Urdu movement

The Urdu movement was a socio-political movement aimed at making Urdu the universal language and symbol of the cultural and political identity of the Muslim communities of India. The movement began with the fall of the Mughal Empire in the mid-19th century, fuelled by the Aligarh movement of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. It strongly influenced the All India Muslim League and the Pakistan movement. The debate over the status of Urdu for the Muslims of Pakistan would also give rise to the Bengali Language Movement in East Bengal in 1952.

History

Hindi-Urdu controversy

The Hindi-Urdu controversy arose in 1867 when the British government prepared to accept the demand of the Hindu communities of the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) and Bihar to change the Perso-Arabic script of the official language to Devanagari and adopt Hindi as the second official language. Muslim politician Sir Syed Ahmed Khan became the most vocal opponent of this change.cite web
url=http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper675.html
title=Urdu Controversy - is dividing the nation further.
work=South Asia Analysis Group
author=R. Upadhyay
format=PHP
accessdate=2006-10-15] He viewed Urdu as the "lingua franca" of Muslims. Having been developed by Muslim rulers of India, Urdu was used as a secondary language to Persian, the official language of the Mughal court. Since the decline of the Mughal dynasty, Sir Syed promoted the use of Urdu through his own writings. Under Sir Syed, the Scientific Society of Aligarh translated Western works only into Urdu. Sir Syed considered Urdu to be "a common legacy of Hindus and Muslims" [Muslim Politics and Leadership in the South Asian Sub-continent, Yusuf Abbasi, 1981, page 65-66] . The schools established by Sir Syed imparted education in the Urdu-medium. The demand for Hindi, led largely by Hindus was to Sir Syed an erosion of the centuries-old Muslim cultural domination of India.cite web
url=http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1160.html
title=Indian Muslims - under siege?
work=South Asia Analysis Group
author=R. Upadhyay
format=PHP
accessdate=2006-10-19] cite book
title=Struggle for Freedom
publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
pages=127
author=R. C. Majumdar
id=ASIN: B000HXEOUM
page=1967
year=1969] Testifying before the British-appointed education commission, Sir Syed controversially exclaimed that "Urdu was the language of gentry and Hindi that of the vulgar."His remarks provoked a hostile response from Hindu leaders and advocates of Hindi, one of whom, Babu Harish Chandar, termed Urdu as "the language of dancing girls and prostitutes" [Muslim Politics and Leadership in the South Asian Sub-continent, Yusuf Abbasi, 1981, page 90] . The Hindus unified across the region to demand the recognition of Hindi. The success of the Hindi movement led Sir Syed to further advocate Urdu as the symbol of Muslim heritage and as the language of the Muslim intellectual and political class. His educational and political work grew increasingly centred around and exclusively for Muslim interests. He also sought to persuade the British to give it extensive official use and patronage.

Urdu in Muslim politics

Sir Syed's call for the adoption of Urdu as the language of Indian Muslims won extensive support from the Aligarh movement and Muslim religious activists of the Deobandi and Wahabbi schools. Muslim religious and political leaders Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Maulvi Abdul Haq developed organisations such as the Urdu Defence Association and the Anjuman Taraqqi-i-Urdu, committed to the perpetuation of Urdu. Sir Syed's protege Shibli Nomani led efforts that resulted in the adoption of Urdu as the official language of the Hyderabad State and as the medium of instruction in the Osmania University. This political campaign was criticised for making the use of Urdu a political issue that served as a wedge between Muslims and Hindus, who saw Sir Syed's advocacy as an effort to re-establish Muslim hegemony.cite book
title=Muslim Politics and Leadership in the South Asian Sub-continent
publisher=Institute of Islamic History, Culture, and Civilization, Islamic University (Islamabad)
author=Yusuf Abbasi
page=90
year=1981] To Muslims in northern and western India, Urdu became an integral part of political identity and communal separatism. The division over the use of Hindi or Urdu would further fuel communal conflict between Muslims and Hindus in India. The All India Muslim League and the Jamaat-e-Islami projected Urdu as essential for the political and cultural survival of Muslim society in India. Muslim politicians like Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, Liaquat Ali Khan emphasised Urdu as the symbol of Muslim heritage and political identity. The political cause of Urdu became a core issue at the heart of the "Two-Nation Theory", which advocated that Muslims and Hindus were irreconcilably separate nations. Advocates of the Pakistan movement sought to make Urdu a key argument in drawing distinctions with India's Hindu-majority population. Muslim religious leaders such as Maulana Mohammad Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Maududi emphasised the knowledge of Urdu as essential for ordinary and religious Muslims.

Urdu in India and Pakistan

Independent India adopted Urdu as one of its 23 official languages while Hindi enjoys the status of national language. It is also officially recognised by the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Delhi. Urdu is widely used by Indian Muslims across the country and there are a large number of Urdu-medium schools, colleges and universities, including madrassahs, the Jamia Millia Islamia and the Aligarh Muslim University. Urdu is also a part of popular culture, media and publications. Numerous Urdu language films have been produced, which include "Umrao Jaan", "Shatranj Ke Khiladi" and "Pakeezah".

In Pakistan, Urdu and English were the only official languages of the state. However, this policy caused considerable political turmoil in East Bengal, which was home to a largely Bengali-speaking population. Jinnah, most West Pakistani politicians and even Bengali leaders such as Khawaja Nazimuddin emphasised that only Urdu would be recognised officially. This intensified the cultural and political gulf between West Pakistan and East Pakistan. The East Pakistan Awami Muslim League (the predecessor of the Awami League), established by A. K. Fazlul Huq, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1949 would lead the demand for the recognition of Bengali. Intensifying protests and strikes led by political groups, unions and students groups would lead to the imposition of martial law. The killing of protesting students by police in 1952 triggered a massive wave of protests in the province, which would come to be known as the Language Movement. Although politicians like Nazimuddin, Maulvi Abdul Haq, Nurul Amin and Golam Azam supported the cause of Urdu, a vast majority of Bengali Pakistanis saw the government policy as a symbol of racial discrimination. This wedge in Pakistani society would ultimately lead to the Bangladesh Liberation War and the establishment of Bangladesh in 1971.

ee also

References

External links

* [http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper611.html Aligarh movement]
* [http://www.saag.org/papers18/paper1737.html Turkic languages and lexical similarities OF Turkish and Urdu - An Etymological Approach]