Mazhabi

Mazhabi
Mazhabi Sikh
Classification Sikh Churas[1]
Religions Sikhism
Languages Punjabi
Populated States Punjab region, Rajastan, Kashmir

A Mazhabi Sikh (also spelt as Mazbhi, Mazbi, Majhabhi or Majabhi) is a member of the Rangretta clans[2] Churas who have embraced the sikh faith[3] who are mainly found in the Punjab region, Kashmir and Rajastan. The word "Mazhabi" is derived from the Urdu term "Mazhab" ("sect"), and can be translated as "the religious" or "the faithful"[4]

Mazhabis are best known for their history of bravery, strength and self sacrifice in the Sikh, Khalsa, British Indian army and Indian army. The Mazhabis were designated as a martial race by British officials.[5] "Martial Race" was a designation created by officials of British India to describe "races" (peoples) that were thought to be naturally warlike and aggressive in battle, and to possess qualities of courage, loyalty, self sufficiency, physical strength, resilience, orderliness, the ability to work hard for long periods of time, fighting tenacity and military strategy. The British recruited heavily from these Martial Races for service in the British Indian Army.[6] The British recruited heavily from the Mazhabi sikhs. On the out break of the Indian mutiny in 1857, the British immediately recruited 12,000 Mazhabis to crush the mutiny.[7] After the mutiny, it was only the Mazhabi Sikhs who got recognition as a martial race after they took part in Younghusband’s mission to Lhasa in 1903.[5]

Contents

History

The Mazhabis originally belonged to the population of Punjab and Haryana in Northern India. Accorded a low caste status in the Hindu faith; the Churas were employed as scavengers, sweepers and labourers. The Sikh faith had a special appeal for the churas and they rapidly embraced it as it did not differentiate on the basis of caste or creed and held everybody equal. This emboldened the downtrodden to fight against injustice, tyranny and persecution.[8]

When Guru Tegh Bahadur was killed by the Mughals in Delhi,Bhai Jaita ji (Baba Jeevan Singh ji) brought his head back to Guru Gobind Singh. Guru Gobind Singh declared that the Rangrettas (Mazhabis) were his sons, and admitted them to the Sikh faith. Originally, the term Mazhabi referred only to the descendants of these people.

Reputation as soldiers

Over the years, the Mazhabi Sikhs acquired a reputation as fine and formidable soldiers. The British recognised them as "once a redoubtable foe of the English, and now one of the finest soldiers in the British army".[9] The Mazhabis are highly regarded for their determined resolve to complete the assigned tasks against all opposition; and were deployed in various military campaigns in India and abroad. The British were greatly impressed by their superior physique and the martial and religious fervour imparted by Sikhism. [10] In addition to their soldiering reputation, the Mazhabis were also known for their loyalty and it was noted that during their service with the army, they never once betrayed the trust placed in them.[11] The British noted that during the First World War, the Mazhabi Sikh soldiers reached a "remarkably high standard"[12][13] and that their contribution to the war surpassed that of the Jatt Sikhs.[14] Whilst the Mazhabi Sikhs were an important part of the British Indian Army; British Army Regiments carried attached Mazhabi Sikh platoons. The Welch Regiment carried a Mazhabi Sikh Platoon from 1933.[15] Major-General A.E.Barstow described the Mazhabi Sikhs as "...extremely good soldiers."[16] and goes on to mention that the Sikh Pioneer Regiments, "...have a proud record of service in many campaigns."[17] Historically they have fought battles for Guru Gobind Singh and the Mazhabis formed the majority of Akali Nihang ranks, even throughout the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.[18] Maharaja Ranjit Singh also enlisted them in large numbers for the existing misls, and in the irregular corps.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh had a great admiration for their bravery and enlisted the Mazhabis extensivly into the Khalsa Army[19] which he nurtured into an excellent instrument of war. Being afraid, however, to form them into separate corps, Maharaja Ranjit Singh attached a company of Mazhabis to the existing battalions (misls). During his reign, the Mazhabi Sikhs were generally stationed on the Peshawer border, where constant fighting against invading Islamic Afghan and Pashtun forces gave them the opportunity to show their bravery and endurance.[20]

Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir raised a corps of Mazhabi Sikhs in 1851. The British also recognised the great fighting qualities and prowess of these soldiers in the Anglo-Sikh Wars. The stubborn and sustained resistance offered by them and their ability to maintain themselves frugally amazed them.[21] The British had admiration for the mazhabi as they made capital soldiers.[22] The British raised the first Corps of Mazhbi Sikh Pioneers, the fore bearer of the Sikh Light Infantry, in 1850. During the British Raj, they were initially recruited for a coolie corps meant for road construction. In 1855 there were only 1500 sikh soldiers, most of them were mazhabis.[23] In 1857, 12,000 Mazhabis were listed for the 23rd, 32nd and 34th Pioneer Regiments.[7] They were deployed at the Siege of Delhi, Siege of Lucknow and Capture of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The raised Pioneers were a splendid Corps and displayed remarkable valour in the field.[24] They earned a high reputation as soldiers, and became a significant component of the British Indian Army. In 1911, there were 10,866 Sikhs in the Indian army, out of which 1,626 were Mazhabis; They had been reduced to 16% of their original enlistment numbers back in 1857.[7]

The first world war would see a rise their enlistment numbers as the Mazhabi sikh pioneers, 23rd Sikh Pioneers, 32nd Sikh Pioneers and the 34th Sikh Pioneers were developed into three battalions each.[21] The mazhabi sikh pioneers performed well during the great war. The 1/34th Sikh pioneers won the title of "Royal" during the Great war. The unit armourer and blacksmith made a highly burnished screen, proudly displaying the magnificent achievements of the Mazhabi Sikh Pioneers as epitomized in their Battle Honours. The 34th Royal Sikh Pioneers presented this screen to his majesty King George V of the United Kingdom in 1933.[21] The Mazhabis, along with the Ramdasea Sikhs, were recruited to form the Mazhabi and Ramdasea battalions, that were later merged together to form the Sikh Light Infantry in 1941 for the World War II.

Social status

The social status of the Mazbhi Sikhs has varied over time. Unlike several other Dalit groups that still practise Hinduism, the Mazhabi Sikhs have abandoned all ties with Hinduism and its traditional caste roles. During the British raj, the Mazbhis were listed as an agricultural caste on British censuses of caste populations. Historically the Mazhabi Sikhs are generally found throughout the Punjab province, however the Mazhabis are most numerously found in Ferozepore, Lahore, Amritsar and Faridkot.[25] The Mazhabi Sikhs perform much of the agricultural labour in these areas.[26]

In spite of the Sikhism's egalitarian tenets, many Jat Sikhs continued to look down upon the Mazhabis.[27] In March 1966, the Federation of Mazhabi Sikhs offered to support Arya Samaj and Jan Sangh in an agitation against the formation of the Jat Sikh-majority Punjabi Suba.[28] According to a report published in The Tribune on 16 March 1966, a spokesperson for the organization stated that "the Sikh Scheduled Castes had been reduced to a position of mere serfs by the Sikh landlords who would literally crush the Mazhabi Sikhs if Punjabi Suba was formed."[28] In 2005, 56 expelled employees of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee abandoned Sikhism, and alleged that they were being discriminated against because they were Mazhabis.[29]

[30] The Government of India recognises Mazhabi Sikh as a "Scheduled Caste", as part of their official affirmative action program. The urban Mazbhis have made social and economic progress over the years, and are very active in the Panjab Akali party (Sikh nationalist party). However, poverty and illiteracy is still rampant among the Mazhabi Sikhs living in the rural areas of Punjab.

Notable Mazhabis

Music

  • Balwinder Safri, UK Bhangra Legend and lead vocalist to the Safri Boyz. The Safri Boyz are Britain's biggest selling Bhangra artists[31] and are considered to be one of the most popular bands ever seen in the United Kingdom.[32] He has won numerous "best vocalist" awards as a solo artist[33] and has produced the highly acclaimed album "Get Real".[34]
  • Hans Raj Hans famous singer, sang in Bollywood film Kachche Dhage
  • Gippy Grewal famous punjabi singer song like phulkari,hathyar,flower
  • Labh Heera famous punjabi folk singer
  • Lehmber Hussainpuri
  • Lal Chand Yamla Jatt
  • Hardeep Singh Gill, GA, PUNJAB STATE WAREHOUSING CORPORATION Govt. Of Punjab,INDIA

Personalities & Literature

  • Daya Singh Arif[35] (1894-1946)[36] One of Punjab's most famous poets and writers of the 20th Century. He was learnt in Punjabi[37], Hindi[38], Sanskrit[39], Urdu[40], Persian[41] and Arabic[42]. He began writing poetry in his teens[43] and published his maiden book Fanah da Makan (Abode of Mortality) in 1914.[44] This was followed by his most popular and famous piece of work Zindagi Bilas (Discourse of life) in 1915.[45] These works were published in many editions bringing him great fame. He also composed historical ballads about the Sikh Gurus, warriors and martyrs called parsangs. The majority of these are lying unpublished with his son.[46] One of his most popular books is Saputtar Bilas which was published in 1921.[47] The Punjab Government held a memorial in his honour, at his native birth place in 1967.[48]
  • Giani Ditt Singh[49] An influential sikh scholar of the 19th century. Leader of the Lahore group and Tat Khalsa.[50] He was a scholar, author and journalist. He wrote more than forty books covering Sikh doctorine, history, martyrology and social reform.[51]
  • Bhai Jaswant Singh, Accomplished Writer and Mazhabi Sikh Historian.

Government & politics

  • Buta Singh[52], Home Minister under the Rajiv Gandhi government and erstwhile Governor of Bihar. He began his political career with the Akali Dal in 1960[53] and was elected to the Lok Sabha of Punjab in 1962 but joined the congress party in 1964[54]. He was closely associated with Prime minister Indira Gandhi and her sons Sanjay Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi.[55]
  • Charanjit Singh Atwal[56], Deputy speaker and speaker in the Indian Houses of Parliament hails from Ludhiana, Punjab. He is a respected member of the Indian Parliament for 20 years[57] and has over 40 years of service in politics. He has been in the field of politics since 1957 and was elected to the Punjab State Assembly in 1977[58]. He is considered among the top hierarchy of the Shiromani Akali Dal.[59]
  • Sh. Lakhwinder Singh, Indian Forest Service, Chief Conservator of Forests, Kerala
  • Late.S.Gurmej Singh Gumanpura minister in Late Giani Zail Singh Council Of Ministry & Late Beant Singh council of Ministry (Government of Punjab, India)
  • Late. Tara Singh Lyalpuri Akali leader & minister (Govt. of Punjab)
  • Sardool Singh Bundala Ex. Minister in Capt. Amrinder Singh council of ministry in Punjab(India)
  • Late S.Ajit Singh,Member parliament Bathinda. First and Second Lok sabha.1951-1962
  • Late S.Sujan Singh,Ex.Minister of state in S.Parkash singh badal Govt. (Dept. of panchayti raj and rural development)

Military personnel

Religious & Historical figures

  • Baba Jeevan Singh[60][61][62], Sikh general and Close and famous associate of Guru Gobind Singh. He was martyred at Chamkaur during the withdrawal from Anandpur in 1704[63]
  • Baba Sangat Singh[64], Brother of Baba Jeevan Singh
  • Bhai Mati Das[65] A Mazhabi Sikh Martyr[66] who accompanied Guru Teg Bahadur to Delhi. His body was sawn in half.[67]
  • Bhai Dyala[68] A Mazhabi Sikh Martyr[69] who accompanied Guru Teg Bahadur to Delhi. He was Boiled alive in a cauldron.[70]
  • Bhai Gurditta[71] He accompanied Guru Teg Bahadur to Delhi.[72]
  • Bir Singh[73], Sikh warrior and close associate of Guru Gobind Singh
  • Dhir Singh, Sikh warrior and brother of Bir Singh
  • Nabbau Singh[74]
  • Bhai Garja Singh[75]
  • Akali Phula Singh, The most celebrated figure and leader among the Akalis[76] He is perhaps the most influential figure during Ranjit Singh's reign and fought at the conquests of Kasur[77], Mahmudkot[78], and Kashmir.[79] He was killed at the Battle of Naushera.[80]
  • Sardar Kala Singh[81] A Mazhabi Sikh Clan Chief & Warlord, who firmly established Sikh rule in the notorious Gandghar mountains.[82] He established himself as administrator of Hasan Abdal and set up his head quarters at Sarai Kali.[83] This was the furthest frontier outpost bordering Afghanistan at the time.[84] Sardar Kala Singh firmly suppressed the fanatical Muslim war chiefs and Pathan tribes in the area and established his own authority.[85]

Others

  • Bhai Atma Singh[86], Nankana Sahib Martyr
  • Bhai Kishan Singh[87], Nankana Sahib Martyr
  • Bhai Varyam Singh[88], Nankana Sahib Martyr
  • Bant Singh, a labour activist, fighting against the power of the landowner.[89] Described by Amit Sengupta as "an icon of Dalit resistance"[90] he has been active in organizing poor, agricultural workers, activism that continues despite a 2006 attack that cost him both of his lower arms and his left leg."[89]

See also


References

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  12. ^ DeWitt C. Ellinwood, S. D. Pradhan (1978) India and World War I. Manohar Publishers p218
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  14. ^ DeWitt C. Ellinwood, S. D. Pradhan (1978) India and World War I. Manohar Publishers p218
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External links

  • Imperial Gazeteer on Mazhbi
  • Sikh Light Infantry
  • Mazhabi
  • Scheduled Castes
  • [1]
  • [2]
  • [3]
  • DeWitt C. Ellinwood, S. D. Pradhan (1978)India and World War 1. Manohar Publishers p218
  • Royal Central Asian Society (1936) Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, Volume 23. Royal Central Asian Society p326
  • Cyril Ernest Napier Lomax, John De Courcy (1952) The history of the Welch Regiment, 1919-1951. Western Mail & Echo p29
  • Leigh. M.S (1922) The Punjab and the war. Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab p49
  • McQueen. Sir. J.W and Baaghaa. A.S (1994) Unseen faces and untold cases, heroes and villains of Sikh rule Volume 8 of Series in Sikh history and culture. Bahri Publications p106
  • Anderson. J.D (2011) The Peoples of India. Cambridge University Press p22
  • Great Britain and the East Volume 46 (1936)Great Britain and the East, Ltd p344
  • Barstow. A.E (1985) The Sikhs, an ethnology. B.R. Publishing Corporation p97
  • Barstow. A.E (1985) The Sikhs, an ethnology. B.R. Publishing Corporation p75
  • McLeod. W.H (2009) The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press p59
  • McLeod. W.H (2009) The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press p98
  • McLeod. W.H (2009) The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press p128
  • Singh. B.L (1995 reprint) Short Sketch of the Life and Works of Guru Gobind Singh. Asian Educational Services p14
  • Singh. B.L (1995 reprint) Short Sketch of the Life and Works of Guru Gobind Singh. Asian Educational Services p15
  • Sikh Heritage Website
  • Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP, H A Rose
  • [4]
  • [5]
  • [6]
  • [7]
  • Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 8, June 12, 2001 to June 25, 2001 p11493
  • Pathak, B and Lal, A.K. (2003)Social exclusion: essays in honour of Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, Volume 1. Concept Publishing Company p291
  • Broughton, S., Ellingham, M., Trillo, R. (1999) World music: the rough guide. Africa, Europe and the Middle East, Volume 1. Rough Guides p88
  • Broughton, S., Ellingham, M., Trillo, R. (1999) World music: the rough guide. Africa, Europe and the Middle East, Volume 1. Rough Guides p89
  • Samar (Organization). (1994)SAMAR, Issues 4-6. Samar p37
  • Nalwa, V. (2009)Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837). Hari Singh Nalwa - Khalsaji p305

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