Township

Township

The word township is used to refer to different kinds of settlements in different countries. Township is generally associated with an urban area.[citation needed] However there are many exceptions to this rule. In Australia, the United States, and Canada, they may be settlements too small to be considered urban. In the Scottish Highlands the term describes a very small agrarian community, usually a local rural or semi-rural government within a county.[citation needed]

Contents

Australia

In Australia the designation of "township" traditionally refers to a small town—a small community in a rural district: such a place in Britain might qualify as a village or a hamlet. The term refers purely to the settlement; it does not refer to a unit of government. Townships are governed as part of a larger (e.g. shire or city) council.

Canada

In Canada, two kinds of township occur in common use.

China

In China, townships are found at the fourth level of the administrative hierarchy, together with ethnic townships, towns and subdistricts.

New Zealand

In local government in New Zealand there are no longer towns or townships. All land is part of either a "city" (mostly urban) or a "district" (mostly rural). The term "municipality" has become rare in New Zealand since about 1979 and has no legal status.

South Africa

In South Africa, the word originally meant a segregated town. Under Apartheid, the term township came to mean a residential development that confined non-whites (Blacks, "coloureds," and Indians) living near or working in white-only communities. Soweto ("SOuth-WEstern TOwnships") furnishes a well-known example. However, the term township also has a precise legal meaning, and is used on land titles (in all areas, not only traditionally non-white areas).

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom the term township is no longer in official use, but the term still has some meaning.

  • In England, Township referred to a subdivision used to administer a large parish.[1]
This use became obsolete at the end of the nineteenth century when local government reform converted many townships that, up to then, had been subdivisions of ancient parishes into the newer civil parishes in their own right. This formally separated the connection between the ecclesiastical functions of ancient parishes and the civil administrative functions that had been started in the sixteenth century. Recently, some councils, normally in the north of England, have revived the term. Municipalities as a term lived on longer until the local government reforms of 1974. A municipal council was the name given to a type of local government council administering a Municipal Borough that could contain civil parishes or could be unparished.[2]
  • In Jersey, a township is a redundant term as the only surviving local government level at present are the 12 Parishes of the island.
  • In Scotland the term is still used for some rural settlements.
In parts of north west Scotland (Highlands and Islands), a "township" is a crofting settlement.

United States

In the United States, townships are often distinct from other types of municipalities. Two kinds of townships occur. A state may have one or both of these. In states that have both, the boundaries usually coincide.

  • A civil township is a widely-used yet loose term applied to varying entities of local government, with and without municipal status. Though all townships are generally given names and may be abbreviated "Twp.," their function differs greatly from state to state. While cities, towns, boroughs, or villages are common terms for municipalities; townships, counties, and parishes are sometimes not considered to be municipalities. In many states, counties and townships are organized and operate under the authority of state statutes. In contrast, municipal corporations are often chartered entities with a degree of home rule.[citation needed] However, there are some exceptions. The most notable ones being New Jersey and Pennsylvania, townships are a class of incorporation with fixed boundaries and equal standing to a village, town, borough, or city, analogous to a New England town or towns in New York.

Zimbabwe

In Zimbabwe the term township was used for segregated parts of suburban areas. During colonial years of Rhodesia, the term township referred to a residential area reserved for black citizens within the boundaries of a city or town, and is still commonly used colloquially. This reflected the South African usage. In modern Zimbabwe it is also used to refer to a residential area within close proximity of a rural growth point.

CIS countries

In the context of Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and CIS states, the term is sometimes used to denote a small semi-urban, sometimes industrial, settlement and used to translate the terms поселок городского типа (townlet), посад (posad), местечко (mestechko, from Polish "miasteczko", a small town; in the cases of predominant Jewish population the latter is sometimes translated as shtetl).

See also

References

  1. ^ Winchester, A. (2000), Discovering parish boundaries, Princes Risborough, UK.: Shire Publications, pp. 21–29, ISBN 0747804702 
  2. ^ Youngs, F. A. (1991), Guide to the local administrative units of England. Volume II: Northern England, London: Royal Historical Society, ISBN 0861931270 
  3. ^ A History of the Rectangular Survey System by C. Albert White, 1983, Pub: Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management : For sale by Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,

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  • township — [ tɔnʃip; taonʃip ] n. f. ou m. • 1985; mot angl. « commune » ♦ Anglic. Ghetto noir à la périphérie des grandes villes d Afrique du Sud. ● township nom féminin (anglais township, municipalité) Faubourg indigène des villes d Afrique du Sud.… …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • Township — steht für: Township (England), eine historische Verwaltungseinheit unterhalb der Parish in England, vor allem Nordengland Township (Kanada), eine Verwaltungseinheit in Kanada (im französisch sprachigen Ost Kanada auch Kanton) Township (Südafrika) …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • township — Township, in government survey, is square tract six miles on each side containing thirty six square miles of land. U. S. v. Weyerhaeuser Co., C.A.Or., 392 F.2d 448, 449. In some of the states, this is the name given to the civil and political… …   Black's law dictionary

  • Township — Town ship, n. 1. The district or territory of a town. [1913 Webster] Note: In the United States, many of the States are divided into townships of five, six, seven, or perhaps ten miles square, and the inhabitants of such townships are invested… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • township — In a government survey, a square tract of land six miles on each side, constituting thirty six square miles. In some states, the name given to the political subdivision of a county. Dictionary from West s Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005.… …   Law dictionary

  • township — [toun′ship] n. [ME tunscipe < OE, people living in a tun: see TOWN & SHIP] 1. Historical in England, a parish or division of a parish, as a unit of territory and administration 2. in parts of the U.S. and Canada, a division of a county,… …   English World dictionary

  • Township — (spr. Taunschip), 1) in England a) das Weichbild einer Stadt, der Stadtbezirk; b) die Ortsgemeinde; 2) in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika a) in den Neuenglandstaaten ein Stadtgebiet von 5 bis 10 engl. QM. (ungefähr 1/4 bis 1/2 deutsche QM …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Township [1] — Township (spr. taunschĭp), Flächenmaß der Vereinigten Staaten zu 36 Square Miles, = 9324 Hektar …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Township [2] — Township (engl., spr. taunschĭp), in England Kirchspiel oder Teil eines solchen, mit eigner Armenverwaltung; in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika Name der Unterabteilung der Counties, auch Hauptsektion der vermessenen Ländereien, 36 sections… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Township — (taunschip), in der nordamerikan. Union Unterabtheilung der County, Wahl , Schul od. Kirchenbezirk …   Herders Conversations-Lexikon

  • township — (n.) O.E. tunscipe inhabitants or population of a town. Applied in Middle English to manor, parish, or other division of a hundred. Specific sense of local division or district in a parish, each with a village or small town and its own church is… …   Etymology dictionary

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