Muhammad Ali Jinnah

For other uses, see Jinnah (disambiguation).

Father of the Nation Muhammad Ali Jinnah محمد علی جناح
Governor-General of Pakistan
In office 15 August 1947 – 11 September 1948
Monarch	George VI
Prime Minister	Liaquat Ali Khan
Preceded by	The Earl Mountbatten of Burma (as Viceroy of India)
Succeeded by	Khawaja Nazimuddin
Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan
In office 11 August 1947 – 11 September 1948
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
Personal details
Born	25 December 1876(1876-12-25) Karachi, British India
Died	11 September 1948(1948-09-11) (aged 71) Karachi, Pakistan
Political party	All-India Muslim League (1913–1947)
Other political affiliations	Indian National Congress (1906–1920)
Spouse(s)	Emibai Jinnah Maryam Jinnah
Children	Dina Wadia
Alma mater	Inns of Court
Profession	Lawyer
Religion	Islam[1][2][3][4][5][6]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Urdu: محمد علی جناح,  Audio (help·info); December 25, 1876 – September 11, 1948) was a Muslim lawyer, politician, statesman and the founder of Pakistan. He is popularly and officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (Urdu: قائد اعظم — "Great Leader") and Baba-e-Qaum (بابائے قوم) ("Father of the Nation").

Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on August 14, 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from August 15, 1947 until his death on September 11, 1948. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress; he also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India.

Jinnah later advocated the two-nation theory embracing the goal of creating a separate Muslim state as per the Lahore Resolution.^[7] The League won most reserved Muslim seats in the elections of 1946. After the British and Congress backed out of the Cabinet Mission Plan Jinnah called for a Direct Action Day to achieve the formation of Pakistan. This direct action^[8][9] by the Muslim League and its Volunteer Corps resulted in massive rioting in Calcutta^[9][10] between Muslims and Hindus.^[10][11] As the Indian National Congress and Muslim League failed to reach a power sharing formula for united India, it prompted both the parties and the British to agree to the independence of Pakistan and India. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah led efforts to lay the foundations of the new state of Pakistan, frame national policies and rehabilitate millions of Muslim refugees who had migrated from India. Jinnah also assumed the role and title of 'Protector General of the Hindu Minority' during Hindu-Muslim riots after 1947.^[12] Jinnah died aged 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Empire. After his death, Jinnah left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, and according to Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remained Pakistan's greatest leader since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.^[13]

Early life

Jinnah in his youth, in traditional dress.

Jinnah was born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai (Gujarati: મુહમ્મદ અલી જિન્નાભાઈ)^[14] in Wazir Mansion Karachi.^[15][16][17] Sindh had earlier been conquered by the British and was subsequently grouped with other conquered territories for administrative reasons to form the Bombay Presidency of British India. His earliest school records state that he was born on October 20, 1875. However, Jinnah's first biography, authored by Sarojini Naidu, as well as his official passport state the date of birth as December 25, 1876.

Jinnah was the first child born to Mithibai and Jinnahbhai Poonja. His father, Jinnahbhai (1857–1902), was a prosperous Gujarati merchant who hailed from the state of Gondal situated in the Kathiawar region province of Gujarat (present day India). He had moved to Karachi from Kathiawar, because of his business partnership with Grams Trading Company whose regional office was set up in Karachi, then a part of the Bombay presidency. He moved to Karachi some times before Jinnah's birth.^[18][15][19] His grandfather, Poonja Gokuldas Meghji,^[20] was a Hindu Bhatia Rajput from Paneli village in Gondal state in Kathiawar. Jinnah's ancestors were Hindu Rajputs; his grandfather had converted to Islam.^[19] Jinnah's family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam,^[1] though Jinnah later converted to Twelver Khoja Shi'a Islam.^[2][5][6]

The first-born Jinnah was soon joined by six siblings; three brothers - Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali, and Rahmat Ali - and three sisters - Maryam, Fatima and Shireen. Their mother language was Gujarati; in time they also came to speak Kutchi, Sindhi and English.^[21] The proper Muslim names of Mr. Jinnah and his siblings, unlike those of his father and grandfather, are the consequence of the family's immigration to the predominantly Muslim state of Sindh.

Jinnah was a restless student and studied at several schools: first at the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam in Karachi; then briefly at the Gokal Das Tej Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi,^[14] where, at the age of sixteen, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay.^[22]

Years in England

Jinnah was offered an apprenticeship at the London office of Graham's Shipping and Trading Company, a business that had extensive dealings with Jinnahbhai Poonja's firm in Karachi.^[14] Before he left for England in 1892, at his mother's urging, he married his distant cousin – Emibai Jinnah, who was two years his junior;^[14] she died a few months later. During his sojourn in England, his mother too would pass away.^[19] In London, Jinnah soon left the apprenticeship to study law instead, by joining Lincoln's Inn. It is said that the sole reason of Jinnah's joining Lincoln's Inn is that the welcome board of the Lincoln's Inn had the names of the world's all-time top-ten magistrates, and that this list was led by the name of Muhammad. No such board exists, although there is a mural which includes a picture of Muhammad.^[19] In three years, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England.^[19]

During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the spell of 19th-century British liberalism, like many other future Indian independence leaders. This education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. He admired William Gladstone and John Morley, British Liberal statesmen. An admirer of the Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta,^[23] he worked with other Indian students on the former's successful campaign to become the first Indian to hold a seat in the British Parliament.

By now, Jinnah had developed largely constitutionalist views on Indian self-government, and he condemned both the arrogance of British officials in India and the discrimination practiced by them against Indians. This idea of a nation legitimized by democratic principles and cultural commonalities was antithetical to the genuine diversity that had generally characterized the subcontinent. As an Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitment to the Western ideal of the nation-state developed during his English education– and the reality of heterogeneous Indian society to be difficult to reconcile during his later political career.

Muhmmad Ali Jinnah's passport issued by the British Raj.

Western influences on personal life

The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life. England had greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah donned Western style clothing and he pursued the fashion with fervor. It is said he owned over 200 hand-tailored suits which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars. It is also alleged that he never wore the same silk tie twice.^[24] Although in his later years he was most commonly seen wearing Sherwani and Karakul hat which subsequently came to be known has "Jinnah Cap".

Return to India

Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a young lawyer

During the final period of his stay in England, Jinnah came under considerable pressure to return home when his father's business was ruined. In 1896 he returned to India and settled in Bombay. Jinnah built a house in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. He became a successful lawyer, gaining particular fame for his skilled handling of the "Caucus Case".^[23] His reputation as a skilled lawyer prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak to hire him as defence counsel for his sedition trial in 1908. Jinnah argued that it was not sedition for an Indian to demand freedom and self-government in his own country, but Tilak received a rigorous term of imprisonment.^[23]

When he returned to India his faith in liberalism and progressive politics was confirmed through his close association with three Indian National Congress stalwarts Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta and Surendranath Banerjee. These people had an influence in his early life in England and they would influence his later involvement in Indian politics.^[25]

Early political career

This photo shows M.A Jinnah, as a young lawyer.

In 1906, Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest Indian political organization. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favour outright independence, considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India. Jinnah became a member on the sixty-member Imperial Legislative Council. The council had no real power or authority, and included a large number of un-elected pro-Raj loyalists and Europeans. Nevertheless, Jinnah was instrumental in the passing of the Child Marriages Restraint Act, the legitimization of the Muslim waqf (religious endowments) and was appointed to the Sandhurst committee, which helped establish the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun.^[15][26] During World War I, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms.

Jinnah had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906, regarding it as too Muslim oriented. However he decided to provide leadership to the Muslim minority. Eventually, he joined the league in 1913 and became the president at the 1916 session in Lucknow. Jinnah was the architect of the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-government and presenting a united front to the British. Jinnah also played an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League in 1916. Along with political leaders Annie Besant and Tilak, Jinnah demanded "home rule" for India—the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia. He headed the League's Bombay Presidency chapter.

In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife Rattanbai Petit ("Ruttie"), twenty-four years his junior. She was the fashionable young daughter of his personal friend Sir Dinshaw Petit, of an elite Parsi family of Bombay. Unexpectedly there was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's family and Parsi society, as well as orthodox Muslim leaders. Rattanbai defied her family and nominally converted to Islam, adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided in Bombay, and frequently travelled across India and Europe. In 1919 she bore Jinnah his only child, daughter Dina Jinnah.

In 1924 Jinnah reorganized the Muslim League, of which he had been president since 1916, and devoted the next seven years attempting to bring about unity among the disparate ranks of Muslims and to develop a rational formula to effect a Hindu-Muslim settlement, which he considered the pre condition for Indian freedom. He attended several unity conferences, wrote the Delhi Muslim Proposals in 1927, pleaded for the incorporation of the basic Muslim demands in the Nehru report, and formulated the “Fourteen Points”.^[27]

Fourteen points

Main article: Fourteen Points of Jinnah

Jinnah in traditional Sherwani

Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law-violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which Jinnah disapproved of. Unlike most Congress leaders, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothes, did his best to use an Indian language instead of English, and was deeply rooted to Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership gained great popularity with the Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi's support of the Khilafat Movement, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry.^[28] By 1920, Jinnah resigned from the Congress, with a prophetic warning that Gandhi's method of mass struggle would lead to divisions between Hindus and Muslims and within the two communities.^[26] Becoming president of the Muslim League, Jinnah was drawn into a conflict between a pro-Congress faction and a pro-British faction.

In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for Bombay in the new Central Legislative Assembly. He showed great gifts as a parliamentarian, organized many Indian members to work with the Swaraj Party, and continued to press demands for full responsible government. He was so active on a wide range of subjects that in 1925 he was offered a knighthood by Lord Reading when he retired as Viceroy and Governor General. Jinnah replied: "I prefer to be plain Mr. Jinnah".^[29]

In 1927, Jinnah entered negotiations with Muslim and Hindu leaders on the issue of a future constitution, during the struggle against the all-British Simon Commission. The League wanted separate electorates while the Nehru Report favoured joint electorates. Jinnah personally opposed separate electorates, but then drafted compromises and put forth demands that he thought would satisfy both. These became known as the 14 points of Mr. Jinnah.^[30] However, they were rejected by the Congress and other political parties.

Jinnah's personal life and especially his marriage suffered during this period due to his political work. Although they worked to save their marriage by travelling together to Europe when he was appointed to the Sandhurst committee, the couple separated in 1927. Jinnah was deeply saddened when Rattanbai died in 1929, after a serious illness.

Also in 1929, Jinnah defended Ilm-ud-din, a carpenter who murdered a Hindu book publisher for publishing the book "Rangeela Rasool" which was alleged to be offensive towards the Prophet Muhammad. Jinnah's involvement in this controversy showed a greater inclination towards Islamic politics and a shift away from being an advocate for Hindu-Muslim unity.^[31]

At the Round Table Conferences in London, Jinnah was disillusioned by the breakdown of talks.^[32] After the failure of the Round Table Conferences, Jinnah returned to London for a few years. In 1936, he returned to India to re-organize Muslim League and contest the elections held under the provisions of the Act of 1935.^[33]

Jinnah would receive personal care and support as he became more ill during this time from his sister Fatima Jinnah. She lived and travelled with him, as well as becoming a close advisor.^[34] She helped raise his daughter, who was educated in England and India. Jinnah later became estranged from his daughter, Dina Jinnah, after she decided to marry Parsi-born Christian businessman, Neville Wadia (even though he had faced the same issues when he married Rattanbai in 1918). Jinnah continued to correspond cordially with his daughter, but their personal relationship was strained. Dina continued to live in India with her family.

Leader of the Muslim League

Jinnah with his sister Fatima Jinnah(left) and daughter Dina (right) in Bombay

A. R. Dard, an Ahmadi missionary in London, helped convince Jinnah to return from London (where he had moved to in 1931 and planned on permanently relocating in order to practice in the Privy Council Bar) to India and politically lead Muslims of India ^[35]. In 1934 Jinnah returned and began to re-organise the party, being closely assisted by Liaquat Ali Khan, who would act as his right-hand man. In the 1937 elections to the Central Legislative Assembly, the League emerged as a competent party, capturing a significant number of seats under the Muslim electorate, but lost in the Muslim-majority Punjab, Sindh and the North-West Frontier Province.^[36] Jinnah offered an alliance with the Congress – both bodies would face the British together, but the Congress had to share power, accept separate electorates and the League as the representative of India's Muslims. The latter two terms were unacceptable to the Congress, which had its own national Muslim leaders and membership and adhered to secularism. Even as Jinnah held talks with Congress president Rajendra Prasad,^[37] Congress leaders suspected that Jinnah would use his position as a lever for exaggerated demands and obstruct government, and demanded that the League merge with the Congress.^[38] The talks failed, and while Jinnah declared the resignation of all Congressmen from provincial and central offices in 1939 as a "Day of Deliverance" from Hindu domination,^[39] some historians assert that he remained hopeful for an agreement.^[37]

Jinnah delivering a political speech.

In a speech to the League in 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal mooted an independent state for Muslims in "northwest India." Choudhary Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet in 1933 advocating a state called "Pakistan". Following the failure to work with the Congress, Jinnah, who had embraced separate electorates and the exclusive right of the League to represent Muslims, was converted to the idea that Muslims needed a separate state to protect their rights. Jinnah came to believe that Muslims and Hindus were distinct nations, with unbridgeable differences—a view later known as the Two Nation Theory.^[40] Jinnah declared that a united India would lead to the marginalization of Muslims, and eventually civil war between Hindus and Muslims. This change of view may have occurred through his correspondence with Iqbal, who was close to Jinnah.^[41] Later Jinnah went on to say that seed of Pakistan was laid the day first Hindu was converted to the religion of Islam. In the session in Lahore in 1940, the Pakistan resolution was adopted as the main goal of the party. The resolution was rejected outright by the Congress, and criticised by many Muslim leaders like Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Syed Ab'ul Ala Maududi and the Jamaat-e-Islami. On July 26, 1943, Jinnah was stabbed and wounded by a member of the extremist Khaksars in an attempted assassination.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah founded Dawn in 1941, a major newspaper that helped him propagate the League's point of views. During the mission of British minister Stafford Cripps, Jinnah demanded parity between the number of Congress and League ministers, the League's exclusive right to appoint Muslims and a right for Muslim-majority provinces to secede, leading to the breakdown of talks. Jinnah supported the British effort in World War II, and opposed the Quit India movement. During this period, the League formed provincial governments and entered the central government. The League's influence increased in the Punjab after the death of Unionist leader Sikander Hyat Khan in 1942. Gandhi held talks fourteen times with Jinnah in Bombay in 1944, about a united front—while talks failed, Gandhi's overtures to Jinnah increased the latter's standing with Muslims.^[42]

Founding of Pakistan

Jinnah with Cabinet Mission

A letter by Jinnah to Winston Churchill

In the 1946 elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress won most of the elected seats, while the League won a large majority of Muslim electorate seats. The 1946 British Cabinet Mission to India released a plan on May 16, calling for a united Indian state comprising considerably autonomous provinces, and called for "groups" of provinces formed on the basis of religion. A second plan released on June 16, called for the separation of India along religious lines, with princely states to choose between accession to the dominion of their choice or independence. The Congress, fearing India's fragmentation, criticised the May 16 proposal and rejected the June 16 plan. Jinnah gave the League's assent to both plans, knowing that power would go only to the party that had supported a plan. After much debate and against Gandhi's advice that both plans were divisive, the Congress accepted the May 16 plan while condemning the grouping principle.^{[citation needed]} Jinnah decried this acceptance as "dishonesty", accused the British negotiators of "treachery",^[43] and withdrew the League's approval of both plans. The League boycotted the assembly, leaving the Congress in charge of the government but denying it legitimacy in the eyes of many Muslims.

Jinnah gave a precise definition of the term 'Pakistan' in 1941 at Lahore in which he stated:

Some confusion prevails in the minds of some individuals in regard to the use of the word 'Pakistan'. This word has become synonymous with the Lahore resolution owing to the fact that it is a convenient and compendious method of describing [it].... For this reason the British and Indian newspapers generally have adopted the word 'Pakistan' to describe the Moslem demand as embodied in the Lahore resolution.^[44]

Jinnah issued a call for all Muslims to launch "Direct Action" on August 16 to "achieve Pakistan".^[45] Strikes and protests were planned, but violence broke out all over India, especially in Calcutta and the district of Noakhali in Bengal, and more than 7,000 people were killed in Bihar. Although viceroy Lord Wavell asserted that there was "no satisfactory evidence to that effect",^[46] League politicians were blamed by the Congress and the media for orchestrating the violence.^[47] Interim Government portfolios were announced on October 25, 1946.^[48] Muslim Leaguers were sworn in on October 26, 1946.^[49] The League entered the interim government, but Jinnah refrained from accepting office for himself. This was credited as a major victory for Jinnah, as the League entered government having rejected both plans, and was allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party. The coalition was unable to work, resulting in a rising feeling within the Congress that independence of Pakistan was the only way of avoiding political chaos and possible civil war. The Congress agreed to the division of Punjab and Bengal along religious lines in late 1946. The new viceroy Lord Mountbatten of Burma and Indian civil servant V. P. Menon proposed a plan that would create a Muslim dominion in West Punjab, East Bengal, Baluchistan and Sindh. After heated and emotional debate, the Congress approved the plan.^[50] The North-West Frontier Province voted to join Pakistan in a referendum in July 1947. Jinnah asserted in a speech in Lahore on October 30, 1947 that the League had accepted independence of Pakistan because "the consequences of any other alternative would have been too disastrous to imagine."^[51]

The independent state of Pakistan, created on August 14, 1947, represented the outcome of a campaign on the part of the Indian Muslim community for a Muslim homeland which had been triggered by the British decision to consider transferring power to the people of India.^[52]

Jinnah's vision for Pakistan

While giving an interview to American press representatives in July 1942, when asked by one of the journalists whether the Muslims were a nation or not, Jinnah replied:

We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law we are a nation.^[53]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah's will, excerpt

A controversy has raged in Pakistan about whether Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a secular state or an Islamic state (see secularism in Pakistan). His views as expressed in his policy speech on August 11, 1947 said:

There is no other solution. Now what shall we do? Now, if we want to make this great State of Pakistan happy and prosperous, we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well-being of the people, and especially of the masses and the poor. If you will work in co-operation, forgetting the past, burying the hatchet, you are bound to succeed. If you change your past and work together in a spirit that everyone of you, no matter to what community he belongs, no matter what relations he had with you in the past, no matter what is his colour, caste or creed, is first, second and last a citizen of this State with equal rights, privileges, and obligations, there will be no end to the progress you will make. I cannot emphasize it too much. We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities, the Hindu community and the Muslim community, because even as regards Muslims you have Pathans, Punjabis, Shias, Sunnis and so on, and among the Hindus you have Brahmins, Vashnavas, Khatris, also Bengalis, Madrasis and so on, will vanish. Indeed if you ask me, this has been the biggest hindrance in the way of India to attain the freedom and independence and but for this we would have been free people long long ago. No power can hold another nation, and specially a nation of 400 million souls in subjection; nobody could have conquered you, and even if it had happened, nobody could have continued its hold on you for any length of time, but for this. Therefore, we must learn a lesson from this. You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place or worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed that has nothing to do with the business of the State. As you know, history shows that in England, conditions, some time ago, were much worse than those prevailing in India today. The Roman Catholics and the Protestants persecuted each other. Even now there are some States in existence where there are discriminations made and bars imposed against a particular class. Thank God, we are not starting in those days. We are starting in the days where there is no discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination between one caste or creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State. The people of England in course of time had to face the realities of the situation and had to discharge the responsibilities and burdens placed upon them by the government of their country and they went through that fire step by step. Today, you might say with justice that Roman Catholics and Protestants do not exist; what exists now is that every man is a citizen, an equal citizen of Great Britain and they are all members of the Nation. Now I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State. Jinnah, August 11, 1947 – presiding over the constituent assembly.

This statement cannot be taken as an indication that Jinnah wanted a secular state because he also referred to Islam and Islamic principles:

The constitution of Pakistan has yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly. I do not know what the ultimate shape of this constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principle of Islam. Today, they are as applicable in actual life as they were 1,300 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of man, justice and fairplay to everybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan. In any case Pakistan is not going to be a theocratic State to be ruled by priests with a divine mission. We have many non-Muslims — Hindus, Christians, and Parsis — but they are all Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizens and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan. Broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America on Pakistan recorded February, 1948.

It has been argued by many people that in this speech Jinnah wanted to point out that Pakistan would be a secular state, since many associate an Islamic state with a theocratic state, i.e., one in which the laws and constitution are written by mullahs and the legal code is based on sharia, Islamic law as proscribed by the Koran. This perception, however, is historically ambiguous; different countries, while claiming to be true Islamic states, have tried to mix religious principles with politics in varying proportions. The political caste of Islam suggests the mixing of religion and politics yet does not clearly define it. It can rather be interpreted by the speech that a true Islamic state would be giving the said rights to the minorities and hold them in equal status and that this was rather to distinguish it from a religious oligarchy.

On the opening ceremony of the state bank of Pakistan Jinnah pointed out that the financial setup of the state should be based on Islamic economic system.

We must work our destiny in our own way and present to the world an economic system based on true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice. We will thereby be fulfilling our mission as Muslims and giving to humanity the message of peace which alone can save it and secure the welfare, happiness and prosperity of mankind. Speech at the opening ceremony of State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi July 1, 1948

Jinnah felt that the state of Pakistan should stand upon true Islamic tradition in culture, civilization and national identity rather than on the principles of Islam as a theocratic state.^[54]

In 1937, Jinnah further defended his ideology of equality in his speech to the All-India Muslim League in Lucknow where he stated, "Settlement can only be achieved between equals."^[55] He also had a rebuttal to Nehru's statement which argued that the only two parties that mattered in India were the British Raj and INC. Jinnah stated that the Muslim League was the third and "equal partner" within Indian politics.^[56]

Governor-General

Muhammad Ali Jinnah with Mohandas Gandhi in Bombay, September 1944.

The famous fur karakul hat worn by Jinnah came to be known as the "Jinnah cap."

Along with Liaquat Ali Khan and Abdur Rab Nishtar, Muhammad Ali Jinnah represented the League in the Division Council to appropriately divide public assets between India and Pakistan.^[57] The assembly members from the provinces that would comprise Pakistan formed the new state's constituent assembly, and the Military of British India was divided between Muslim and non-Muslim units and officers. Indian leaders were angered at Jinnah's courting the princes of Jodhpur, Bhopal and Indore to accede to Pakistan – these princely states were not geographically aligned with Pakistan, and each had a Hindu-majority population.^[58]

Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan and president of its constituent assembly. Inaugurating the assembly on August 11, 1947, Jinnah spoke of an inclusive and pluralist democracy promising equal rights for all citizens regardless of religion, caste or creed. This address is a cause of much debate in Pakistan as, on its basis, many claim that Jinnah wanted a secular state while supporters of Islamic Pakistan assert that this speech is being taken out of context when compared to other speeches by him.

On October 11, 1947, in an address to Civil, Naval, Military and Air Force Officers of Pakistan Government, Karachi, he said:

We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play.^[59]

On February 21, 1948, in an address to the officers and men of the 5th Heavy and 6th Light Regiments in Malir, Karachi, he said:

You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil. With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve.^[60]

The office of Governor-General was ceremonial, but Jinnah also assumed the lead of government. The first months of Pakistan's independence were absorbed in ending the intense violence that had arisen in the wake of acrimony between Hindus and Muslims. Jinnah agreed with Indian leaders to organise a swift and secure exchange of populations in the Punjab and Bengal. He visited the border regions with Indian leaders to calm people and encourage peace, and organised large-scale refugee camps. Despite these efforts, estimates on the death toll vary from around two hundred thousand, to over a million people.^{[citation needed]} The estimated number of refugees in both countries exceeds 15 million.^[61] The then capital city of Karachi saw an explosive increase in its population owing to the large encampments of refugees, which personally affected and depressed Jinnah.^[62]

In his first visit to East Pakistan, under the advice of local party leaders, Jinnah stressed that Urdu alone should be the national language; a policy that was strongly opposed by the Bengali people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). This opposition grew after he controversially described Bengali as the language of Hindus.^[63][64]

He controversially accepted the accession of Junagadh—a Hindu-majority state with a Muslim ruler located in the Saurashtra peninsula, some 400 kilometres (250 mi) southeast of Pakistan—but this was annulled by Indian intervention. It is unclear if Jinnah planned or knew of the tribal invasion from Pakistan into the kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, but he did send his private secretary Khurshid Ahmed to observe developments in Kashmir. When informed of Kashmir's accession to India, Jinnah deemed the accession illegitimate and ordered the Pakistani army to enter Kashmir.^[65] However, Gen. Auchinleck, the supreme commander of all British officers informed Jinnah that while India had the right to send troops to Kashmir, which had acceded to it, Pakistan did not. If Jinnah persisted, Auchinleck would remove all British officers from both sides. As Pakistan had a greater proportion of Britons holding senior command, Jinnah cancelled his order, but protested to the United Nations to intercede.^[65]

Illness and death

The funeral of Jinnah in 1948.

Tomb of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Karachi, Pakistan

Through the 1940s, Jinnah suffered from tuberculosis; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. In 1948, Jinnah's health began to falter, hindered further by the heavy workload that had fallen upon him following Pakistan's independence from British Rule. Attempting to recuperate, he spent many months at his official retreat in Ziarat. According to his sister, he suffered a hemorrhage on September 1, 1948; doctors said the altitude was not good for him and that he should be taken to Karachi. Jinnah was flown back to Karachi from Quetta.

Jinnah died at 10:20 p.m. at the Governor-General's House in Karachi on September 11, 1948, just over a year after Pakistan's independence.

It is said that when the Viceroy of India at that point of time, Lord Louis Mountbatten, learned of Jinnah's ailment he said 'had they known that Jinnah was about to die, they'd have postponed India's independence by a few months as he was being inflexible on Pakistan'.(Collins, L; Lapierra, D, 1975, Freedom at Midnight, Preface p. xvii)

Jinnah was buried in Karachi.^[66] His funeral was followed by the construction of a massive mausoleum, Mazar-e-Quaid, in Karachi to honour him; official and military ceremonies are hosted there on special occasions.

He had two separate Funeral prayers: one was held privately at Mohatta Palace in a room of the Governor-General's House at which Yusuf Haroon, Hashim Raza and Aftab Hatim Alvi were present at the Namaz-e-Janaza held according to Shia Muslim rituals and was led by Syed Anisul Husnain,^[1] while Liaquat Ali Khan waited outside. After the Shia prayers, the major public Funeral prayers were led by Allamah Shabbir Ahmad Usmani a renowned Deobandi Muslim scholar and attended by masses from all over Pakistan.

Dina Wadia remained in India after independence, before ultimately settling in New York City. Jinnah's grandson, Nusli Wadia, is a prominent industrialist residing in Mumbai. In the 1963–1964 elections, Jinnah's sister Fatima Jinnah, known as Madar-e-Millat ("Mother of the Nation"), became the presidential candidate of a coalition of political parties that opposed the rule of President Ayub Khan, but lost the election.

The Jinnah House in Malabar Hill, Bombay, is in the possession of the Government of India but the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan.^[67] Jinnah had personally requested Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to preserve the house and that one day he could return to Mumbai. There are proposals for the house be offered to the Government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city, as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia has also laid claim to the property, claiming that Hindu Law is applicable to Jinnah as he was a Khoja Shia.^[4][67]

After Jinnah died, Fatima Jinnah had asked the court to execute Jinnah's will under Shia law. Jinnah's family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam, but Jinnah left that branch in 1901.^[1] Vali Nasr says Jinnah "was an Ismaili by birth and a Twelver Shia by confession, though not a religiously observant man."^[2] In a 1970 legal challenge, Hussain Ali Ganji Walji claimed Jinnah had converted to Sunni Islam, but the High court rejected this claim in 1976, effectively accepting the Jinnah family as Shia.^[68] Publicly, Jinnah had a non-sectarian stance and "was at pains to gather the Muslims of India under the banner of a general Muslim faith and not under a divisive sectarian identity."^[1] In 1970, a court decision stated that Jinnah's "secular Muslim faith made him neither Shia nor Sunni",^[1] and in 1984 the court maintained that "the Quaid was definitely not a Shia".^[1] Liaquat H. Merchant elaborates that "he was also not a Sunni, he was simply a Muslim".^[1]

Legacy

An Iranian stamp commemorating the centenary of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, printed in 1976.

In his biography of Jinnah titled "Jinnah of Pakistan", the historian, Stanley Wolpert, makes the following observation that succinctly describes the legacy of Jinnah and his footprint on history:

Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three.^[69]

Pakistanis view Jinnah as their revered founding father, a man that was dedicated to safeguarding Muslim interests during the dying days of the British Raj.^[70] Despite any of a range of biases, it almost impossible to doubt, despite motive and manner, that there is any figure that had more influence and role in the creation of Pakistan than Jinnah.^[71]

Jinnah is popularly and officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (Urdu: قائد اعظم — "Great Leader") and Baba-e-Qaum (بابائے قوم) ("Father of the Nation"). His birthday is a national holiday in Pakistan.

Jinnah is depicted on all Pakistani rupee notes of denominations five and higher, and is the namesake of many Pakistani public institutions. The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport, now called the Jinnah International Airport, in Karachi is Pakistan's busiest. One of the largest streets in the Turkish capital Ankara — Cinnah Caddesi — is named after him. In Iran, one of the capital Tehran's most important new highways is also named after him, while the government released a stamp commemorating the centennial of Jinnah's birthday. The Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway of Tehran is also named after him. In Chicago, a portion of Devon Avenue was named as "Mohammed Ali Jinnah Way". The Mazar-e-Quaid, Jinnah's mausoleum, is among Karachi's most imposing buildings.^{[citation needed]} There is a "Jinnah Tower" in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, which was built to commemorate Jinnah.^[72]

In media, Jinnah was portrayed by British actors Richard Lintern (as the young Jinnah) and Christopher Lee (as the elder Jinnah) in the 1998 film Jinnah.^[73] In Richard Attenborough's film Gandhi, Jinnah was portrayed by Alyque Padamsee. In the 1986 televised mini-series Lord Mountbatten: the Last Viceroy, Jinnah was played by Polish actor Vladek Sheybal.

Some historians like H M Seervai and Ayesha Jalal assert that Jinnah never wanted partition of India —it was the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. It is asserted that Jinnah only used the Pakistan demand as a method to mobilise support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims.^[74] Jinnah has gained the admiration of major Indian nationalist politicians like Lal Krishna Advani—whose comments praising Jinnah caused an uproar in his own Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).^[75] Jaswant Singh likewise praised Jinnah for standing up to the Indian National Congress and the British.^[76][77] In August 2009, Singh was expelled from the BJP for writing a controversial book praising Jinnah,^[78] and shortly after, the state of Gujarat banned Singh's book because of its negative statements about Vallabhbhai Patel, the first home minister of India.^[79] However, Jaswant Singh's book does portray the success of Jinnah's Ideology of Indian Muslims forming a separate Kaum (Nation) not evident from the separation of Bangladesh in 1971.

Criticism

Some critics allege that Jinnah's courting the princes of Hindu states and his gambit with Junagadh is proof of ill intentions towards India, as he was the proponent of the theory that Hindus and Muslims could not live together, yet being interested in Hindu-majority states.^[80] In his book Patel: A Life, Rajmohan Gandhi asserts that Jinnah sought to engage the question of Junagadh with an eye on Kashmir—he wanted India to ask for a plebiscite in Junagadh, knowing thus that the principle then would have to be applied to Kashmir, where the Muslim-majority would, he believed, vote for Pakistan.^[81]

Abul Ala Maududi and the Jamaat-e-Islami leadership openly criticized Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the leader of the drive to create Pakistan. Maududi later changed his view and supported the state of Pakistan, though he kept on opposing Jinnah. According to him, Jinnah believed that Pakistan should be a democratic state with the sovereignty invested in the people, a notion Maududi opposed as "western" and contrary to the sovereignty of Allah.^[82]

According to Akbar S. Ahmed, nearly every book about Jinnah outside Pakistan mentions the fact that he drank alcohol indicating that he gave up alcohol near the end of his life.^{[83][verification needed]}

Apart from cultural legacies, it seems that Mohammad Ali Jinnah left a legacy as one of the most controversially portrayed figures in contemporary Asian history. From an Indian perspective, Jinnah tends to be depicted as a cunning and relentless force that compromised the unity of India to create Pakistan, for a range of religious, cultural, political, and personal motives; on the other hand Jaswant Singh, a member of Parliament and several times cabinet minister of the Indian government, viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the division of India into two separate states for Muslims and Hindus, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of two separate nations. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the creation of two separate nations of Pakistan and India.^[76][77]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Khaled Ahmed (May 23, 1998). "The secular Mussalman". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980523/14350814.html. Retrieved 2007-09-19. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Vali Nasr. The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (W. W. Norton, 2006), pp. 88-90 ISBN 0-3933-2968-2; text available at Pakistan’s Transition from Shia to Sunni Leadership. faroutliers.wordpress.com. Accessed 2010-04-28.
3. ^ Interview with Vali Nasr
4. ^ ^{a b} Vinay Sitapati (October 13, 2008). Muslim law does not apply to Jinnah, says daughter. Indianexpress.com. Accessed 2010-04-22.
5. ^ ^{a b} http://www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=2&id=10826
6. ^ ^{a b} http://www.presstv.ir/classic/Detail.aspx?id=86786&sectionid=3510303
7. ^ Christoph Jaffrelot (Ed.) (2005), A History of Pakistan and Its Origins, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1843311492
8. ^ Sato Tsugitaka (2000). Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 0415332540. http://books.google.com/books?id=BKjJi0HgCHoC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=direct+action+day+hartal#PPA112,M1. 
9. ^ ^{a b} Prof. Sirajul Islam (Chief Editor) (2000). Calcutta Riot (1946). "Banglapedia". Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/C_0019.htm. 
10. ^ ^{a b} Suranjan Das (May 2000). "The 1992 Calcutta Riot in Historical Continuum: A Relapse into 'Communal Fury'?". Modern Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press) 34 (2): 281–306. doi:10.1017/S0026749X0000336X. JSTOR 313064. 
11. ^ Frederick Burrows (1946). Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell. The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107. 
12. ^ http://pakistanlink.org/Opinion/2011/March11/25/01.HTM
13. ^ Wolpert, Stanley. "Jinnah's legacy to Pakistan" (php). http://www.humsafar.info/wolp02.php. 
14. ^ ^{a b c d} Official website, Government of Pakistan. "Early Days: Birth and Schooling". Archived from the original on 2005-11-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20051105114708/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/life_quaid01.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
15. ^ ^{a b c} Timeline: Personalities, Story of Pakistan. "Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)". http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P009. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
16. ^ Qasim Abdallah Moini (December 20, 2003). Remembering the Quaid. Dawn.com. "[I]t has been alleged in sections of the press that the Quaid was born not in this quarter of Karachi but in Jhirk, located in Thatta district. But most historians and biographers go along with the official line..."
17. ^ In a speech in Karachi on August 25, 1947, Jinnah said: "Undoubtedly I have great love and regard for this beautiful town not only because of my old associations with it, or because it is my birthplace, as you have said, but because it has now become the birthplace of the free, sovereign and independent state of Pakistan."
18. ^ Anjali Desai. India Guide Gujarat. Indian Guide Publications. http://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA24&dq=muhammad+ali+jinnah+gujarati#v=onepage&q=muhammad%20ali%20jinnah%20gujarati&f=false. Retrieved 2010-12-02. "In 1913, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the son of an affluent Gujarati merchant from Kathiawad, joined the League after leaving the Congress due to disagreements with Gandhiji." 
19. ^ ^{a b c d e} Akbar S. Ahmed 1997. Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin. London: Routledge. 320 pages. ISBN 0415149665. page 3.
20. ^ D. N. Panigrahi, India's Partition: The Story Of Imperialism In Retreat, 2004; Routledge, p. 16
21. ^ Fatimah Jinnah, My Brother, pp. 48–49
22. ^ Jinnah, Mohammed Ali. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from : Encyclopædia Britannica Online
23. ^ ^{a b c} Official website, Government of Pakistan. "The Lawyer: Bombay (1896–1910)". Archived from the original on 2006-01-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060127232421/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/lawyer3.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
24. ^ Prakash Almeida. Jinnah: Man of destiny. Gyan Books, 2001.
25. ^ Encyclopedia of Asian History, Ainslie T. Embree 224
26. ^ ^{a b} Official website, Government of Pakistan. "The Statesman: Jinnah's differences with the Congress". Archived from the original on 2006-01-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060127234847/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician7.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
27. ^ Robinson Francis, The Cambridge Encyclopidia of India, 205
28. ^ Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman, pp. 8
29. ^ Wolpert, S., Jinnah of Pakistan (1984) p. 87
30. ^ Official website, Government of Pakistan. "The Statesman: Quaid-i-Azam's Fourteen Points". Archived from the original on 2006-01-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060127224901/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician11.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
31. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bashir-ahmad-gwakh/-the-deep-roots-of-pakist_b_807788.html
32. ^ Official website, Government of Pakistan. "The Statesman: London 1931". Archived from the original on 2006-01-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060127223502/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician14.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
33. ^ R.J. Moore, “Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand”, Modern Asian Studies 17, no. 4. (1983), <http://www.jstor.org/stable/312235>, 532
34. ^ Sachchidananda Battacharya, Dictionary of Indian History 495
35. ^ Amaar Ahmad, The return of Jinnah - 1934. [1]
36. ^ Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman, pp. 27
37. ^ ^{a b} Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman, pp. 14
38. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 262
39. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 289
40. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 292
41. ^ Official website, Government of Pakistan. "The Statesman: Allama Iqbal's Presidential Address at Allahabad 1930". Archived from the original on 2006-01-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060127225735/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician13.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
42. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 331
43. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 369
44. ^ Press statement, Statesman, February 19, 1941
45. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life", pp. 372–73
46. ^ Mansergh, "Transfer of Power Papers Volume IX", pp 879
47. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 376–78
48. ^ "The Assam Tribune", October 26, 1946
49. ^ Nasim Yousaf (2007), Hidden Facts Behind British India's Freedom: A Scholarly Look into Allama Mashraqi and Quaid-e-Azam's Political Conflict. ISBN 978-0-9760333-8-7
50. ^ Official website, Government of Pakistan. "The Leader: The Plan of June 3, 1947: page 2". Archived from the original on 2005-11-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20051105114420/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader17_2.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
51. ^ http://www.quaid.gov.pk/speech11.htm
52. ^ Robinson Francis, The cambridge Encyclopedia of India. 207
53. ^ Hector Bolitho. Jinnah, Creator of Pakistan, London: J. Murray, 1954
54. ^ B. Lewis, Ch Pellat, and J Schacht. “Djinah.” The Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. II. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1983: 546.
55. ^ The Tasks Ahead – Speech at a Rally at the University Stadium, Lahore: October 30, 1947 [2]
56. ^ Bolitho, Jinnah, 113–114. ISBN 019547323X
57. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 416
58. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 407–08
59. ^ Official website, Government of Pakistan. "A call to duty". Archived from the original on 2006-10-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20061028171436/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/speech09.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-07. 
60. ^ Official website, Government of Pakistan. "Selfless devotion to duty". Archived from the original on 2006-10-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20061030025235/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/speech24.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-07. 
61. ^ "Postcolonial Studies" project, Department of English, Emory University. "The Partition of India". http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
62. ^ Official website, Government of Pakistan. "The Governor General: The Last Year: page 2". Archived from the original on 2006-08-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20060824205617/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/governor_g2_2.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
63. ^ R. Upadhyay. "De-Pakistanisation of Bangladesh". Bangladesh Monitor, South Asia Analysis Group. http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers22%5Cpaper2199.html. 
64. ^ Sufia M. Uddin (2006). Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation. UNC Press. pp. 3–16, 120–24. ISBN 0807830216. 
65. ^ ^{a b} Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 444
66. ^ Qutubuddin Aziz. Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah and the battle for Pakistan: A fascinating account of the life and achievements of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah who founded the State of Pakistan on August 14, 1947. The Islamic Media Corp., 1997
67. ^ ^{a b} Dina seeks Jinnah House�s possession
68. ^ Was Jinnah a Shia or Sunni. (May 1998) rediff.com. Accessed 2010-04-21.
69. ^ Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan
70. ^ Z.H. Zaidi, Edit. Jinnah Papers: Prelude to Pakistan. 1 (Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1993), xxv.
71. ^ R.J. Moore, Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand, Modern Asian Studies 17, no. 4. (1983), 529
72. ^ "Jinnah Tower". Online edition of the Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003090701152000.htm&date=2003/09/07/&prd=th&. Retrieved 2007-07-31. 
73. ^ "Wiltshire – Films & TV", BBC website. "Interview with Christopher Lee". http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/entertainment/films_and_tv/christopherlee.shtml. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
74. ^ Seervai, H. M. (2005). Partition of India: Legend and Reality. Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 019597719X. 
75. ^ Online edition, Hindustan Times. "Pakistan expresses shock over Advani's resignation as BJP chief". Archived from the original on 2005-06-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20050609004505/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1391007,001300270001.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-20. 
76. ^ ^{a b} Karan Thapar (August 17, 2009). Gandhi, Jinnah both failed: Jaswant. IBN Live.
77. ^ ^{a b} After Advani, Jaswant turns Jinnah admirer. The Economic Times. August 17, 2009.
78. ^ Bhupendra Chaubey (August 20, 2009). Jaswant episode first among many to come?. IBN. Accessed 2009-04-29.
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80. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 435
81. ^ Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life, pp. 435–36
82. ^ "Anatomy of Islamism: Book Review". Asia Times. October 26, 2002. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DJ26Df02.html. Retrieved 2010-05-29. 
83. ^ Akbar S. Ahmed, Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity, p.200.

References

• Ahmed, Akbar S. Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin (1997). ISBN 0-415-14966-5
• Ajeet, Javed Secular and Nationalist Jinnah JNU Press Delhi
• Asiananda, Jinnah: A Corrective Reading of Indian History, ISBN 81-8305-002-6
• Gandhi, Rajmohan, Patel: A Life (1990), Ahmedabad, Navajivan, ASIN: B0006EYQ0A
• French, Patrick. Liberty or Death: India's Journey to Independence and Division. Harper Collins, (1997). ISBN 0-00-255771-1
• Hardiman, David Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat, ISBN 0-19-561255-8
• Jalal, Ayesha (1994). The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge: CUP. ISBN 0-521-45850-1
• Jinnah, Fatima (1987). Quaid-i-Azam Academy My Brother. ISBN 969-413-036-0
• Mansergh, Nicholas. Transfer of Power Papers (Volume IX)
• Wolpert, Stanley (2002). Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford: OUP.

External links

	Pakistan portal
	Karachi portal
	Government of Pakistan portal
	Biography portal
	Politics portal

• "Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah". Government of Pakistan Website. http://www.quaid.gov.pk. 
• "Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah". The Jinnah Society. http://www.majinnah.com.pk. 
• "The Father of Pakistan". The Most Influential Asians of the Century by TIME. August 23, 1999. http://www.time.com/time/asia/asia/magazine/1999/990823/jinnah.html. Retrieved May 13, 2010. 
• "Jinnah's speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan". pakistani.org. August 11, 1947. http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/legislation/constituent_address_11aug1947.html. 
• "Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)". Harappa.com. http://harappa.com/sounds/jinnah.html. 
• "Pictures of Quaid (Album)". Urdu Point. http://www.urdupoint.com/jinnah/album/. 
• "I Remember Jinnah". Daily Dawn (newspaper). http://www.dawn.com/2008/12/25/nat16.htm. 
• "1947 – August". Chronicles Of Pakistan. http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm. 
• "Plain Mr Jinnah". A large photo collection on Flickr by Dr Ghulam Nabi Kazi. http://www.flickr.com/photos/pimu/sets/72157600711943677/. 

Government offices
Preceded by The Earl Mountbatten of Burma as Viceroy of India	Governor-General of Pakistan 1947–1948	Succeeded by Khwaja Nazimuddin
Political offices
New office	Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan 1947–1948	Succeeded by Khwaja Nazimuddin

Persondata
Name	Jinnah, Muhammad Ali
Alternative names	Jinnah, Mohammad Ali; Jinnah, Mahomed Ali; Mahomedali Jinnahbhai
Short description	Founder of Pakistan
Date of birth	December 25, 1876
Place of birth	Wazir Mansion, Karachi
Date of death	September 11, 1948
Place of death	Karachi