Clan Hay

Clan Hay
Clan Hay
Crest badge
Crest: Issuing out of a crest coronet a falcon volant Proper, armed, jessed and belted Or
Motto: SERVA JUGUM
Slogan: "A Hay! A Hay!"
Profile
Plant badge Mistletoe
Animal Falcon[citation needed]
Gaelic name MacGaraidh
Chief

Earl of Erroll arms.svg
The Rt. Hon. Merlin Sereld Hay
The 24th Earl of Erroll
Seat Woodbury Hall.[1]
Historic seat Slains Castle


One of the Hay tartans. From Vestiarium Scoticum.

Clan Hay is a Scottish clan that has played an important part in the history and politics of Scotland. Members of the clan are to be found in most parts of Scotland and in many other parts of the world. However, the North East of Scotland, i.e. Aberdeenshire Aberdeenshire (historic), Banffshire, Morayshire and Nairnshire Nairn (boundaries), is the heart of Hay country with other significant concentrations of Hays being found in Perthshire, especially around Perth, in the Scottish Borders, and in Shetland.

Contents

Origin of the name

The family name is derived from that of several villages called La Haye in the Cotentin peninsula of Normandy, France.[16][17] The word, haye comes from haia, a hedge, which in modern French is haie.[16] It can also mean "stockade",[17] but it may have been used here because this part of Normandy is characterized by centuries-old interlocking hedgerows (bocage).[18] The French, de la Haye,[19] appears in Latin documents as de Haya[20][17][21] The name has evolved into English as Hay[17][21] and rendered into Gaelic as Garadh.[22][17][21] According to George Fraser Black, the Gaelic form of Hay, MacGaradh, was merely an invention of John Hay Allan, also known as John Sobieski Stuart, author of the dubious Vestiarium Scoticum.[23]

Legend of Luncarty

There are two ways to approach the origins of Clan Hay. The first is the Legend of Luncarty, which is an important Hay tradition, while the second is based on historical research, albeit that inconsistencies tend to occur after so many centuries. Hector Boece, the Scottish academic, wrote the first known account of the Luncarty legend in his Scotorium Historia, which was initially published in 1525, with a second edition being published posthumously in 1575.[24] There are numerous versions of the legend that are based upon Boece’s work but which include various embellishments. In contrast, George Buchanan’s account in his Rerum Scoticarum Historia, published in 1582 and derived from Boece’s work, omits any reference to the hawk’s flight delineating the land grant.[25] In 2010, Sutton published a hypertext edition, in both Latin and English, of Boece’s 1575 edition of the Historia, thus providing ready access to his original account of the legend.[24] The version of the legend quoted below is from John Burke (genealogist)'s "Peerage",1832 edition.[26]

"The traditional origin of the noble house of Hay is thus related:—In the reign of Kenneth III, anno 980, the Danes, who had invaded Scotland, having prevailed, at the battle of Luncarty, near Perth, were pursuing the flying Scots, from the field, when a countryman and his two sons appeared in a narrow pass, through which the vanquished were hurrying, and impeded for a moment their flight. "What," said the rustic, "had you rather be slaughtered by your merciless foes, than die honorably in the field; come, rally, rally!" and he headed the fugitives, brandishing his ploughshare, and crying out, that help was at hand: the Danes, believing that a fresh army was falling upon them, fled in confusion, and the Scots thus recovered the laurel which they had lost, and freed their country from servitude. The battle being won, the old man, afterwards known by the name of Hay, was brought to the king, who, assembling a parliament at Scone, gave to the said Hay and his sons, as a just reward for their valour, so much land on the river Tay, in the district of Gowrie, as a falcon from a man's hand flew over till it settled; which being six miles in length, was afterwards called Errol; and the king being desirous to elevate Hay and his sons from their humble rank in life, to the order of nobility, his majesty assigned them a coat of arms, which was argent, three escutcheons, gules, to intimate that the father and two sons had been the three fortunate shields of Scotland."

The reliability of the legend has often been challenged. For instance, the Scottish historian John Hill Burton strongly suspected the battle of Luncarty to be an invention of Hector Boece,[27][28] and Sir James Balfour Paul, noting that armorial bearings did not occur in Scotland till long after 980 (when the battle is said to have taken place), referred to Hector Beoce as "an incorrigible old liar" in this and other stories.[27] Cosmo Innes, further noting that surnames did not occur in Scotland till long after 980, states that the name Hay has as origin a place name in Normandy.[27] This last point is discussed in the section, Origin of the Name, of this article.

Slains Pursuivant, Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick, is the private officer of arms of the Chief of Clan Hay

"A most interesting aspect relating to the legend is the fact that in 1770 a Mr. Sandeman, who farmed at Denmarkfield, which is the farm now occupying the site of the Battle, decided to level some tumli (mounds of earth, especially ones marking the sites of ancient graves) to make a bleaching field. On proceeding, the bones of men and horses were found. A little distance off, beside a large stone, traditionally pointed out as the grave of a Danish King, a large sword was uncovered. This would appear to prove that a battle had been fought, to say nothing of the name of the farm."[29]

History

William II de Haya

Main article: William II de Haya

Clan Hay descends from the Norman family of de la Haye (de Haya). The progenitors of the Scottish clan were William II de Haya and his wife, Eva of Pitmilly, a Celtic heiress.[30] William II de Haya was the son of William I de Haya and his Norman wife, Juliana de Soulis, sister to Ranulf I de Soules. He was the first recorded Hay in Scotland, is known to have been in the Scottish court in 1160, was cup-bearer to Malcolm IV of Scotland and William I of Scotland, and was made the first Baron of Erroll by William I. He died soon after 1201 and was succeeded by his eldest son, David.

Connection to the de La Haye of Normandy

The origins of the Hays of Erroll were investigated around 1954 by Wagner[31] who presented evidence, based largely on heraldry, that the Scottish Hays were descended from de La Haye of La Haye-Hue in the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy. That evidence begins with a seal used by David de Haya (Haia), the son of William II de Haya, on a charter around 1230. It shows the arms of argent three inescutcheons gules, i.e., a silver shield containing three smaller red shields, and are the same arms presently used by the Earl of Erroll. They bear no resemblance to those of the de La Haye of England, but they are the same as those used by Jean de La Haye-Hue in Normandy around 1368–1375. The de La Haye of La Haye Hue can be traced back to the 12th century, that is, when William II de Haya was first known to be in Scotland. Wagner therefore concluded that the Hays of Erroll and the Hayes of La Haye were related. He also pointed out that the Hays were linked to the powerful Normandy family of Soulis Ranulf I de Soules in that La Haye-Hue, now called La Haye-Bellefond, is located just across the small Soules River from Soulles, the seat of that family. Secondly, the Soulis name, rare in England, and the more common Hay, are both found in the records of Dover castle in the early 13th century.

A third point, which Wagner did not mention, is that William I de Haya married Juliana de Soulis and these two were the parents of William II de Haya.[32]

Successors of William II de Haya

David De Haya, who wedded Helen, daughter of Gilbert (or Gille Brigte), Earl of Strathearn, and had:[2]

  • 1 Gilbert, who succeeded his father at Erroll, was ancestor of the Noble house of the Earls Errol, which ended in heiresses in 1717: the youngest of whom espoused the Earl of Kilmarnock, and her descendant is now Earl Of Errol.[2]
  • 2 William De Haya, obtained from his brother Gilbert, in 1235, a grant of two carucates of land, in Errol, called Leys; which grant was afterwards confirmed, in 1451, by William, Earl of Errol, to Edmund Hay, of Leys, the lineal descendant of this William. This branch would later changed their name to Hay-Balfour of Leys in the county of Perth, and of Randerston, in Fife. According to John Burk, the Hay-Balfours of Leys are the "male representative of the noble family of Hay".[2]

Gilbert, who succeeded his father at Erroll, was Sheriff of Perth before 1262. He was appointed one of the regents and guardians to King Alexander III. He married Idonea, daughter of William Comyn, Earl of Buchan, and had a son, Nicolas.[34]

Wars of Scottish Independence

His son, Nicolas de Haya of Erroll was Sheriff of Perth before 1288. He swore fealty to King Edward I on 12 July 1296. He was summoned by Edward I to attend parliament at St. Andrews in 1303–04. He had four sons:[35]

  • 1 Gilbert[36]
  • 2 Nicolas, parson of Fossoway, then Dean of Dunkeld[36]
  • 3 John, parson of Erroll[36]
  • 4 Hugh, one of the companions of Robert the Bruce, and probably the same Hugh who, in 1296, swore fealty to Edward I.[36]

The son, Gilbert de Haya of Erroll, swore fealty to Edward I at Aberdeen in 1296. However, in 1306 he joined Robert the Bruce and continued faithfully to him throughout the War of Independence. In consequence Edward I declared Gilbert a traitor, but Robert the Bruce rewarded him with a charter over the lands of Slains in Aberdeenshire and the office of Constable of the realm of Scotland.[37]

16th century and Anglo Scottish Wars

During the Anglo-Scottish Wars the Clan Hay suffered very heavy casualties in the Battle of Flodden in 1513. Another Hay, also named Sir Gilbert, was a Scottish knight who fought for Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years' War.

Following the Reformation, the Hays remained loyal to Catholicism and thus were allies to Mary, Queen of Scots, who appointed George Hay, the 7th Earl of Erroll, Lord Lieutenant of all central Scotland. Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, was involved in a conspiracy with King Philip II of Spain, to overthrow Queen Elizabeth of England, convert King James VI to Catholicism and thus make Britain a Catholic stronghold. With the defeat of the Spanish Armada, however, the conspiracy came to nothing.

17th century and Civil War

During the Civil War James Hay led his forces as Royalists against the Covenanters at the Battle of Aberdeen in 1644 where they were victorious.

18th century and Jacobite Uprisings

Following the Act of Union in 1707, the Hays were sympathetic to the Jacobite cause. The ruins of their fortress of Slains Castle, on the northeast coast of Scotland, was a frequent meeting place for Jacobite conspirators. In 1745, the Clan Hay supported Bonnie Prince Charlie and assisted in financing his rebellion.

With the collapse of Jacobotism, the Hays became loyal British subjects, and many Hays were involved in expanding the British Empire.

Mistletoe is the clan's plant badge

Clan profile

  • Gaelic Names: MacGaraidh (Surname) & Clann 'icGaraidh (Collective).
  • Motto: Serva Jugum (Keep the yoke).
  • Slogan: "A Hay! A Hay!".
  • Pipe Music: "Delgaty Castle".
  • Crest: Issuing out of a Crest Coronet, a falcon volant Proper, armed, jessed, and belled Or.
  • Clan badge: Mistletoe.
  • Animal Symbol: Falcon.
  • Chief's Arms: Argent, three escutcheons Gules

Chief

Castles

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Roll of arms

Arms of The Earl of Erroll
Earl
of Erroll
Arms of The Hay of Leys
Hay
of Leys
Arms of Hay of Seafield
Hay
of Seafield
Arms of the Hay of Fudie
Hay
of Fudie
Arms of the Hay of Cardenie
Hay
of Cardenie
Arms of The Hay of Urie
Hay
of Urie
Arms of The Hay of Alderston
Hay
of Alderston
Arms of The Hay of Dalgety
Hay
of Dalgety
Arms of The Hay of Megginch
Hay
of Megginch
Arms of The Hay of Leith
Hay
of Leith
Arms of the Hay of Park
Hay
of Park
Arms of the Hay of Naughton
Hay
of Naughton
Arms of the Hay of Strowie
Hay
of Strowie
Arms of The Hay of Pitfour
Hay
of Pitfour
Arms of The Hay of Newhall
Hay
of Newhall
Arms of the Hay of Laxfirth
Hay
of Laxfirth
Arms of the Hay of Letham
Hay
of Letham
Arms of the Hay of Boyne
Hay
of Boyne
Arms of the Hay of Locherworth
Hay
of Locherworth
Arms of the Hay of Broxmouth
Hay
of Broxmouth
Arms of the Marquess of Tweeddale
Marquess
of Tweeddale
Arms of the Lord Hay of Yester
Lord Hay
of Yester
Arms of the Hay of Linplum
Hay
of Linplum
Arms of the Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun
Hay
of Smithfleld
and Haystoun
Arms of the Hay of Kinnoull
Hay
of Kinnoull
Arms of the Kent Hay Atkins
Kent Hay Atkins
Arms of the Hay of Leys
Hay
of Leys
Arms of the Hay of Pitfour
Hay
of Pitfour
Arms of the Hay of Seggieden
Hay
of Seggieden
Arms of the Hay
Hay
Arms of the Hay of Errol
Hay
of Errol
Arms of the Hay of Tweeddale
Hay
of Tweeddale
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Tartans

Low country pairtes (Lowland Clans)

Plate Clan/Tartan
Name
Year		 Modern thread count derived from plate Vestiarum Scoticum.jpg
Vestiarium Scoticum
Plate #
Scottish Tartans Society
World Register #
Scottish Tartans Authority
International Tartan Index #
Hay Clan Tartan WR1555.png Haye
Hay
1842		 R6 HG4 YT2 HG36 R2 HG2 R2 HG12 R48 HG4 R2 K2 R2 W6 R2 K2 R2 HG4 R48 HG12 R2 HG2 R2 HG36 YT2 HG4 51[40] WR 1555[41] ITI 1555[42]
Hay or Leith Clan Tartan WR1215.png Hay or Leith
Hay & Leith
Hay of Leith
Leith
c 1880		 K10 R3 Y3 K6 R48 HG6 R2 Y2 R6 HG40 CW2 K38 R2 DP40 R6 Y2 R2 DP6 R48 K6 Y2 R3 K10 x WR 1215[43] ITI 1215[44]
Hay or Leith Clan Tartan WR2013.png Hay or Leith x x WR 2013[45] ITI
Hay or Stewart Clan Tartan WR1850.png Hay or Stewart
pre 1838		 W4 R6 K6 R12 HG24 K6 W6 K6 Y4 K20 W58 R10 W18 R10 W58 K20 Y4 K6 W6 K6 HG24 R12 K6 R6 x WR 1850[46] ITI 1850[47]
Hay White Dress Trade Tartan WR1556.png Hay White Dress
pre 1950		 R6 G4 Y4 G28 R4 G6 R4 G6 WW34 G4 WW4 K4 R4 WW6 R4 K4 WW4 G4 WW34 G6 R4 G6 R4 G28 Y4 G4 x WR 1556[48] ITI 1556[49]
No image available.svg Hay & Leith
Hay of Leith
1880		 K6 R4 Y4 K2 R40 K4 R6 Y4 R6 HG60 WW4 K50 R4 K50 WW4 HG60 R6 Y4 R6 K4 R40 K2 Y4 R4 x WR ITI 6921[50]
No image available.svg Hay Htg
pre 2002		 T8 G6 T2 G6 T6 G80 B14 G6 B4 G6 B40 T4 B4 G8 B4 T4 B40 G6 B4 G6 B14 G80 T6 G6 T2 G6 x WR ITI 3106[51]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

See also

notes

  1. ^ clanchiefs.org. clanchiefs.org. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.504; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; link
  3. ^ A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.507; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; link
  4. ^ A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.507-508; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; link
  5. ^ A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.509; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; link
  6. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 416; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  7. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 467; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  8. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 454; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  9. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 460; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  10. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 456; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  11. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 449; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  12. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 450; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  13. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 451; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  14. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 435; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  15. ^ The Highland Clans By Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Iain Moncreiffe, David Hicks; p. 188; Published by Barrie & Jenkins, 1982; link
  16. ^ a b Black 1946, p.350
  17. ^ a b c d e Townsend 1970, p.949
  18. ^ Keegan 1983, p.152
  19. ^ sometimes written as de la Haya or de la Hay
  20. ^ sometimes as de Haia
  21. ^ a b c Whyte 1996, p.88
  22. ^ or Garaidh
  23. ^ =Black, George Fraser (1946). The Surnames of Scotland: Their Origin, Meaning, and History. New York: New York Public Library. pp. 494–495 
  24. ^ a b Sutton,2010
  25. ^ Sutton, 2003, 2009
  26. ^ Burke, John (1832). A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p. 443. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cq8KAAAAYAAJ. 
  27. ^ a b c A Complete Guide to Heraldry; p.415; By Arthur Charles Fox Davies, and Graham Johnston; Published by Kessinger Publishing, 2004; ISBN 978-1-4179-0630-7, 9781417906307; link
  28. ^ The History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion to the Revolution of 1688, By John Hill Burton; p.364-365, Will. Blackwood and Sons, 1867
  29. ^ http://www.clanhay.net/
  30. ^ While Eva is usually referred to as a Celtic heiress,her parentage and, therefore, her ethnicity, have not been established.
  31. ^ Wagner 1954,1955
  32. ^ Reg. of Coupar ii, 284.Referenced in Balfour 1906, pp.555–7
  33. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 556; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  34. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 557-558; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  35. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 558-559; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  36. ^ a b c d The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 559; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  37. ^ The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 559-560; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright link
  38. ^ "burkes peerage". http://www.burkes-peerage.net/familyhomepage.aspx?FID=0&FN=ERROLL. 
  39. ^ Slains Castle Cruden Bay. Aboutaberdeen.com (16 June 2007). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  40. ^ John Sobieski Stuart, "Vestiarium Scoticum: from the Manuscript formerly in the Library of the Scots College at Douay. With an Introduction and Notes", William Tait, Edinburgh, 1842 – Plate n° 51. None. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  41. ^ The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1555. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  42. ^ The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1555. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  43. ^ The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1215. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  44. ^ The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1212. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  45. ^ The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 2013. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  46. ^ The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1850. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  47. ^ The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1850. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  48. ^ The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1556. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  49. ^ The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1556. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  50. ^ The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 6921. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  51. ^ The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 3106. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.

References

Balfour, J.P. (1906). The Scots Peerage, Vol.III. Edinburgh: D. Douglas. 

Black, G.F. (1946). The surnames of Scotland; their origin, meaning and history. New York: New York Public Library. 

Keegan, J. (1983). Six Armies in Normandy. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin Books Ltd. 

Sutton, Dana F. (2003, revised 2007). Hist/ "George Buchanan,Rerum Scoticarum Historia (1582). A hypertext critical edition.". http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scot Hist/. Retrieved 7/12/2010 

Sutton, Dana F. (2010). "Hector Boethius, Scotorum Historia (1575 version). A hypertext critical edition.". http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/. Retrieved 7/12/2010 

Townsend, P (editor) (1970). Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage. London: Burke's Peerage Limited. 

Wagner, A.R. (1954 and 1955). "The origin of the Hays of Erroll". The Genealogist's Magazine 11 and 12: 535–540 and 1–6. 

Whyte, D (1996). Sottish surnames. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited. 

External links

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Armigerous clans

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Culture and society

Scotland · Clan chief · Septs · Clan badge · Clan crest · Clan battles · Tartan · Bagpipes · Clearances · Kilt · Manrent · The Highlands · Battle of Culloden · Highland games · Border Reivers · Scottish heraldry · Scottish surnames

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