Massachusetts Line

American Revolutionary War

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The Massachusetts Line was a formation within the Continental Army. The term "Massachusetts Line" referred to the quota of numbered infantry regiments assigned to Massachusetts at various times by the Continental Congress. These, together with similar contingents from the other twelve states, formed the Continental Line. The concept was particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state.^[1]

In the course of the war, 59 infantry regiments were assigned to the Massachusetts Line. This included the 27 provincial regiments of 1775, the 16 numbered Continental regiments of 1776, the 15 Massachusetts regiments of 1777, and Jackson’s Additional Continental Regiment, which later became the 16th Massachusetts Regiment.

Other Massachusetts infantry units

Additional regiments

Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota, however. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These “dictatorial powers” included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large.^[2]

Early in 1777, Washington offered command of one of these additional regiments to David Henley of Massachusetts, who accepted. Henley had formerly performed the duties of an adjutant general on the staffs of Generals William Heath and Joseph Spencer, and was briefly lieutenant colonel of the 5th Massachusetts Regiment.^[3]

Washington also offered command of an additional regiment to William Raymond Lee of Massachusetts, who accepted. In 1776, Lee had been the major of John Glover’s famous Marblehead regiment, the 14th Continental Regiment.^[4]

Finally, Washington offered command of an additional regiment to Henry Jackson of Massachusetts, who accepted. These three regiments were raised in Massachusetts in the spring of 1777. Much of the recruiting for them was done in the Boston area, which until then had been unable to raise troops because of the British occupation.^[5]

Henley’s and Lee’s Regiments were consolidated with Henry Jackson’s Regiment on April 9, 1779. Jackson’s Regiment was allotted to the Massachusetts Line on July 24, 1780, and officially designated the 16th Massachusetts Regiment. The 16th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781. Colonel Jackson remained in service until 1784, however, and commanded the last remaining regiment in the Continental Army.^[6]

Extra regiments

Still other Continental infantry regiments and smaller units, also unrelated to a state quota, were raised as needed for special or temporary service. Porter's Regiment from western Massachusetts, raised in 1776 for the defense of Canada, was an example of such an “extra” regiment.^[7]

Massachsetts Bay Provincial Regiments, 1775

On April 23, 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress voted to raise a volunteer force of 13,600 men, and it called upon the other New England colonies for assistance in raising an army of 30,000 men.^[8] The Massachusetts provincials were raised in the spring of 1775 and were eventually formed into twenty-six infantry regiments. Massachusetts also took responsibility for a twenty-seventh regiment, originally raised in New Hampshire.^[9] Massachusetts regiments had an official establishment of 599 officers and men in ten companies^[10] (but five regiments had an eleventh company). The troops were enlisted to serve until December 31, 1775.^[11]

The commissions of all Massachusetts officers were dated May 19, 1775.^[12] Subsequently the regiments were numbered, although in Massachusetts the regiment was commonly identified by the name of its colonel.^[13]

Adoption of the Massachusetts Line

The New England delegates to the Continental Congress urged that the Congress assume responsibility for the provincial troops of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, that were blockading Boston. This was done on June 14, 1775, and these troops were designated the Continental Army.^[14] George Washington was selected as commander in chief of this force, and all other Continental Army troops, the following day.^[15]

Regimental numbers in 1775

In an effort to weld the separate New England armies into a single "Continental" Army, on August 5, 1775, General Washington ordered that a board be convened to determine the rank of the regiments at Boston. The board was to consist of a brigadier general as moderator and six field officers as members. It completed its task on August 20, 1775, and reported its decision to Washington. The regiments of infantry in the Continental Army were accordingly numbered without reference to their colony of origin. There were thirty-nine "Regiments of Foot in the Army of the United Colonies."^[16] In General Orders, Washington often referred to his regiments by these numbers;^[17] and they appear in the strength reports compiled by Adjutant General Horatio Gates.^[18]

1st Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 1st Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was initially commanded by General Artemas Ward, of Shrewsbury, who was the commanding general of the Massachusetts Bay provincial forces. His general authority over the troops from the other New England colonies was acknowledged, and he commanded the patriot army at Boston until the arrival of George Washington at Cambridge on July 3, 1775.^[19] On June 17, 1775, Ward was made a major general in the Continental Army - the first appointment in that grade.^[20] Command of the regiment passed to its next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Jonathan Ward, of Southborough,^[21] who was promoted to the rank of colonel on that date.^[22] In August 1775, Ward's Regiment was designated "The 32d Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

2d Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 2d Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was initially commanded by General John Thomas, of Kingston,^[23] who was the lieutenant general (second in command) of the Massachusetts Bay provincial forces. Thomas was made a Continental brigadier general on June 22, 1775.^[24] The regiment’s lieutenant colonel, John Bailey, of Hanover,^[25] then assumed command. Bailey was promoted to the rank of colonel on July 1, 1775, and the regiment became Bailey’s Regiment.^[26] In August 1775, Bailey's Regiment was designated "The 35th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

3d Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 3d Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Timothy Walker, of Rehoboth,^[27] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[28] In August 1775, Walker's Regiment was designated "The 22d Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

4th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 4th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Theophilus Cotton, of Plymouth,^[29] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[30] In August 1775, Cotton's Regiment was designated "The 16th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

5th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 5th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment contained eleven companies^[31] and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel Asa Whitcomb, who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[32] In August 1775, Whitcomb's Regiment was designated "The 23d Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

6th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 6th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Joseph Read, of Uxbridge,^[33] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[34] In August 1775, Read's Regiment was designated "The 20th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

7th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 7th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel John Mansfield, of Lynn,^[35] who left the service on September 15, 1775. From then until the end of the year the regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Israel Hutchinson, of Danvers.^[36] In August 1775, Mansfield's Regiment was designated "The 19th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

8th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 8th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment contained eleven companies^[37] and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel Timothy Danielson, of Brimfield,^[38] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[39] In August 1775, Danielson's Regiment was designated "The 18th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

9th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 9th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment contained eleven companies^[40] and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel William Prescott, of Pepperell,^[41] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[42] In August 1775, Prescott's Regiment was designated "The 10th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

10th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 10th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel James Frye, of Andover,^[43] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[44] In August 1775, Frye's Regiment was designated "The 1st Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

11th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 11th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment contained eleven companies^[45] and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel Ebenezer Bridge, of Billerica,^[46] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[47] In August 1775, Bridge's Regiment was designated "The 27th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

12th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 12th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment contained eleven companies^[48] and had an official establishment of 658 officers and men. It was commanded by Colonel John Paterson, of Lenox,^[49] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[50] In August 1775, Paterson's Regiment was designated "The 26th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

13th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 13th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel James Scammon. His regiment was raised in what were then known as the “eastern counties,” the present state of Maine. Scammon served as colonel of his regiment until the end of the year.^[51] In August 1775, Scammon's Regiment was designated "The 30th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

14th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 14th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Ebenezer Learned, of Oxford,^[52] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[53] In August 1775, Learned's Regiment was designated "The 4th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

15th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 15th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Thomas Gardner. He was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, and died July 3, 1775. On that date the regiment’s commander, Lieutenant Colonel William Bond, was promoted to the rank of colonel and the regiment became Bond’s Regiment.^[54] In August 1775, Bond's Regiment was designated "The 37th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

16th Massachusetts Regiment (1775)

The 16th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel John Nixon, of Framingham and Sudbury,^[55] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[56] In August 1775, Nixon's Regiment was designated "The 5th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

17th Massachusetts Regiment

The 17th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel John Fellows, of Sheffield,^[57] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[58] In August 1775, Fellows' Regiment was designated "The 8th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

18th Massachusetts Regiment

The 18th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Ephraim Doolittle, who left the service in October 1775. Command of the regiment passed to its next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Holden, of Princeton.^[59] In August 1775, Doolittle's Regiment was designated "The 24th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

19th Massachusetts Regiment

The 19th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Jonathan Brewer, of Waltham,^[60] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[61] In August 1775, Jonathan Brewer's Regiment was designated "The 6th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

20th Massachusetts Regiment

The 20th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel David Brewer, of Palmer,^[62] who was dismissed from the service on October 24, 1775. The next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Rufus Putnam, of Brookfield,^[63] assumed command of the regiment and served until the end of the year.^[64] In August 1775, David Brewer's Regiment was designated "The 9th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

21st Massachusetts Regiment

The 21st Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel William Heath, of Roxbury. Heath was made a Continental brigadier general on June 22, 1775, and command of the regiment passed to Lieutenant Colonel John Greaton.^[65] Greaton was promoted to the rank of colonel on July 1, 1775, and the regiment became Greaton’s Regiment.^[66] In August 1775, Greaton's Regiment was designated "The 36th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

22d Massachusetts Regiment

The 22d Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge, of South Hadley,^[67] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[68] In August 1775, Woodbridge's Regiment was designated "The 25th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

23d Massachusetts Regiment

The 23d Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel John Glover, of Marblehead,^[69] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[70] In August 1775, Glover's Regiment was designated "The 21st Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment. In December 1775, Glover's Regiment was stationed at Beverly to defend the naval base located there.^[71]

24th Massachusetts Regiment

The 24th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Moses Little, of Newbury,^[72] who served as colonel until the end of the year.^[73] In August 1775, Little's Regiment was designated "The 17th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

25th Massachusetts Regiment

The 25th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Samuel Gerrish, of Newbury,^[74] who was dismissed from the service on August 19, 1775. Command of the regiment passed to its next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Loammi Baldwin, of Woburn.^[75] In August 1775, Gerrish's Regiment was designated "The 38th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

26th Massachusetts Regiment

The 26th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Edmund Phinney, whose regiment was raised in the present state of Maine. Phinney served as colonel until the end of the year.^[76] In August 1775, Phinney's Regiment was designated "The 31st Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

27th Massachusetts Regiment

The 27th Massachusetts Bay Provincial Regiment was commanded by Colonel Paul Dudley Sargent, of Amherst, New Hampshire.^[77] Sargent served as colonel until the end of the year.^[78] In August 1775, Sargent's Regiment was designated "The 28th Regiment of Foot." It served in the Siege of Boston until its disbandment.

Numbered Continental Regiments, 1776

On November 4, 1775, the Continental Congress resolved that on January 1, 1776, the Continental Army, exclusive of artillery and extra regiments, was to consist of 27 infantry regiments. The troops were to be enlisted to serve until December 31, 1776.^[79] The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 1 from Pennsylvania, 3 from New Hampshire, 16 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, and 5 from Connecticut.^[80]

Each regiment was to have an official establishment of 728 officers and men in eight companies.^[81] The regiments were to receivenumbers instead of names. For the campaign of 1776 Massachusetts was to provide the 3d, 4th, 6th, 7th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th Continental Regiments.

The reduction of the Massachusetts Line from an establishment of 16,468 officers and men in 275 companies to an establishment of 11,648 officers and men in 128 companies required a difficult reorganization.^[82]

The numbered Continental regiments raised in Massachusetts were widely scattered in the campaign of 1776. In April, following the British evacuation of Boston, five regiments (the 6th, 14th, 16th, 18th, and 27th) were ordered to remain in Massachusetts, four of them occupying Boston. Three of these regiments (the 14th, 16th, and 27th) joined the Main Army in July. The 6th and 18th regiments joined the Northern Army in August, and never rejoined the Main Army. Of the eleven regiments that moved to New York City in April, three regiments (the 15th, 24th, and 25th) were ordered to Canada as reinforcements. One of these regiments (the 15th) rejoined the Main Army in November, and served at Trenton and Princeton. The 24th and 25th regiments, that had served in the Northern theater, also rejoined the Main Army in November, but marched directly to the army's winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey. Finally, the 7th Continental Regiment, which served in Parsons' Brigade, was assigned to the Highlands Department in November.^[83]

3d Continental Regiment

The 3d Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Danielson’s Regiment, and the remnant of Wood's Company, Cotton's Regiment, with the remnant of Learned's Regiment. Colonel Ebenezer Learned commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[84] As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights.^[85] Learned's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton.^[86]

4th Continental Regiment

The 4th Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Thompson's Company, Danielson's Regiment, with the remnant of Nixon’s Regiment. Colonel John Nixon commanded this regiment until August 9, 1776, the date on which he was made a Continental brigadier general.^[87] On that date the regiment’s next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Nixon, assumed command with the rank of colonel.^[88] Nixon's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton.^[89]

6th Continental Regiment

The 6th Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Soul's Company, Fellows' Regiment, and Danforth's Company, David Brewer's Regiment, with the remnant of Jonathan Brewer’s Regiment. However, Jonathan Brewer left the service, and command of this regiment was given to Colonel Asa Whitcomb, whose old regiment, the 5th Massachusetts Regiment, was disbanded.^[90] As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights.^[91] Whitcomb's regiment occupied Boston in April 1776. In August it was ordered to northern New York to oppose Carleton's counteroffensive, and never rejoined the Main Army.^[92]

7th Continental Regiment

The 7th Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Darby's and Nowell's Companies, Scammon's Regiment, and the remnant of Morse's Company, Paterson's Regiment, with the remnant of Prescott's Regiment. Colonel William Prescott commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[93] Prescott's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. In November it was stationed in the Hudson Highlands.^[94]

12th Continental Regiment

The 12th Continental Regiment was formed from the remnant of Little’s Regiment. The old regiment had to be reduced from ten companies to eight. Colonel Moses Little commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[95] Little's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton.^[96]

13th Continental Regiment

The 13th Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Walker's Regiment and David Brewer's Regiment with the remnant of Read's Regiment. Colonel Joseph Read commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[97] As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights.^[98] Read's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton.^[99]

14th Continental Regiment

The 14th Continental Regiment was formed from the remnant of Glover’s Regiment. The old regiment had to be reduced from ten companies to eight. Colonel John Glover commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[100] Glover's regiment continued to be stationed at Beverly until July, when it was ordered to join the Main Army at New York City. The regiment served at Trenton.^[101]

15th Continental Regiment

The 15th Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Sayer's and Sullivan's Companies, Scammon's Regiment, with the remnant of Paterson's Regiment (less the remnants of Morse's and Watkins' Companies). Colonel John Paterson commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[102] Paterson's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. In the same month it was ordered to reinforce the American army in Canada. In November the regiment rejoined the Main Army and served at Trenton and Princeton.^[103]

16th Continental Regiment

The 16th Continental Regiment was formed from the remnant of Sargent’s Regiment. The old regiment had to be reduced from ten companies to eight. Colonel Paul Dudley Sargent commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[104] Sargent's regiment occupied Boston in April 1776. It was ordered to join the Main Army at New York City in July. The regiment served at Trenton and Princeton.^[105]

18th Continental Regiment

The 18th Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Scammon's Regiment and Watkins' Company, Paterson's Regiment, with the remnant of Phinney's Regiment. Colonel Edmund Phinney commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[106] Phinney's regiment occupied Boston in April 1776. In August it was ordered to northern New York to oppose Carleton's counteroffensive, and never rejoined the Main Army.^[107]

21st Continental Regiment

The 21st Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Fellows' Regiment, and the remnants of Benson's and Bradford's Companies, Cotton's Regiment, with the remnant of Ward's Regiment. Colonel Jonathan Ward commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[108] As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights.^[109] Ward's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton.^[110]

23d Continental Regiment

The 23d Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Cotton's Regiment (less the remnants of Benson's, Bradford's, Mayhew's, and Wood's Companies) with the remnant of Bailey's Regiment. Colonel John Bailey commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[111] As a regiment on the right wing of the army at Boston, it was ordered to furnish details for the Fortification of Dorchester Heights.^[112] Bailey's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton.^[113]

24th Continental Regiment

The 24th Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnant of Crafts' Company, Bond's Regiment, with the remnant of Greaton’s Regiment. Colonel John Greaton commanded this regiment throughout 1776.^[114] Greaton's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. In the same month it was ordered to reinforce the American army in Canada. The regiment rejoined the Main Army in November, marching directly to Morristown.^[115][116]

25th Continental Regiment

The 25th Continental Regiment was formed by consolidating the remnants of Mayhew's Company, Cotton's Regiment, and Egery's Company, Danielson's Regiment, with the remnant of Bond’s Regiment (less the remnant of Crafts' Company). Colonel William Bond commanded this regiment until his death on August 31, 1776.^[117] The regiment’s next senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Ichabod Alden, held command until the end of the year.^[118] Bond's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. In the same month it was ordered to reinforce the American army in Canada. The regiment rejoined the Main Army in November, marching directly to Morristown.^[119][120]

26th Continental Regiment

The 26th Continental Regiment was formed from the remnant of Gerrish’s Regiment. The old regiment had to be reduced from ten companies to eight. This regiment was commanded by Colonel Loammi Baldwin, who was promoted to that rank on January 1, 1776.^[121] Baldwin's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton.^[122]

27th Continental Regiment

The 27th Continental Regiment was formed from the remnant of Mansfield’s Regiment. The old regiment had to be reduced from ten companies to eight. This regiment was commanded by Colonel Israel Hutchinson, who was promoted to that rank on January 1, 1776.^[123] Hutchinson's regiment remained with the Main Army, moving to New York City in April. It served at Trenton and Princeton.^[124]

Disbanded units

The remnants of the regiments of Asa Whitcomb, James Frye, Ebenezer Bridge, Ephraim Doolittle, and Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge were disbanded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 31, 1775.^[125]

Massachusetts Line, 1777

During 1776, the Continental Congress gradually overcame its ideological objections to a standing army, and, on September 16, 1776, it resolved that, on January 1, 1777, the Continental Line was to consist of 88 infantry regiments, to be maintained for the duration of the war. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 4 from New York, 4 from New Jersey, 12 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 15 from Virginia, 9 from North Carolina, 6 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. The quotas for states outside New England included regiments that had been on the Continental establishment earlier, but the term Continental Line was now broadened to include the lines of all the states.

1st Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 1st Massachusetts Regiment (Vose’s Regiment) was formed by consolidating two companies formed from the 6th Continental Regiment, and two companies formed from the 18th Continental Regiment, with the remnant of the 15th Continental Regiment.^[126] The commanding officer, Colonel Joseph Vose, had been the major of Greaton’s Regiment in 1775 and the lieutenant colonel of the 24th Continental Regiment in 1776. As the 15th Continental Regiment, reorganizing as the 1st Massachusetts Regiment, it served in St. Clair's Brigade at Princeton. Reorganization was completed in the spring of 1777, and the regiment was ordered to Peekskill in the Highlands. On July 10, 1777 it was assigned to the 2d Massachusetts Brigade under Brigadier General Glover. The regiment served in the Saratoga campaign, then marched south to join Washington in the Middle Department. It served in the Philadelphia campaign and wintered at Valley Forge. In 1778 it served in the Monmouth campaign, then at Rhode Island. Following Rhode Island the regiment was stationed in the Highlands, but in 1781 its light company was assigned to Lieutenant Colonel Elijah Vose's Battalion, Corps of Light Infantry, which served in the Yorktown campaign.^[127] The regiment was disbanded at West Point, New York, on November 3, 1783.

2d Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 2nd Massachusetts Regiment (Bailey’s Regiment) was formed by consolidating the remnants of the 7th Continental Regiment; Peters' Company, 13th Continental Regiment; and Clap's Company, 21st Continental Regiment; with the remnant of the 23d Continental Regiment. (Peters' and Clap's Companies were reorganized, respectively, as Warren's and Dunham's Companies, Bailey's Regiment).^[128] The commanding officer, Colonel John Bailey, had been the lieutenant colonel, later the colonel, of Thomas’s Regiment in 1775 and colonel of the 23d Continental Regiment in 1776. As the 23d Continental Regiment, reorganizing as the 2d Massachusetts Regiment, it served in Glover's Brigade at Princeton.^[129] Reorganization was completed in the spring of 1777, and the regiment was ordered to the Northern Department. In the summer of 1777 it was assigned to the 4th Massachusetts Brigade under Brigadier General Learned.^[130] The regiment retreated toward Saratoga after the American evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga in July, and marched under Arnold to the relief of Fort Stanwix in August.^[131] Following the Saratoga campaign the regiment marched south to join Washington in the Middle Department. It served in the Philadelphia campaign and wintered at Valley Forge. In 1778 it served in the Monmouth campaign. After November 1778 the regiment was stationed in the Highlands, but in 1781 its light company was assigned to Lieutenant Colonel Elijah Vose's Battalion, Corps of Light Infantry, which served in the Yorktown campaign.^[132] The regiment was disbanded at West Point, New York, on November 3, 1783.

3d Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 3rd Massachusetts Regiment (Greaton’s Regiment) was formed by consolidating the remnant of the 25th Continental Regiment with the remnant of the 24th Continental Regiment (less the remnants of Bent's and Whiting's Companies; the latter were reorganized as Fairfield's and Pillsbury's Companies, Wigglesworth's Regiment).^[133] The commanding officer, John Greaton, had been the lieutenant colonel of Heath’s Regiment, and its commander, in 1775. In 1776 he commanded the 24th Continental Regiment.

4th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 4th Massachusetts Regiment (Shepard’s Regiment) was formed by consolidating the remnant of King's Company, 21st Continental Regiment, with the remnant of the 3d Continental Regiment. (King's Company was redesignated Alvord's Company).^[134] The commanding officer, William Shepard, had been the lieutenant colonel of Danielson’s Regiment in 1775 and the lieutenant colonel of the 3d Continental Regiment in 1776. He was wounded at the Battle of Pell's Point on October 18, 1776.

5th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 5th Massachusetts Regiment (Putnam’s Regiment) was formed by consolidating the remnant of Walbridge's Company, 13th Continental Regiment, with the remnant of the 27th Continental Regiment. (Walbridge's Company was reorganized as Goodale's Company).^[135] The commanding officer, Rufus Putnam, had been the lieutenant colonel of David Brewer’s Regiment in 1775.

6th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 6th Massachusetts Regiment (Nixon’s Regiment) was formed by reconstituting the remnant of the 4th Continental Regiment as a regiment to serve for the duration.^[136] The commanding officer, Thomas Nixon, had been the lieutenant colonel of John Nixon’s Regiment in 1775 and lieutenant colonel of the 4th Continental Regiment in 1776. He was promoted to colonel on August 9, 1776. Colonel Benjamin Tupper was commanding officer of the 6th Massachusetts Regiment from January 1, 1783 until June 12, 1783.

7th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 7th Massachusetts Regiment (Alden’s Regiment) was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776.^[137] The commanding officer, Ichabod Alden, had been the lieutenant colonel of Cotton’s Regiment in 1775 and lieutenant colonel of the 25th Continental Regiment in 1776. He was killed at Cherry Valley, New York, on November 10, 1778, and his lieutenant colonel, William Stacy was taken prisoner.

8th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 8th Massachusetts Regiment (Michael Jackson’s Regiment) was formed by reconstituting the remnant of the 16th Continental Regiment as a regiment to serve for the duration.^[138] The commanding officer had been the major of Gardner’s Regiment in 1775, and had been wounded on June 17, 1775, at the Battle of Bunker Hill. In 1776 he had been lieutenant colonel of the 16th Continental Regiment and had been wounded at Montressor’s Island on September 24, 1776.

9th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 9th Massachusetts Regiment (Wesson’s Regiment) was formed by consolidating the remnant of the 21st Continental Regiment (less the remnants of Clap's and King's Companies) with the remnant of the 26th Continental Regiment.^[139] The commanding officer, James Wesson, had been the major of Gerrish’s Regiment in 1775 and the lieutenant colonel of the 26th Continental Regiment in 1776. He was wounded on June 28, 1778, at the Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey.

10th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 10th Massachusetts Regiment (Marshall’s Regiment) was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776.^[140] The commanding officer, Thomas Marshall, had been an officer in the Massachusetts militia. Colonel Benjamin Tupper was commanding officer of the 10th Massachusetts Regiment from January 1, 1781 until January 1, 1783.

11th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 11th Massachusetts Regiment (Francis’s Regiment, later Tupper’s Regiment) was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776.^[141] The regiment’s first commander, Colonel Ebenezer Francis, had been a captain of Mansfield’s Regiment in 1775. Colonel Francis was killed at the Battle of Hubbardton, Vermont, on July 7, 1777, and was succeeded by Benjamin Tupper. In 1775 Colonel Tupper had been the major of Fellows’ Regiment and later its lieutenant colonel. In 1776 he had been lieutenant colonel of the 21st Continental Regiment. Tupper was colonel of the 11th Massachusetts Regiment from July 7, 1777 until January 1, 1781.

12th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 12th Massachusetts Regiment (Samuel Brewer’s Regiment) was formed by reconstituting the remnant of the 18th Continental Regiment as a regiment to serve for the duration (less two companies consolidated with the 15th Continental Regiment, which became the 1st Massachusetts Regiment).^[142] The commanding officer was dismissed from the service on September 17, 1778. For the remainder of its existence the regiment was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ebenezer Sproat (aka Sprout), who had been the major of Cotton’s Regiment in 1775 and the major of the 3d Continental Regiment in 1776.

13th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 13th Massachusetts Regiment (Wigglesworth’s Regiment) was formed by consolidating the remnants of Bent's and Whiting's Companies, 24th Continental Regiment, with the remnant of the 6th Continental Regiment (less two companies consolidated with the 15th Continental Regiment, which became the 1st Massachusetts Regiment.^[143] The commanding officer, Colonel Edward Wigglesworth, had been a militia officer in 1776.

14th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 14th Massachusetts Regiment (Bradford’s Regiment) was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776.^[144] The commanding officer, Gamaliel Bradford, had been a militia officer in 1776.

15th Massachusetts Regiment (1777)

The 15th Massachusetts Regiment (Bigelow’s Regiment) was a new organization, raised under the Eighty-Eight Battalion Resolve of September 16, 1776.^[145] The commanding officer, Timothy Bigelow, was a captain of Ward’s Regiment and the major after June 17, 1775. He was captured at Quebec on December 31, 1775. In 1776 he was appointed major of the 21st Continental Regiment but was a prisoner at the time, was not exchanged until May 1776, and did not join the regiment that year.

Disbanded units

The remnant of the 12th Continental Regiment, under Colonel Moses Little, was disbanded at Morristown, New Jersey in February 1777.^[146]

The remnant of the 13th Continental Regiment, under Colonel Joseph Read, was disbanded at Morristown, New Jersey, in January, 1777. However, the remnant of Peters' Company was consolidated with Bailey's Regiment and reorganized as Warren's Company; and the remnant of Walbridge's Company was consolidated with Putnam's Regiment and reorganized as Goodale's Company.^[147]

The remnant of the 14th Continental Regiment, under Colonel John Glover, was disbanded in eastern Pennsylvania on the last day of December, 1776.^[148] Glover later returned to the Continental service as a general officer and commanded one of the Continental Army’s Massachusetts brigades. His third in command, Major William Raymond Lee, became the colonel of Lee's Additional Continental Regiment.

Reorganization of the Massachusetts Line, 1778-1779

While the Main Army, that portion of Washington’s army under his immediate command, was in winter quarters at Valley Forge,^[149] the Congress acted to reduce the size and increase the tactical efficiency of the Continental Army. On May 27, 1778, it resolved that the number of infantry regiments be reduced from 88 to 80. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 3 from New Hampshire, 15 from Massachusetts, 2 from Rhode Island, 8 from Connecticut, 5 from New York, 3 from New Jersey, 11 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 8 from Maryland, 11 from Virginia, 6 from North Carolina, 6 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. Under this reorganization, the Massachusetts quota was unchanged.

The official establishment of a regiment was reduced to 582 officers and men. Each regiment was to consist of nine rather than eight companies. The ninth company was to be a company of light infantry, and was to be kept up to strength by drafting men from the regiment’s eight other companies if necessary. During the campaigning season, the light infantry companies of the regiments in a field army were to be combined into a special corps of light infantry.^[150]

Because the Continental Congress passed this resolve at the beginning of the campaigning season, it was nearly a year before this reorganization was completed. The reorganization of the Continental Line was finalized on March 9, 1779.^[151]

On July 24, 1780, Henry Jackson’s Additional Continental Regiment was officially redesignated the 16th Massachusetts Regiment.^[152]

Reorganization of the Massachusetts Line, 1781

In October 1780, the Continental Congress, in consultation with General Washington, passed resolutions providing for what would be the last reorganization of the Continental Army before its final disbandment. The Congress determined that on January 1, 1781, the Continental Line was to be reduced from 80 regiments to 50. The quota of regiments assigned to the states was 2 from New Hampshire, 10 from Massachusetts, 1 from Rhode Island, 5 from Connecticut, 2 from New York, 2 from New Jersey, 6 from Pennsylvania, 1 from Delaware, 5 from Maryland, 8 from Virginia, 4 from North Carolina, 2 from South Carolina, and 1 from Georgia. In addition, 1 regiment (Colonel Moses Hazen’s Canadian Regiment) was to be raised at large.^[153]

Under this reorganization, the Massachusetts quota was reduced from fifteen regiments to ten. Accordingly, the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th Massachusetts Regiments were disbanded on January 1, 1781.^[154]

The official establishment of an infantry regiment was increased to 717 officers and men. Each regiment continued to have nine companies, including a light infantry company, but the companies were made larger. For the first time, each regiment was to have a permanent recruiting party of 1 lieutenant, 1 drummer, and 1 fifer.^[155] Thus, there were to be ten recruiting parties in Massachusetts to systematically find and forward recruits to the Massachusetts regiments in the field.

Peace Negotiations

The prolonged period of peace negotiations following the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, on October 19, 1781, presented the Continental Congress with the dilemma of keeping up a military force until the definitive peace treaty was signed, even though the national finances were exhausted.^[156] On August 7, 1782, the Continental Congress resolved that the states should reduce their lines on January 1, 1783. Each regiment retained in service was then to contain not less than 500 rank and file.^[157]

The preliminary peace treaty was signed on November 30, 1782.

Reorganization of the Massachusetts Line, 1783

On January 1, 1783, the 9th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded at West Point and the 10th Massachusetts Regiment was disbanded at Verplanck’s Point, New York, reducing the Massachusetts Line to eight regiments.^[158]

Armistice

Great Britain signed preliminary articles of peace with France and Spain on January 20, 1783,^[159] and, on February 4, 1783, Britain announced the cessation of hostilities.^[160]

The Continental Congress received the text of the preliminary peace treaty on March 13, 1783,^[161] and the Continental Congress proclaimed the cessation of hostilities on April 11, 1783.^[162] It ratified the preliminary peace treaty on April 15, 1783.^[163]

In General Orders issued at Newburgh, New York, April 18, 1783, Washington announced that the armistice would go into effect at noon, April 19, 1783 - the eighth anniversary of the battles of Lexington and Concord.^[164]

Demobilization of the Massachusetts Line

The 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Massachusetts Regiments were placed on furlough on June 12, 1783. The Massachusetts Line was reduced to eight regiments, of which only four were actually in the field. The remaining four, on furlough, were never recalled to active duty.^[165]

Peace and disbandment

The final treaty of peace was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783.

On October 18, 1783, the Continental Congress proclaimed that Continental troops on furlough were to be discharged on November 3, 1783. The Main Army, with the exception of a small observation force in the Hudson Highlands under the command of General Henry Knox, was disbanded on November 3, 1783. The disbanded units included the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Massachusetts Regiments.^[166] After this date no part of the Massachusetts Line remained in the field, although the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Massachusetts Regiments remained on furlough and had not been formally disbanded.

The Northern Army was disbanded on November 5, 1783, and the Southern Army was disbanded on November 15, 1783. On the latter date the furloughed 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Massachusetts Regiments were formally disbanded, and the Massachusetts Line ceased to exist.^[167]

New York City was evacuated by British troops on November 25, 1783.^[168] The British fleet left New York City on December 4, 1783, and on the same day Washington bid farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern.^[169]

First American Regiment of 1784

After November 3, 1783, the Continental Line was reduced to a handful of units. These disbanded in November and December. The single regiment remaining in service after the new year began was under the command of Colonel Henry Jackson.^[170]

The Continental Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784.^[171]

The United States and Great Britain exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of Paris on May 12, 1784.^[172]

Jackson's Continental Regiment (The First American Regiment) was disbanded at West Point, New York, on June 2, 1784.^[173]

Notes

1. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 98, 99fn.
2. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 1170-1171. Wright, Continental Army, 98-99.
3. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 285. Wright, Continental Army; 99, 215.
4. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 346. Wright, Continental Army, 99; 216.
5. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 99; 215-216.
6. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 315. Wright, Continental Army, 215-216.
7. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 319.
8. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 13.
9. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 15fn.
10. ^ Wright, Continental Army, table, 13.
11. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 15.
12. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 15.
13. ^ Lesser, Sinews, 2-3. Wright, Continental Army, illustration, 31.
14. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 23.
15. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 25.
16. ^ Peterson, Continental Soldier, 256.
17. ^ Fitzpatrick, Writings: III:448, 465, 472, 489, 496; IV:20, 30, 39, 64.
18. ^ Force, American Archives, S4, V3; 253, 853.
19. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 13, 15, 17, 18.
20. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 9.
21. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XVI:535.
22. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 36.
23. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XV:598.
24. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 9.
25. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, I:453-454.
26. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 36.
27. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XVI:485.
28. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 36.
29. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IV:12-13.
30. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 32.
31. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 223.
32. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 36.
33. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XIII:21.
34. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 35.
35. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, X:199.
36. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 34, 378. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VIII:587.
37. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 221,
38. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IV:417.
39. ^ Heitman, “Historical Register,” 33.
40. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 216.
41. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XII:753-754.
42. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 35.
43. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VI:136.
44. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 33.
45. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 221.
46. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, II:484.
47. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 32.
48. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 203.
49. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XI:1025.
50. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 35.
51. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 35.
52. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IX:602.
53. ^ Heitman, “Historical Register,” 34.
54. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 110, 243.
55. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XI:480.
56. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 34.
57. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, V:595.
58. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 33.
59. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 33, 200, 295. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VIII:97-98.
60. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, II:467.
61. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 32.
62. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, II:463.
63. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VIII:875-876.
64. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 32, 119.
65. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 9, 34.
66. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 259.
67. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, XVII:798-800.
68. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 36.
69. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors,VI:508.
70. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 34.
71. ^ Lesser, Sinews, 12.
72. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, IX:870.
73. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 34.
74. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, VI:368.
75. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 33, 83, 246. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors, I:521.
76. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 35.
77. ^ Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors,XIII:817-818.
78. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 35.
79. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 46.
80. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 47.
81. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 46, 47.
82. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 52.
83. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 203-224.
84. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 20, 343. Wright, Continental Army, 206; 221.
85. ^ Martyn, Life of Ward, 201, fn.
86. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 207.
87. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 10.
88. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 20, 415. Wright, Continental Army; 208, 221.
89. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 208.
90. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 21, 119, 585. Wright, Continental Army; 213, 220, 222, 223.
91. ^ Martyn, Life of Ward, 201, fn.
92. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 213.
93. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 21, 452. Wright, Continental Army; 203, 216-217, 223.
94. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 217.
95. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 21, 353. Wright, Continental Army, 217.
96. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 217.
97. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 460. Wright, Continental Army, 217-218, 220, 223.
98. ^ Martyn, Life of Ward, 201, fn.
99. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 218.
100. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 250. Wright, Continental Army, 218.
101. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 218.
102. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 429. Wright, Continental Army; 203, 223.
103. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 204.
104. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 481. Wright, Continental Army, 209-210.
105. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 210.
106. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 22, 440. Wright, Continental Army, 203, 212, 223.
107. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 213.
108. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 568. Wright, Continental Army; 219, 221, 222.
109. ^ Martyn, Life of Ward, 201, fn.
110. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 219.
111. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 81. Wright, Continental Army; 204, 221.
112. ^ Martyn, Life of Ward, 201, fn.
113. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 205.
114. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 259. Wright, Continental Army; 205, 219.
115. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 206.
116. ^ Carrington, Battles, 276.
117. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 23, 110.
118. ^ Heitman, Historical Register, 23. Wright, Continental Army; 219, 221.
119. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 206.
120. ^ Carrington, Battles, 276.
121. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 24, 83. Wright, Continental Army, 210.
122. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 211.
123. ^ Heitman, Historical Register; 24, 312. Wright, Continental Army, 207.
124. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 208.
125. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 220-224.
126. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 203, 212, 213.
127. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 167.
128. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 204, 218, 219.
129. ^ Lesser, Sinews, 43.
130. ^ Wright, Continental Army, gives August 13, 1777 as the date on which the 2d, 8th, and 9th Massachusetts Regiments were assigned to the 4th Massachusetts Brigade. Lesser, Sinews, prints a return from July 1777 in which Learned's Brigade was stationed at Moses Creek, N.Y.
131. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 602.
132. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 167.
133. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 208.
134. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 206, 219.
135. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 207, 218.
136. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 208,
137. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 209.
138. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 210.
139. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 210, 219.
140. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 211.
141. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 212.
142. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 203, 212.
143. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 203, 205, 213.
144. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 214.
145. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 93, 214.
146. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 217.
147. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 218.
148. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 218.
149. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 119.
150. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 126.
151. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 146.
152. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 215.
153. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 157.
154. ^ Wright, Continental Army; 212-214.
155. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 158.
156. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 171.
157. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 176.
158. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 211.
159. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 848.
160. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 847.
161. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 848.
162. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 847.
163. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 849.
164. ^ Carrington, Battles, 658.
165. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 207-210.
166. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 203-206.
167. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 207-210.
168. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 356.
169. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 181.
170. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 216.
171. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 849.
172. ^ Boatner, Encyclopedia, 849.
173. ^ Wright, Continental Army, 216.

References

• Boatner, Mark M. III. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. New York: David McKay Co., Inc. (Bicentenniel Edition, 1974. Originally Published, 1966).
• Carrington, Henry B. Battles of the American Revolution. New York: Promontory Press (Reprint Edition. Originally Published, 1877).
• Chamberlain, George Walter. "Soldiers of the American revolution of Lebanon Maine"
• Fitzpatrick, John C. Editor. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources. Available [1] from the University of Virginia website.
• Force, Peter. American Archives. Available, in part, [2] from the Northern Illinois University website.
• Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April 1775 to December 1783. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1967 (Originally published, 1914).
• Lesser, Charles H. Editor. The Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976.
• Martyn, Charles. The Life of Artemas Ward, First Commander-in-Chief of the American Revolution. New York: Artemas Ward, 1921.
• Massachusetts. Office of the Secretary of State. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War. A compilation from the archives, prepared and published by the Secretary of the Commonwealth in accordance with chapter 100, resolves of 1891. 17 vols. Boston: Wright and Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1896-1908. Online at
• Peterson, Harold L. The Book of the Continental Soldier. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1968.
• Wright, Robert K. The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1983. Available online

External links

• Bibliography of the Continental Army in Massachusetts compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
• Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War Volume 4 1898
• Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War Volume 10 1902
• Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War Volume 14 1906