

Charts and procession

Charts

Chart (1985) Peak
Position
Australia Kent Music Report[29] 4
Austrian Singles Chart[34] 8
Belgian VRT Top 30[35] 3
Canadian RPM Singles Chart[26] 4
Cuban Singles Chart[87] 1
Dutch Top 40[34] 7
Eurochart Hot 100 Singles[37] 5
French Singles Chart[34] 47
German Singles Chart[38] 13
Irish Singles Chart[36] 3
Italian Singles Chart[39] 18
Japanese International Singles Chart[40] 2
New Zealand Singles Chart[34] 5
Spanish Singles Chart[88] 10
Swiss Singles Chart[34] 15
UK Singles Chart[31] 3
US Billboard Hot 100[22] 2
US Hot Dance Music/Club Play[23] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs[23] 50

Year-end charts

Chart (1985) Position
Canadian RPM Singles Chart[28] 46
Dutch Top 40[89] 57
Italian Singles Chart[90] 75
US Billboard Hot 100[24] 58
Preceded by
"Bad Habits" by Jenny Burton		 US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play number-one single
March 30, 1985		 Succeeded by
"In My House" by Mary Jane Girls

Notes

  1. ^ a b (1984) Album notes for Like a Virgin by Madonna [LP, Vinyl, CD]. Sire Records (9 25157-2).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Feldman 2000, p. 195
  3. ^ Scaggs, Austin (2009-10-29). "Madonna Looks Back: The Rolling Stone Interview". Rolling Stone (San Francisco: Jann Wenner) (1090): 51. ISSN 0035-791X. 
  4. ^ a b c d Rooksby 2004, p. 16
  5. ^ "Digital Sheet Music – Madonna Ciccone – Material Girl". Musicnotes. Alfred Publishing. 
  6. ^ Cinquemani, Sal (2005-11-04). "Madonna: Confessions On A Dance Floor". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/oldurlredirect.php?type=music&ID=685. Retrieved 2006-06-20. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f Guilbert 2002, p. 43
  8. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2002-09-13). "Like a Virgin > Overview". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r12204. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  9. ^ Miller, Debbie (1985-01-17). "Madonna: Like A Virgin : Music Reviews". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). http://www.rollingstone.com/music/reviews/album/3045/21668. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  10. ^ Karger, Dave (1995-11-10). "Madonna – Like a What?". Entertainment Weekly (Time Inc.). http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,299445,00.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  11. ^ Farber, Jim (2001-07-20). "The Girl Material". Entertainment Weekly (Time Inc.). http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,168394,00.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  12. ^ Cinquemani, Sal (2003-09-09). "American Idol: 20 Years of Madonna". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/features/americanidol.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  13. ^ Cinquemani, Sal (2001-09-09). "Madonna: Like a Virgin (Remaster)". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/oldurlredirect.php?type=music&ID=117. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  14. ^ Power, Tony (1985-01-01). "Like a Virgin – Review". Blender. Alpha Media Group. http://www.blender.com/guide/back-catalogue/54916/like-virgin.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  15. ^ Soto, Alfred (2007-10-23). "Madonna – Like a Virgin / The Immaculate Collection". Stylus Magazine. http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/diamond/madonna-like-a-virgin-the-immaculate-collection.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-11. 
  16. ^ Paoletta, Michael (1984-11-24). "Album Reviews: Spotlight". Billboard (New York: Nielsen Business Media, Inc) 96 (47). ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.co.in/books?lr=&id=nyQEAAAAMBAJ&q=madonna+video#v=snippet&q=madonna%20video&f=false. Retrieved 2010-01-21. 
  17. ^ Erlick, Nancy (1985-02-09). "Single Reviews: Pop". Billboard (New York: Nielsen Business Media, Inc) 97 (6): 12. ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=uCQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1919&dq=madonna+material+girl&lr=&as_pt=MAGAZINES&cd=12#v=onepage&q=madonna%20material%20girl&f=false. 
  18. ^ Reporter, Staff (2003-12-09). "Top 20 Madonna Singles of All-time". Q magazine (San Francisco: Bauer Media Group) 19 (23). ISSN 0955-4955. 
  19. ^ "The Billboard Hot 100: Week of February 9, 1985". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1985-02-09. http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/hot-100?chartDate=1985-02-09&order=gainer. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  20. ^ "The Billboard Hot 100: Week of March 9, 1985". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1985-03-09. http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/hot-100?chartDate=1985-03-09. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  21. ^ "The Billboard Hot 100: Week of March 16, 1985". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1985-03-09. http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/hot-100?chartDate=1985-03-16. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  22. ^ a b "The Billboard Hot 100: Week of March 23, 1985". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1985-03-09. http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/hot-100?chartDate=1985-03-23. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  23. ^ a b c "Madonna > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/madonna-p64565/charts-awards/billboard-singles. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  24. ^ a b "Top Pop Albums 1985". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc) 97 (52). 1985-12-28. ISSN 0006-2510. 
  25. ^ "Top Singles – Volume 41, No. 23, February 16, 1985". RPM. RPM Music Publications Ltd. 1985-02-16. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.9585&volume=41&issue=23&issue_dt=February%2016%201985&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=4dp17sl7hp9qmhhj3vmcenr836. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  26. ^ a b "Top Singles – Volume 42, No. 4, April 06 1985". RPM. RPM Music Publications Ltd. 1985-04-06. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0506&volume=42&issue=4&issue_dt=April%2006%201985&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=4dp17sl7hp9qmhhj3vmcenr836. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  27. ^ "Top Singles – Volume 42, No. 17, July 06 1985". RPM. RPM Music Publications Ltd. 1985-07-06. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0545&volume=42&issue=17&issue_dt=July%2006%201985&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=4dp17sl7hp9qmhhj3vmcenr836. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  28. ^ a b "RPM's Top 100 Singles of 1985". RPM. RPM Music Publications Ltd. 1985-12-28. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0619&volume=43&issue=16&issue_dt=December%2028%201985&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=4dp17sl7hp9qmhhj3vmcenr836. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  29. ^ a b Kent, David (1993) (doc). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W.. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. 
  30. ^ "Chart Stats – UK Singles Chart For 03/02/1985". The Official Charts Company. 1985-03-02. http://www.chartstats.com/chart.php?week=19850302. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  31. ^ a b "Chartstats – Madonna – Material Girl". The Official Charts Company. http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=12296. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
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References

  • Clerk, Carol (2002), Madonnastyle, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0711988749 
  • Cook, Nicholas (2000), Analysing musical multimedia, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198167377 
  • Cross, Mary (2007), Madonna: A Biography, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313338116 
  • Feldman, Christopher (2000), Billboard book of number 2 singles, Watson-Guptill, ISBN 0823076954 
  • Guilbert, Georges-Claude (2002), Madonna as postmodern myth, McFarland, ISBN 0786414081 
  • Hymowitz, Kay S. (2008), Liberation's children: parents and kids in a postmodern age, University of Virginia, ISBN 1566634954 
  • Lewis, Lisa A. (1991), Gender politics and MTV: voicing the difference, Temple University Press, ISBN 0877229422 
  • Metz, Andrew; Benson, Carol (1999), The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary, Music Sales Group, ISBN 0825671949 
  • Rooksby, Rikky (2004), The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0711998833 
  • Taraborrelli, Randy J. (2002), Madonna: An Intimate Biography, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0743228804 
  • Timmerman, Dirk (2007), Madonna Live! Secret Re-inventions and Confessions on Tour, Maklu Publications, ISBN 9085950023 

External links

v · d · eMadonna singles discography
Madonna
"Everybody"  · "Burning Up"  · "Holiday"  · "Lucky Star"  · "Borderline"
Like a Virgin
"Like a Virgin"  · "Material Girl"  · "Angel"  · "Into the Groove"  · "Dress You Up"
True Blue
"Live to Tell"  · "Papa Don't Preach"  · "True Blue"  · "Open Your Heart"  · "La Isla Bonita"
Who's That Girl
You Can Dance
"Spotlight"
Like a Prayer
"Like a Prayer"  · "Express Yourself"  · "Cherish"  · "Oh Father"  · "Dear Jessie"  · "Keep It Together"
I'm Breathless
"Vogue"  · "Hanky Panky"
The Immaculate Collection
Erotica
"Erotica"  · "Deeper and Deeper"  · "Bad Girl"  · "Fever"  · "Rain"  · "Bye Bye Baby"
Bedtime Stories
"Secret"  · "Take a Bow"  · "Bedtime Story"  · "Human Nature"
Something to Remember
Evita
Ray of Light
Music
American Life
Confessions on a Dance Floor
"Hung Up"  · "Sorry"  · "Get Together"  · "Jump"
Hard Candy
Celebration
"Celebration"  · "Revolver"
Other songs
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