Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan

In the past 125 years, Gilbert and Sullivan have pervasively influenced popular culture in the English-speaking world.^[1] Lines and quotations from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas have become part of the English language, such as "short, sharp shock", "What never? Well, hardly ever!", "let the punishment fit the crime", and "A policeman's lot is not a happy one".^[2][3]

The Savoy operas heavily influenced the course of the development of modern musical theatre. They have also influenced political style and discourse, literature, film and television and advertising, and have been widely parodied by humorists. Because they are well-known, and convey a distinct sense of Britishness (or even Victorian Britishness), and because they are in the public domain,^[4] songs from the operas appear "in the background" in many movies and television shows.

The operas have so pervaded Western culture that events from the "lives" of their characters from the operas are memorialized by major news outlets. For instance, a New York Times article on 29 February 1940, noted that Frederic, from The Pirates of Penzance, was finally out of his indentures (having reached his 21st birthday, as described in that opera).^[5]

Musical theatre and comedy

The American and British musical owes a tremendous debt to Gilbert and Sullivan, who introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century.^[6][7] According to theatre historian John Bush Jones, Gilbert and Sullivan were "the primary progenitors of the twentieth century American musical" in which book, music and lyrics combine to form an integrated whole, and they demonstrated "that musicals can address contemporary social and political issues without sacrificing entertainment value".^[8]

Gilbert's complex rhyme schemes and satirical lyrics served as a model for Edwardian musical comedy writers such as Adrian Ross and Owen Hall, and for such 20th century Broadway lyricists as P. G. Wodehouse,^[9] Cole Porter,^[10] Ira Gershwin,^[11] Yip Harburg,^[12] Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II.^[6] Even some of the plot elements from G&S operas entered subsequent musicals; for example, 1937's Me and My Girl features a portrait gallery of ancestors that, like the portraits in Ruddigore, come alive to remind their descendant of his duty.^[13] Johnny Mercer said, "We all come from Gilbert." Alan Jay Lerner wrote that it was Gilbert who "raised lyric writing from a serviceable craft to a legitimate popular art form," and Stephen Sondheim included a homage to Gilbert in his Pacific Overtures (1976) song "Please Hello".^[14] Yip Harburg said, "Perhaps my first great literary idol was W. S. Gilbert. ... Gilbert's satirical quality entranced us [Harburg and Ira Gershwin] – his use of rhyme and meter, his light touch, the marvelous way his words blended with Sullivan's music. A revelation!"^[12]

Sullivan was also admired and copied by early composers such as Ivan Caryll, Lionel Monckton, Victor Herbert, George Gershwin,^[15] Jerome Kern, Ivor Novello, and Andrew Lloyd Webber.^[1]

Noel Coward wrote:

“	I was born into a generation that still took light music seriously. The lyrics and melodies of Gilbert and Sullivan were hummed and strummed into my consciousness at an early age. My father sang them, my mother played them, my nurse, Emma, breathed them through her teeth while she was washing me, dressing me and undressing me and putting me to bed. My aunts and uncles, who were legion, sang them singly and in unison at the slightest provocation....[16]	”
—Introduction to The Noel Coward Song Book

According to theatre historian John Kenrick, H.M.S. Pinafore, in particular, "became an international sensation, reshaping the commercial theater in both England and the United States."^[17] Adaptations of The Mikado, Pinafore and The Gondoliers have played on Broadway or the West End, including The Hot Mikado (1939; Hot Mikado played in the West End in 1995), George S. Kaufman's 1945 Hollywood Pinafore, the 1975 animated film Dick Deadeye, or Duty Done and, more recently,Gondoliers (2001; a Mafia-themed adaptation) and Pinafore Swing (2004), each of which was first produced at the Watermill Theatre, in which the actors also served as the orchestra, playing the musical instruments.^[18][19] Shows that use G&S songs to tell the story of the Gilbert and Sullivan partnership include a 1938 Broadway show, Knights of Song,^[20] and a 1975 West End show called Tarantara! Tarantara!^[21][22] Many other musicals parody or pastiche Pinafore in particular.^[23]

However, the influence of Gilbert and Sullivan on goes beyond musical theatre to comedy in general. According to Gilbert and Sullivan expert and enthusiast Ian Bradley:

“	The musical is not, of course, the only cultural form to show the influence of G&S. Even more direct heirs are those witty and satirical songwriters found on both sides of the Atlantic in the twentieth century like Michael Flanders and Donald Swann in the United Kingdom and Tom Lehrer in the United States. The influence of Gilbert is discernible in a vein of British comedy that runs through John Betjeman's verse via Monty Python and Private Eye to... television series like Yes, Minister... where the emphasis is on wit, irony, and poking fun at the establishment from within it in a way which manages to be both disrespectful of authority and yet cosily comfortable and urbane.	”
—Oh Joy! Oh Rapture! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan

Effect on amateur theatre

Cellier and Bridgeman wrote, in 1914, that prior to the creation of the Savoy operas, amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals. After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan troupes in the 1880s licensed to perform the operas, professionals recognised that the amateur groups "support the culture of music and the drama. They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage, and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present-day favourites."^[24] Cellier and Bridgeman attributed the rise in quality and reputation of the amateur groups largely to "the popularity of, and infectious craze for performing, the Gilbert and Sullivan operas".^[25] The National Operatic and Dramatic Association was founded in 1899. It reported, in 1914, that nearly 200 British amateur troupes were producing Gilbert and Sullivan operas that year.^[25] There continue to be hundreds of amateur groups or societies performing the Gilbert and Sullivan works worldwide.^[26][27]

Politics, government, and law

Political parody celebrating the bicentennial of Albany, New York

It is not surprising, given the focus of Gilbert on politics, that politicians, cartoonists and political pundits have often found inspiration in these works.^[28] The phrase "A short, sharp shock," from the Act I song "I am so proud" in The Mikado, has been used in political manifestoes. Likewise "Let the punishment fit the crime," from the title character's Act II song, is particularly mentioned in the course of British political debates.^[2] Political humour based on Gilbert and Sullivan's style and characters continues to be written.^[29] In 1996, Virginia Bottomley, heritage secretary under John Major, sent up Tony Blair in a parody of "When I Was a Lad" from Pinafore.^[30]

U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Rehnquist, a lifelong fan of Gilbert and Sullivan, quoted lyrics from the operas in law cases, parodied the lyrics in his writings at the Court, and added gold stripes to his judicial robes after seeing them used by the Lord Chancellor in a production of Iolanthe.^[31][32] The Lord Chancellor Lord Falconer, on the other side of the Atlantic, objected so strongly to Iolanthe's comic portrayal of Lord Chancellors (like himself) that he supported moves to disband the office.^[2] British politicians, beyond quoting some of the more famous lines, have also delivered speeches in the form of Gilbert and Sullivan parodies. These include Conservative Peter Lilley's pastiche of "I've got a little list" from The Mikado, listing those he was against, including "sponging socialists" and "young ladies who get pregnant just to jump the housing queue".^[2]

Other government references include postage stamps issued to memorialize the operas and various other uses by government entities. For instance, the arms granted to the municipal borough of Penzance in 1934 contain a pirate dressed in Gilbert's original costuming, and Penzance had a rugby team called the Penzance Pirates, which is now called the Cornish Pirates.

The law, judges, and lawyers are frequently subjects in the operas (Gilbert briefly practiced as a lawyer), and the operas have been quoted and otherwise mentioned in a large number of legal rulings and opinions.^[33] Some courts appear to reach approximately the same conclusions as Gilbert and Sullivan: "Where does this extraordinary situation leave the lower... Courts and State Courts in their required effort to apply the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States...? Like the policeman in Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, their 'lot is not a happy one.'"^[34] A few refer to the law as shown in Gilbert and Sullivan as being archaic.^[35]

The pronouncements of the Lord Chancellor in "Iolanthe" appear to be a particular favourite in legal quotations.^[36] One U.S. Supreme Court case even discussed a contempt citation imposed on a pro se defendant who, among other conduct, compared the judge to something out of Gilbert and Sullivan.^[37] In May 2010, a parody version of the song was posted as an op-ed piece in the Richmond Times-Dispatch mocking actions of the Attorney General of Virginia, Ken Cuccinelli.^[38]

Phrases from the operas

Aside from politics, the phrase "A short, sharp shock" has appeared in titles of books and songs (most notably in samples of Pink Floyd's "The Dark Side of the Moon"). Likewise "Let the punishment fit the crime" is an often-used phrase in popular media. For instance, in episode 80 of the television series Magnum, P.I., entitled "Let the Punishment Fit the Crime," Higgins prepares to direct a selection of pieces from The Mikado to be staged at the Estate.^[39] The phrase and the Mikado's song also are featured in the Dad's Army episode, "A Soldier's Farewell." In the movie The Parent Trap (1961) the camp director quotes the same phrase before sentencing the twins to the isolation cabin together.

The character of Pooh Bah in The Mikado, who holds numerous exalted offices, including "First Lord of the Treasury, Lord Chief Justice, Commander-in-Chief, Lord High Admiral... Archbishop of Titipu, and Lord Mayor" and Lord High Everything Else, has inspired the use of the term Pooh-Bah as a mocking title for someone self-important or high-ranking and who either exhibits an inflated self-regard or who has limited authority while taking impressive titles.^[40] The term "Grand Poobah" has been used on the television shows, including The Flintstones and Happy Days as the title of a high-ranking official in a men's club, spoofing clubs like the Freemasons, the Shriners, and the Elks Club.^[41]

Songs and parodies

The works of Gilbert and Sullivan, filled as they are with parodies of their contemporary culture, are themselves frequently parodied or pastiched.^[42][43] A notable example of this is Tom Lehrer's The Elements, which consists of Lehrer's rhyming rendition of the names of all the chemical elements set to the music of the "Major-General's Song" from Pirates. Lehrer also includes a verse parodying a G&S finale in his patchwork of stylistic creations Clementine ("full of words and music and signifying nothing", as Lehrer put it, thus parodying G&S and Shakespeare in the same sentence).^[44]

Comedian Allan Sherman sang several parodies and pastiches of Gilbert and Sullivan songs in the 1960s, including:

• "When I was a lad I went to Yale" (about a young advertising agent, based on the patter song from H.M.S. Pinafore, with a Dixieland arrangement - at the end, he thanks old Yale, he thanks the Lord, and he thanks his father "who is chairman of the board")^[45]
• "Little Butterball" (to the tune of "I'm Called Little Buttercup" from H.M.S. Pinafore), about Sherman's admitted corpulence.^[46] This was actually a response to a song on the same subject by Stanley Ralph Ross (who was parodying Sherman's G&S routines) called "I'm Called Little Butterball", on the album My Son, the Copycat.^[47]
• "You need an analyst, a psychoanalyst" (from Allan in Wonderland) which is a variant of "I've got a little list" from The Mikado presenting, with a samba accompaniment, reasons why one might want to seek psychiatric help.
• "The Bronx Bird Watcher" (from My Son, the Celebrity) - a parody of the song "Titwillow" from The Mikado, in which the bird sings with a stereotypical Yiddish accent. Sherman is so impressed by the bird's singing that he takes him "down from his branch", and home "to mein shplit-level ranch". His wife, "Blanch", misinterprets the gift and fricassees the bird, whose last words are, "Oy! Willow! Tit-willow! Willow!"

Anna Russell performed a parody called "How to Write Your Own Gilbert and Sullivan Opera."^[48] The Two Ronnies' Gilbert and Sullivan parodies include their 1973 Christmas special.^[49] In addition, numerous G&S song parodies and other references to G&S are made in the animated TV series, Animaniacs, such as the "HMS Yakko" episode, which includes its well-known parody of the Major-General's Song, "I Am the Very Model of a Cartoon Individual",^[50] as well as pastiches of "With Cat Like Tread" (Pirates) and "I am the Captain of the Pinafore" and "Never Mind the Why and Wherefore" (H.M.S. Pinafore).^[51] Animaniacs also presented a version of "Three Little Maids" used as an audition piece in the episode Hello Nice Warners. Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers features four songs from The Pirates of Penzance and part of the overture to Princess Ida.^[52] Other comedians have used Gilbert and Sullivan songs as a key part of their routines, including Hinge and Bracket.^[53] From 1968 to 1978 Iain Kerr and Roy Cowen toured as "Goldberg & Solomon", including their two-man show, Gilbert & Sullivan Go Kosher, which they recorded.^[54]

News outlets continue to refer to the operas in news commentaries and to parody songs from the operas.^[55] Theatre parodies include a 1925 London Hippodrome revue called Better Days included an extended one-act parody entitled, A "G. & S." Cocktail; or, A Mixed Savoy Grill, written by Lauri Wylie, with music by Herman Finck and Sullivan. It was also broadcast by the BBC. It concerned a nightmare experienced by a D'Oyly Carte tenor.^[56][57] Gilbert and Sullivan songs are sometimes used in popular music. The popular song, "Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here," is set to the tune of "With cat-like tread" from The Pirates of Penzance (in particular, the segment that starts, "Come, friends who plough the sea"). The musical group Peter, Paul and Mary included the song, "I have a song to sing, O!" from The Yeomen of the Guard on one of their children's albums, Peter, Paul and Mommy (1969).^[58] In addition, the music has been used in musicals and other entertainments. For example, the song, "My eyes are fully open," (with some changed lyrics) is used in Papp's Broadway production of The Pirates of Penzance (1980–81), and the tune of the song is also used as "The Speed Test" in the musical Thoroughly Modern Millie (2002).

Other references to songs in The Mikado

In The Producers, a terrible auditioner for the musical Springtime for Hitler begins his audition with Nanki-Poo's song, "A Wand'ring Minstrel I." After only nine words, the director cuts him off abruptly, saying "THANK YOU!" In at least two episodes of Blackadder Goes Forth, parts of "A Wand'ring Minstrel I" are played. "There Is Beauty in the Bellow of the Blast" is performed by Richard Thompson and Judith Owen on the album 1000 Years of Popular Music. Thompson comments, "According to opera convention, it's not just the young folk who get married at the end – at least one set of wrinklies are required to get hitched as well."^[59] The movie poster for The Little Shop of Horrors, shown to the right, parodies the song title, "The Flowers that Bloom in the Spring, tra la!" changing the word "bloom" to "kill".^[60]

References to "Three Little Maids":

• In the 1981 film Chariots of Fire, Harold Abrahams first sees his future wife as one of the Three Little Maids. Also, the song is featured in the soundtrack to the 1999 Anthony Edwards film Don't Go Breaking My Heart.^[61]

• Many television programs have featured the song, including the Frasier episode, "Leapin' Lizards," the Angel episode "A Hole in the World", the British TV series Keep it in the Family and Fresh Fields, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody episode "Lost In Translation", the Simpsons episode "Cape Feare," Alvin and the Chipmunks episode "Maids in Japan",^[62] and The Animaniacs Vol. 1 episode "Hello Nice Warners." Magnum, P.I. also used the song when Higgins was putting on a production of "The Mikado". On the Dinah Shore Show, Shore sang the song with Joan Sutherland and Ella Fitzgerald in 1963.^[63]

• The Capitol Steps also performed a parody entitled "Three Little Kurds from School Are We" about conditions in Iraq.

References to "Tit-Willow" ("On a tree by a river"): Allan Sherman's parody is described above. In one of his appearances on The Dick Cavett Show, Groucho Marx and Cavett sang the song. Groucho interrupted at the line "...and if you remain callous and obdurate, I shall perish as he did..." to quiz the audience on the meaning of the word "obdurate". The song is featured in the 2003 TV movie And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself.^[64] An episode of Perry Como's TV show did a parody titled "Golf Widow". A Muppet Show season 1 episode (aired on November 22, 1976) featured Rowlf the Dog and Sam the Eagle singing the song, with Sam clearly embarrassed at having to sing the word 'tit' (also asking the meaning of "obdurate").^[65] The song is played during the film Music for Ladies in Retirement (1941)^[66] In the 1971 film Whoever Slew Auntie Roo?, Shelley Winters as the title character sings "Tit-Willow" just before she is murdered.^[67] In John Wayne's last movie The Shootist, made in 1976, Wayne and Lauren Bacall sing several lines from "Tit-Willow", before he departs with the intention of dying in a gunfight instead of from cancer.^[68]

References to the "Little List" song: Sherman also did a variant on the song, described above. In a Eureeka's Castle Christmas special called "Just Put it on the List," the twins, Bogg and Quagmire, describe what they'd like for Christmas to the tune of the song. Richard Suart and A.S.H. Smyth released a book in 2008 called They’d None of 'em Be Missed, with 20 years of little list parodies by Suart, the English National Opera's usual Ko-Ko.^[69] In the Family Guy episode "Lois Kills Stewie", Stewie, after taking over the world, sings the "little list" song about those he hates, including Bill O'Reilly's dermatologist, and showing him injuring or killing most of them in a generally gruesome manner (only on the DVD edition).^{[citation needed]}

References to "The sun whose rays": In addition to the poignant inclusion of the song near the end of Topsy-Turvy (1999; see below), the song has been heard in numerous film and TV soundtracks, including in the 2006 films The Zodiac and Brick and the UK TV series Lilies, in the 2007 episode "The Tallyman."^[61]

Other references to songs in H.M.S. Pinafore

Songs from Pinafore are featured in a number of films. "When I Was A Lad" is sung by characters in the 2003 fantasy movie Peter Pan; "A British Tar" is sung in Star Trek: Insurrection (1998) and briefly sung in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981);^[70] "For he is an Englishman" is sung in Chariots of Fire (1981) and An Englishman Abroad (1983),^[71] and "I'm Called Little Buttercup" is sung in The Good Shepherd (2006).

Songs from Pinafore are also pastiched or referred to in television episodes, including episode #3 of Animaniacs, "HMS Yakko"; "Cape Feare" episode of The Simpsons; Family Guy's episode 3.1 "The Thin White Line," among others; and the 1959 Leave it to Beaver episode #55, "The Boat Builders." "For he is an Englishman" is referred to both in the title's name and throughout The West Wing episode "And It's Surely to Their Credit" (sic).

Other references to songs in The Pirates of Penzance

The Major-General's Song is frequently parodied, pastiched and used in advertising.^[72] Its challenging patter has proved interesting to comics, as noted above, and has been used in numerous film and television pastiches and in political commentary.^[38] In many instances, the song, unchanged, is simply used in a film or on television as a character's audition piece, or seen in a "school play" scene. For example, in Kate and Leopold, Leopold sings the song while accompanying himself on the piano. Likewise, in the Two and a Half Men episode "And the Plot Moistens" (Season 3, Episode 21), Alan sings a verse of the song to persuade Jake to join the school musical. Similarly, in season 2 of Slings & Arrows, Richard Smith-Jones uses the song as an audition piece for a musical. likewise, in the Mad About You episode "Moody Blues," Paul directs a charity production of Penzance starring his father, Burt, as the Major-General. Parts of rehearsal and performance of the song are shown. When the lyrics slip Burt's mind, he improvises a few lines about his son. In the videogame "Mass Effect 2", the character Mordin Solus, if asked, sings excerpts from a pastiche of the "Major General's Song" about his being the "model of a scientist Salarian".^[73] Another pastiche of the song (among many on YouTube), also inspired by "The Elements", is the "Boy Scout Merit Badge Song", listing all the merit badges that can be earned from the Boy Scouts of America.^[74]

Other examples of television renditions of the song, in addition to the Animaniacs example mentioned above, include The Muppet Show (season 3, episode 61),^[75] which staged a duet of the song with guest host and comedienne Gilda Radner and a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) talking carrot. Radner was said to have requested a 6-foot-tall talking parrot, but was misheard. In an episode of "Home Improvement", Al Borland, thinking he was in a sound-proof booth, belts out the first stanza but is heard by everyone. Others include the Babylon 5 episode "Atonement"; the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Disaster; the episode of Frasier titled Fathers and Sons; the episode of The Simpsons entitled "Deep Space Homer"; two VeggieTales episodes: "The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment" and "A Snoodle's Tale"; and the Married With Children episode "Peggy and the Pirates" (Season 7, Episode 18).

Parodies or pastiches of the song in television programs have included the computer-animated series ReBoot, which ended its third season with a recap of the entire season, set to the song's tune. The Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip episode "The Cold Open" (2006), the cast of Studio 60 opens with a parody: "We'll be the very model of a modern network TV show".^[76][77] In the Doctor Who Big Finish Productions audio, Doctor Who and the Pirates, the Doctor sings, "I am the very model of a Gallifreyan buccaneer"^[78] (and other songs, from Pirates, Pinafore and Ruddigore, are parodied). When he hosted Saturday Night Live, David Hyde Pierce's monologue was a parody of the song.^[79] In the Scrubs episode "My Musical" (Season 6, Episode 6), Dr. Cox sings a version of the song about why he hates J.D.^[80]

Other songs from Pirates that have been referred to frequently include the chorus of With cat-like tread, which begins "Come, friends, who plough the sea," which was used in the popular American song, "Hail, Hail, the Gang's All Here," popularized by Fred Astaire. For instance, the song is featured in Chariots of Fire (1981; discussed in more detail below). The song was also pastiched in an episode of Animaniacs in a song about surfing a whale. In the movie "An American Tail," Fievel huddles over a copy of the score to "Poor Wandering One," and as he wanders the streets of New York, the song plays in the background. The theme song of the cartoon character Popeye bears some similarity to "For I am a Pirate King". The pirate king's song is heard on the soundtrack of the 2000 film The Last of the Blonde Bombshells.^[61] "Ah, leave me not to pine alone" is featured on the soundtrack of the sentimental 1998 British film Girls' Night^[61] as well as the 1997 film Wilde.^[51] In the pilot episode of the 2008 CBS series, Flashpoint, a police officer and his partner sing the policeman's song.

Literature

In addition to reminiscences, picture books and music books by performers, conductors and others connected with, or simply about, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, the Light Opera of Manhattan, the J. C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company and other Gilbert and Sullivan repertory companies,^[81] numerous fictional works have been written using the G&S operas as background or imagining the lives of historical or fictional G&S performers.^[82] Recent examples include Cynthia Morey's novel about an amateur Gilbert and Sullivan company, A World That's All Our Own (2006),^[83] and Bernard Lockett's Here's a State of Things (2007), a historical novel that intertwines the lives of two sets of London characters, a hundred years apart, but both connected with the Gilbert and Sullivan operas.^[84] Similarly, in The Getaway Blues by William Murray, the main character names all his racehorses after Gilbert and Sullivan characters and constantly quotes G&S.^[85] Gilbert and Sullivan Set Me Free is a novel by Kathleen Karr based on a historical event in 1914, when the inmates of Sherborn Women's Prison in Massachusetts, U.S., put on a performance of The Pirates of Penzance.^[86] In the novel, the prison's chaplain uses the transformative power of music and theater to help reform the inmates, bringing them together to work on the show as a spirited community.^[87] "The Mikado" is a villainous vigilante in the comic book superhero series The Question, by Denny O'Neil and Denys Cowan. He dons a Japanese mask and kills malefactors in appropriate ways – letting "the punishment fit the crime".^[88]

Psmith in Blandings (Leave it to Psmith) ed. 1936

There are many children's books^[89] retelling the stories of the operas,^[90] or stories about the history of the famous partnership,^[91] including two by Gilbert himself.^[92][93] There are also children's biographies or fictionalisations about the lives of the two men^[94] or the relationship between the two, such as the 2009 book, The Fabulous Feud of Gilbert & Sullivan.^[95] P. G. Wodehouse makes dozens of references to Gilbert and Sullivan in his works.^[96][97] Wodehouse sometimes referred to Gilbert at length,^[98] and he based his Psmith character on Rupert D'Oyly Carte or his brother. Wodehouse also parodied G&S songs.^[99] In Jerome K Jerome's Three Men in a Boat (1889), a description is given of Harris's attempts to sing a comic song: "the Judge's song out of Pinafore - no, I don't mean Pinafore - I mean - you know what I mean - the other thing, you know.", which turns out to be a mixture of "When I, good friends" from Trial by Jury and "When I was a lad" from Pinafore.^[100]

Several novels have used the Savoy operas as backdrop for a detective story. Death at the Opera by Gladys Mitchell (1934) is set during a production of The Mikado.^[101] In Pirate King by Laurie R. King (2011), the eleventh entry in the Mary Russell/Sherlock Holmes series, a production company is making a silent film of The Pirates of Penzance.^[102] Other examples include The Ghosts' High Noon by John Dickson Carr (1969), named for the song of the same name in Ruddigore;^[103] The West End Horror, by Nicholas Meyer, a Sherlock Holmes pastiche involving the murder of a member of the ladies' chorus in The Grand Duke (1976);^[104] The Plain Old Man by Charlotte MacLeod (1985), concerning a production of The Sorcerer;^[105] Murder and Sullivan by Sara Hoskinson Frommer (1997), which involves a production of Ruddigore;^[106] Death of a Pooh-Bah by Karen Sturges (2000);^[107] Vengeance Dire by Roberta Morrell (2001), a murder mystery involving a production of Pirates;^[108] and Ruddy Gore by Kerry Greenwood (the 7th Phryne Fisher book), which concerns murders taking place during a 1920s revival of the opera of the same name (2004).^[109]

Other mystery books and stories involve Gilbert and/or Sullivan to a lesser degree. The Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill contain many references to G&S. One of the recurring characters, Sergeant Wield is a G & S fan. In the Ruth Rendell mysteries, Chief Inspector Wexford likes to sing G&S in the shower. A series of four Tom Holt books, The Portable Door, In Your Dreams, Earth, Air, Fire, and Custard and You Don't Have to Be Evil to Work Here, But It Helps, are based around "J. W. Wells & Co", a company of sorcerers well known for their love philtre. Death's Bright Angel, by Janet Neel, is named for a line in Sullivan's "The Lost Chord", which figures in the story.^[110] Mark Twain's The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg prominently features a pastiche from "The criminal cried" in the climactic scene.^[111]

Science fiction author Isaac Asimov, a fan of Gilbert & Sullivan, found inspiration for his famous Foundation Trilogy while reading Iolanthe.^[112] Asimov was fascinated by some of the paradoxes that occur in their works and mysteries surrounding their manuscripts. He wrote several stories exploring these, including one about a time-traveller who goes back in time to save the score to Thespis.^[113] Another, called "The Year of the Action" (1980), concerns whether the action of Pirates took place on March 1, 1873, or March 1, 1877. That is, did Gilbert forget, or not know, that 1900 was not a leap year? In "Runaround", a story in I, Robot, a robot, while in a state similar to drunkenness, sings snippets of "There Grew a Little Flower" (from Ruddigore), "I'm Called Little Buttercup" (from Pinafore), "When I First Put This Uniform On" (from Patience), and "The Nightmare Song" (from Iolanthe). He also wrote a short story called The Up-To-Date Sorcerer that is a parody of and homage to The Sorcerer. In addition, Asimov wrote "The Author's Ordeal" (1957), a pastiche of a Gilbert and Sullivan patter song similar to the Lord Chancellor's Nightmare Song from Iolanthe, depicting the agonies that Asimov went through in thinking up a new science fiction story. Another such pastiche is "The Foundation of S.F. Success" (1954). Both are included in his collection of short stories Earth Is Room Enough. The Rats, Bats and Vats series also includes numerous G&S character names and phrases, since the D'Oyly Carte recordings of their work provide a portion of the language material for the genetically engineered and cybernetically enhanced "rats" in the stories. Another science fiction author, Robert A. Heinlein, referred to the "Little List" song in his Hugo Award-winning novel, Stranger in a Strange Land. There, Jubal Harshaw, discovering Valentine Michael Smith's ability to make objects (including people) disappear, mulls, "I've got a little list... they'd none of them be missed." Anne McCaffrey also seems fond of The Pirates of Penzance—several characters pass the time with it in Power Play, and references to "When the foeman bares his steel" appear in Crystal Line.

Film

Film references

Aside from film adaptations of Gilbert and Sullivan operas, several films have treated the G&S partnership.^[114] Mike Leigh's film Topsy-Turvy (1999) is an award-winning film depiction of the team and the creation of their most popular opera, The Mikado. Another G&S film is the 1953 The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan (or The Great Gilbert and Sullivan in the U.S.), starring Robert Morley as Gilbert and Maurice Evans as Sullivan, with Martyn Green as George Grossmith. In a short 1950 film called The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan, Gilbert and Sullivan return to Earth to protest the jazz treatment of their work.^[115] In the 1951 film The Magic Box Sir Arthur Sullivan, played by the film conductor, Muir Mathieson, conducts a choral concert of the Bath Choral Society.^[116]

Film adaptations of the operas have included a 1926 D'Oyly Carte Opera Company short promotional film of The Mikado that featured some of the most famous Savoyards, including Darrell Fancourt, Henry Lytton, Leo Sheffield, Elsie Griffin, and Bertha Lewis.^[117] In 1939, Universal Pictures released a ninety-minute technicolor film adaptation of The Mikado.^[118] The film stars Martyn Green as Ko-Ko and Sydney Granville as Pooh-Bah. The music was conducted by Geoffrey Toye, who was credited with the adaptation. William V. Skall received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography. Similarly, in 1966, the D'Oyly Carte produced a film version of The Mikado, which showed much of their traditional staging at the time, although there are some minor cuts. It stars John Reed (Ko-Ko), Kenneth Sandford (Pooh-Bah), Valerie Masterson (Yum-Yum), Donald Adams (the Mikado), Peggy Ann Jones (Pitti-Sing), and Philip Potter (Nanki-Poo).^[119]

Several film scores draw heavily on the G&S repertoire, including The Matchmaker (1958; featuring Pinafore and Mikado music), I Could Go On Singing (1963; featuring Pinafore music), The Bad News Bears Go to Japan (1978; the score features many excerpts from The Mikado), The Adventures of Milo and Otis (1989; using several G&S themes), The Browning Version (1994; features music from The Mikado), The Hand that Rocks the Cradle (1992; featuring songs from Pinafore and Pirates) and The Pirate Movie (1982; featuring spoofs of songs from Pirates; in fact, the whole movie itself is a spoof of Pirates!). In Chariots of Fire, the protagonist, Harold Abrahams, marries a woman who plays Yum-Yum in The Mikado with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. Abrahams and his friends from Cambridge sing "He is an Englishman" (H.M.S. Pinafore). The soundtrack of Chariots also features "Three Little Maids from School Are We" (The Mikado), "With Catlike Tread" (Pirates), "The Soldiers of Our Queen" (Patience), and "There Lived a King" (The Gondoliers).^[120] In The Naughty Victorians, an X-rated film subtitled A Man with a Maid, the entire score is G&S music, and many musical puns are made, with the G&S music underlining the dialogue appropriately for those familiar with G&S.^[121][122] In The White Countess (2005), the overture to H.M.S. Pinafore is used in the soundrack.^[123]

In other films, characters sing songs from the operas. In Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), Captain Picard and Lt. Commander Worf sing lines from "A British Tar" from Pinafore to distract a malfunctioning Lt. Commander Data.^[124] In Kate and Leopold (2001), among other Pirates references, Leopold sings the "Major-General's Song," accompanying himself on the piano. In The Good Shepherd (2006), Matt Damon's character sings Little Buttercup's song falsetto in an all-male version of Pinafore at Yale University.^[125] In another Matt Damon film, The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), the song "We're Called Gondolieri" is featured in the soundtrack.^[61] In Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), the character Sallah sings Pinafore tunes, including "A British Tar".^[70][126] In the 2003 fantasy movie Peter Pan, the Darling family sings "When I Was A Lad".^[127][128] The 1969 film Age of Consent featured the song "Take a Pair of Sparkling Eyes" from The Gondoliers. In the 1971 film Whoever Slew Auntie Roo?, Shelley Winters as the title character sings the song just before she is murdered.^[67] In the 1988 drama Permanent Record, a high school class performs Pinafore.^[129] Judy Garland sings "I am the monarch of the sea" in the film, I Could Go On Singing.^[130]

In a number of films, a significant part of the action is set during a G&S opera. With Words and Music (1937) involves a bookie who revives a washed-up troupe of Savoyards by mounting a production of The Mikado. Foul Play (1978) features an assassination attempt that culminates during a showing of The Mikado. The thwarted assassin falls into the rigging used as a backdrop for H.M.S. Pinafore. Similarly, in Walt Disney's cartoon Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004), the finale occurs at the Paris Opéra during a G&S performance. The score features "With cat-like tread", "The Major General's Song", "Climbing over rocky mountain", "Poor wandering one", and part of the overture from Princess Ida.^[52] The plot concerns a performance of The Pirates of Penzance that becomes the setting for the climactic battle between the Musketeers and Captain Pete.

In other films, there have simply been prominent references to one or more of the operas. For instance, in Pretty Woman, Edward Lewis (Richard Gere) covered a social gaffe by prostitute Vivian Ward (Julia Roberts), who said that the opera La Traviata was so good that she almost "peed in [her] pants" by saying that she had said that she liked it almost as much as "The Pirates of Penzance." In Making Love (1982), Michael Ontkean and Kate Jackson are a happy G&S-loving couple until he leaves her for another man (Harry Hamlin).

Television

Gilbert and Sullivan, and songs from the operas, have been included in numerous TV series, including The Simpsons in several episodes, including "Cape Feare", "Deep Space Homer", and "Bart's Inner Child"; numerous Frasier episodes; Kavanagh QC, in the episode "Briefs Trooping Gaily", Angel in the fifth season episode "Conviction", where Charles Gunn becomes a good lawyer, and learns a lot of G&S, because it's "great for elocution"; numerous references in Animaniacs; the episode "The Cold Open" (1x02) of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip;^[77] the episode "Atonement" of Babylon 5; in the Australian soap opera Neighbours, Harold Bishop often makes G&S references; references in the VeggieTales episodes "Lyle the Kindly Viking," "The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment," "The Star of Christmas" (a Christmas special entirely devoted to spoofing G&S and their operas), and "Sumo of the Opera"; Family Guy referred to and parodied G&S a number of times, especially in season four (beside the examples named above and below, see "Patriot Games", which includes the song from The Sorcerer, "If you'll marry me"). In the UK series Lilies, in the 2007 episode "The Tallyman" both "When I Was a Lad" and "The Sun Whose Rays" are heard.^[131] Muppet Wiki has a G&S page.^[132] An episode of Car 54, Where Are You? has parodies of several G&S songs. In 1988, episodes of Australian soap opera Home and Away featured a school production of The Mikado.^[133] A second-season (1998) episode of the TV show Millennium titled "The Mikado" is based on the Zodiac case.^[134]

Gilbert and Sullivan references often appear in The West Wing. Some incidents include an episode-long argument over whether "He is an Englishman" is from H.M.S. Pinafore or The Pirates of Penzance, after one character's invocation of "duty," in the episode And It's Surely to Their Credit; President Bartlet's gift of a CD of The Yeomen of the Guard to his aide Charlie in Stirred; references to The Pirates of Penzance in Mandatory Minimums and Inauguration, Part I; and an excerpt from "A Wand'ring Minstrel I" in A Change Is Gonna Come. Character Sam Seaborn, the Deputy Communications Director, is the former recording secretary of the Princeton Gilbert and Sullivan Society. Creator Aaron Sorkin has stated that the characters' love for Gilbert and Sullivan is part of his attempt to avoid referring to current political and entertainment personalities and to set it in a "parallel universe."^[135]

The following are examples of references to some of the best-known G&S operas:

• The Mikado: In addition to those mentioned above, a "Magnum, P.I." episode is entitled "Let the Punishment Fit the Crime"; Larry David's show Curb Your Enthusiasm uses "Three Little Maids" from The Mikado as background music. The Frasier episode, "Leapin' Lizards," the Angel episode "Hole in the World", the Simpsons episode "Cape Feare," Alvin and the Chipmunks episode "Maids in Japan", and The Animaniacs Vol. 1 episode "Hello Nice Warners" all parody "Three Little Maids." A Muppet Show episode featured Rowlf the Dog and Sam the Eagle singing "Tit-Willow". In the 2010 episode "Robots Versus Wrestlers" of the TV sitcom How I Met Your Mother, at a high-society party in a Manhattan penthouse, Marshall disdainfully whacks an antique Chinese gong. The host rebukes him: "Young man, that gong is a 500-year-old relic that hasn't been struck since W. S. Gilbert hit it at the London premiere of The Mikado in 1885!" Marshall quips, "His wife's a 500-year-old relic that hasn't been struck since W. S. Gilbert hit it at the London premiere...."^[136]

• H.M.S. Pinafore: In the "Cape Feare" episode of The Simpsons, Bart stalls his would-be killer, Sideshow Bob, with a "final request" that Bob sing him the entire score of Pinafore.^[137] Similarly, the "HMS Yakko" episode of Animaniacs consists of pastiches of songs from H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance.^[138] A Pinky and the Brain song called Meticulous Analysis of History is set to the tune of "When I was a lad", while the "Lord Bravery" theme song in Freakazoid uses the tune from the chorus of "A British Tar". In Family Guy's episode 3.1, "The Thin White Line," Stewie imagines himself to be a sea captain and sings a pastiche of "My gallant crew" implying that he sleeps with his crew.^[139] In the film, Family Guy Presents Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, Stewie gives sex lessons by singing "I am the monarch of the sea" to illustrate rhythm.^[140] The scene is repeated in Family Guy episode 4.30, "Stu and Stewie's Excellent Adventure." A 1986 Mr. Belvedere episode, "The Play", concerns a production of H.M.S. Pinafore, and several of the songs are performed.^[141] The song "He is an Englishman" is referenced both in the title's name and throughout The West Wing episode "And It's Surely to Their Credit".^[142]

• Pirates: In addition to those already mentioned above, in Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, a poster from "The Pirates of Penzance" hangs on Matt Albie's (Matthew Perry) office wall. In Family Guy episode 4.11, "Peter's Got Woods," Brian sings "Sighing softly to the river." In a 1986 episode of the animated television adaptation of The Wind in the Willows entitled A Producer's Lot, several characters put on a production of Pirates.^[143] In the 1992 episode "The Understudy" of Clarissa Explains it All, the title character is chosen to understudy Mabel in a school production of Pirates and is unprepared when she must go on; a scene from The Mikado is also quoted.^[144]

Other media

The operas and songs from the operas have often been used or parodied in advertising.^[43][145] According to Jones, "Pinafore launched the first media blitz in the United States" beginning in 1879.^[146] For example, Gimbels department store had a campaign sung to the tune of the Major-General's Song that began, "We are the very model of a modern big department store."^[72] Another prominent example is the elaborate illustrated book of parodies of Gilbert's lyrics advertising Guinness stout.^[147] Trading cards were also created, using images from some of the operas to advertise various products.^[148] There was also a series of Currier and Ives prints.^{[citation needed]} Several series of cigarette cards were issued by Player's cigarette company depicting characters from the Savoy operas wearing the costumes used by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.^[149] Numerous postcards were published with photos or illustrations of D'Oyly Carte and other performers and scenes from the operas and other Gilbert plays.^[150] More recently, television ads for Terry's Chocolate Orange from the 2000s featured a pastiche of "When I Was a Lad" from Pinafore.^[151]

Both Nelson Eddy and Danny Kaye recorded albums of selections from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas. Al Goodman^[152] and Groucho Marx also released Gilbert and Sullivan recordings.^[153] The operas are referred to in other popular media, including video games. For example, in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, a casino is called "Pirates in Men’s Pants", a crude play on Pirates of Penzance. The 1970s popular music singer Gilbert O'Sullivan adopted his stage name as a pun on 'Gilbert and Sullivan'.

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} See Bradley, Ian (2005), Chapter 1 and this article at the musicals101 website
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Green, Edward. "Ballads, songs, and speeches", BBC News, 20 September 2004. Retrieved on 30 September 2009.
3. ^ Lawrence, Arthur H. "An illustrated interview with Sir Arthur Sullivan" Part 3, from The Strand Magazine, Vol. xiv, No.84 (December 1897). Retrieved on 21 May 2007.
4. ^ Fishman, Stephen. The Public Domain: How to Find Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More, Ch. 1. Nolo Press. 3rd ed., 2006.
5. ^ "Frederic Goes Free", The New York Times, 29 February 1940, p. 18
6. ^ ^{a b} Downs, Peter. "Actors Cast Away Cares". Hartford Courant, 18 October 2006. Available for a fee at courant.com archives.
7. ^ Bargainnier, Earl F. "W. S. Gilbert and American Musical Theatre", pp. 120–33, American Popular Music: Readings from the Popular Press by Timothy E. Scheurer, Popular Press, 1989 ISBN 0-87972-466-8
8. ^ Jones, J. Bush. Our Musicals, Ourselves, pp. 10–11, 2003, Brandeis University Press: Lebanon, N.H. (2003) 1584653116
9. ^ PG Wodehouse (1881–1975). Guardian.co.uk, retrieved on 20 May 2011
10. ^ Lesson 35 — Cole Porter: You're the Top. PBS.org, American Masters for Teachers, Retrieved on 21 May 2007.
11. ^ Furia, Phillip. Ira Gershwin: The Art of a Lyricist Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 21 May 2007.
12. ^ ^{a b} Meyerson, Harold and Ernest Harburg Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz?: Yip Harburg, Lyricist, pp 15-17 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993, 1st paperback edition 1995)
13. ^ Wren, Gayden (2006). A Most Ingenious Paradox: The Art of Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. p. 203. http://books.google.com/books?id=y8dtxOyag2wC&pg=PA203. 
14. ^ Kenrick, John. "G&S in the USA" at the musicals101 website The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film (2008). Retrieved on 18 July 2008.
15. ^ Noting Gilbert and Sullivan's influence on Wodehouse and the Gershwins
16. ^ Coward, p. 9
17. ^ Kenrick, John. "Gilbert & Sullivan 101: The G&S Canon", The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre, TV and Film (2008). Retrieved on 18 July 2008.
18. ^ The adaptations were by John Doyle and orchestrated and arranged Sarah Travis. Gondoliers transferred to the Apollo Theatre in the West End in 2001. See The Gondoliers. Albemarle of London, 2009, accessed 14 August 2010
19. ^ Other adaptations and parody versions of G&S shows include The Swing Mikado.
20. ^ "Knights of Song" at the IBDB database
21. ^ Lewis, David. "Tarantara! Tarantara!" at The Guide to Musical Theatre, accessed 20 November 2009
22. ^ See also Sullivan and Gilbert and Dr Sullivan and Mr Gilbert for examples of other stage shows about the Gilbert and Sullivan partnership.
23. ^ See for example, The Pirates of Pinafore, with book and lyrics by David Eaton; The Pinafore Pirates, by Malcolm Sircom; Mutiny on the Pinafore, by Fraser Charlton; and H.M.S. Dumbledore, by Caius Marcius. All retrieved on 18 July 2008. Gilbert and Sullivan themselves referred to Pinafore in the "Major-General's Song" (from The Pirates of Penzance), and an older "Captain Corcoran, KCB" appears in Utopia, Limited (the only recurring character in the G&S canon).
24. ^ Cellier and Bridgeman, p. 393
25. ^ ^{a b} Cellier and Bridgeman, p. 394
26. ^ See Bradley (2005), pp. 30 and 68.
27. ^ Saturday review of literature, vol. 33, issue 1, p. 27, Saturday Review Associates, 1950; Foreman, Edward. Authentic Singing: The history of singing. Pro Musica Press, 2001, vol. 1, p. 392; and Library review. Vol. 22, p. 62, MCB University Press Ltd., 1970
28. ^ Collection of political cartoons based on G&S themes
29. ^ See, e.g., this Daily Mail editorial piece, dated June 29, 2007
30. ^ Bradley (2005), p. 166
31. ^ Sporting stripes set Rehnquist apart, Sept. 4, 2005, Journal Sentinel Online. Downloaded 26 May 2007.
32. ^ Barrett, John Q."A Rehnquist Ode on the Vinson Court", The Green Bag, Second Series, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 289, Spring 2008
33. ^ See, for example, Allied Chemical Corp. v. Daiflon, Inc., 449 U.S. 33, 36 (1980) (Noting that courts' attitudes toward writs of mandamus approximates "What never? Well, hardly ever."); U.S. v. Weaver, 1992 U.S. App. Lexis 14552, 27 (4th Cir. 1992): "Throughout history, the object of sentencing has been 'to let the punishment fit the crime'"; De Sole v. United States, 947 F.2d 1169, 1176 (4th Cir. 1991) ("It, therefore, is instructive to take a lesson from the law described by Gilbert and Sullivan as that of the monarch of the sea."); Borer v. American Airlines, Inc., 19 Cal.3d 441 (1977) ("The majority raise the spectre of liability not only to the victim's spouse but also to a Gilbert and Sullivan parade of 'his sisters and his cousins, whom he reckons up by dozens'", Dissent of Justice Mosk); Ayers v. Landow, 666 A.2d 51, 57 (D.C. 1995) (referring to the Mikado’s "disfavored 'billiard sharp'"); and Gallimore v. Children's Hosp. Med. Center, 67 Ohio St. 3d 244, 252 (1993) (limiting consortium damages to parents only, not "a Gilbert and Sullivan cavalcade of 'his sisters and his cousins... and his aunts'").
34. ^ Wagonheim v. Maryland State Board of Censors, 255 Md. 297, 321 (1969); see also Banks v. District of Columbia Dep’t of Consumer & Regulatory Affairs, 634 A.2d 433, 441 fn. 1 (D.C. 1993) (citing Ruddigore’s admonition to "blow your own trumpet"); In re Stevens, 119 Cal.App.4th 1228, 15 Cal.Rptr.3d 168 (2d Dist. 2004) ("a felon's 'capacity for innocent enjoyment' is just as great as any honest man's.")
35. ^ E.g., Askew v. Askew, 22 Cal.App.4th 942 (4th Dist. 1994), which uses an extensive reference to Trial By Jury as an introduction to a discussion of suits for breach of promise and "the potential for abuse inherent in such lawsuits".
36. ^ See, for example, Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555, 604 (1980) (dissent of Justice Rehnquist); Spriggs v. United States, 962 F. Supp. 68, 69 fn. 1 (E.D. Va. 1997) (disapproving the conduct of a prosecutor after making a plea bargain); and Storch v. Zoning Bd. of Howard County, 267 Md. 476, 485 (1972).
37. ^ Mayberry v. Pennsylvania, 400 U.S. 455, 457-61 (1971).
38. ^ ^{a b} Hinkle, A. Barton. "Hinkle: The Attorney General’s Song". Richmond Times-Dispatch, 10 May 2010
39. ^ See Wikipedia List of Magnum, P.I. episodes and TV.com Magnum, P.I. Episode Guide
40. ^ "pooh-bah - Definition". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pooh-bah. Retrieved 2009-06-14. 
41. ^ "Loyal Order of Water Buffaloes", Grand Lodge Freemasonry site, April 8, 2004, accessed September 14, 2009. See also "The Grand Poo-Bah". The KoL Wiki. Coldfront L.L.C. http://kol.coldfront.net/thekolwiki/index.php/The_Grand_Poo-Bah. Retrieved 5 May 2010. 
42. ^ Links to reviews and analysis of many G&S parody recordings
43. ^ ^{a b} Bradley (2005) devotes an entire chapter (chapter 8) to parodies and pastiches of G&S used in advertising, comedy and journalism.
44. ^ Review and analysis of Lehrer's G&S parodies
45. ^ Sherman, Allan. My Son, the Celebrity (1963).
46. ^ Sherman, Allan. Track listing from Allan in Wonderland (1964).
47. ^ Ross, Stanley Ralph and Bob Arbogast. My Son, the Copycat (1964)
48. ^ Review and analysis of Russell's G&S parody
49. ^ The Two Ronnies' G&S parodies in their 1973 Christmas special
50. ^ "Animaniacs - Cartoon Individual", Youtube video, accessed 15 February 2010
51. ^ ^{a b} Listing of G&S cultural references
52. ^ ^{a b} YouTube clip of the Mickey Mouse Princess Ida music
53. ^ "Dame Hilda Brackett and Dr Evadne Hinge". BBC h2g2 guide, 17 July 2002, accessed November 29, 2010
54. ^ Shepherd, Marc. Gilbert & Sullivan Go Kosher, A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 14 July 2009
55. ^ See for example Wolfers, Justin. "Gilbert and Sullivan, Economists", The New York Times, September 1, 2008
56. ^ Photo of libretto, David B. Lovell, bookseller
57. ^ Listing for A "G. & S." Cocktail at Open Library
58. ^ Video of Peter, Paul and Mary singing "I have a song to sing, O!" at Sydney Opera House in 1970
59. ^ "Song-o-matic – There is Beauty". BeesWeb – the official site of Richard Thompson. http://www.richardthompson-music.com/song_o_matic.asp?id=436. Retrieved 2011-01-15. 
60. ^ Stone, Martin. "Little Shop of Horrors – Screen to Stage". Mondo Musicals! February 14, 2008, accessed 6 April 2010
61. ^ ^{a b c d e} W.S. Gilbert at the IBDB database
62. ^ "Three Little Maids - Alvin & the Chipmunks". You Tube, accessed 18 April 2010
63. ^ "Three Little Maids From School Are We". You Tube, Dinah Shore Show, 1963, accessed 18 April 2010
64. ^ Soundtrack information for And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself
65. ^ "Tit Willow". Muppet Wiki, accessed 9 August 2011
66. ^ Note about "Tit Willow" in Music for Ladies in Retirement
67. ^ ^{a b} Shimon, Darius Drewe. "Whoever Slew Auntie Roo? (1971)", Britmovie.co.uk, 21 December 2009
68. ^ Soundtrack for The Shootist, Internet Movie Database
69. ^ Suart, Richard and Smyth, A.S.H. (2008)
70. ^ ^{a b} Soundtrack information for Raiders of the Lost Ark, IMDB database
71. ^ Boston Phoenix review of Alan Bennett retrospective. Retrieved on 4 February 2009
72. ^ ^{a b} One of these ads ran in The New York Times on 27 October 1953 as a full-page advertisement.
73. ^ Dopelives "Scientist Salarian" (2009)
74. ^ "Boy Scout Merit Badge Song", YouTube, accessed November 18, 2011
75. ^ "tv.com link" Information on Muppet Show from TV.com
76. ^ "The Cold Open" at hulu.com. Song starts at 40:00. Accessed 15 February 2010
77. ^ ^{a b} Schillinger, Liesl. "Dress British, Sing Yiddish", The New York Times, 22 October 2006
78. ^ "Doctor Who Gallifreyan Buccaneer", Youtube video of Dr. Who clips shown over the song, accessed 15 February 2010
79. ^ "David Hyde Pierce's Monologue", SNL Transcripts, accessed 15 February 2010
80. ^ "Scrubs: My Musical: Dr. Cox Rant Song", Youtube. Song starts at 0:40. Accessed 15 February 2010
81. ^ A recent example is John Reed's 2006 book, Nothing Whatever to Grumble At, but examples are too numerous to list
82. ^ See Dillard, passim, listing hundreds of books, both fiction and non-fiction, about G&S or based on G&S.
83. ^ Morey, Cynthia. A World That's All Our Own, Rothersthorpe: Paragon Publishing (2006)
84. ^ Lockett (2007)
85. ^ Murray (1990)
86. ^ "Women 'Doing Time' Give The Pirates of Penzance", The New York Times, June 21, 1914; see also Stone, David. "Perle Dudley". Who Was Who in the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 23 June 2003, accessed 7 August, 2011
87. ^ Karr, Kathleen. Gilbert and Sullivan Set Me Free, Hyperion Books, 2003 ISBN 0-7868-1916-2
88. '^ Who's Who in the DC Universe, update 1987, vol. 4, p.8
89. ^ A list of children's books about Gilbert and Sullivan is found in Dillard, pp. 103–05
90. ^ Examples include picture books on Pinafore, Mikado and The Gondoliers by Robert Lawrence, illustrated by Sheilah Beckett, published by Grosset & Dunlap in 1940
91. ^ See, for example, Miller, Margaret J. "W. S. Gilbert" in Seven Men of Wit, pp. 91–107, London: Hutchinson (1960)
92. ^ Gilbert, W. S. The Pinafore Picture Book, London: George Bell and Sons (1908)
93. ^ Gilbert, W. S. The Story of The Mikado, London: Daniel O'Connor (1921)
94. ^ See, e.g., Harris, Paula. The Young Gilbert and Sullivan, illustrated by Gloria Timbs, London: Max Parrish (1965)
95. ^ Taylor, Mark. "The Fabulous Feud of Gilbert & Sullivan", Book Lover's Blog, Benjamin Branch Library, 7 May 2009
96. ^ Robinson, Arthur. References to Gilbert & Sullivan in the Works of P. G. Wodehouse. LaGrange College, 22 December 2006. Retrieved on 21 May 2007.
97. ^ "He is the very model of the actor (managerial)" in "London Studies: Mr. Beerbohm Tree," The Books of To-day and the Books of To-morrow, March 1907, p. 5.
98. ^ Scene from Bring on the Girls (1954)
99. ^ "In the Air", Evening News, 26 March 1903; "The Emperor’s Song", Daily Chronicle, 2 October 1903; and "The Bachelor's Song", Daily Chronicle, 20 February 1904.
100. ^ Chapter VIII from Wikisource
101. ^ Mitchell, Gladys. Death at the Opera, Grayson & Grayson (London:1934), ASIN: B0026QP6BO
102. ^ Cowles, Gregory (September 16, 2011). "Inside the List". The New York Times (New York). http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/inside-the-list.html. Retrieved 2011-10-16. 
103. ^ Carr, John Dickson. The Ghosts' High Noon", Harper & Row, 1969 ISBN 0241018633
104. ^ Meyer, Nicholas. The West End Horror, E. P. Dutton (1976) ISBN 0525-231021
105. ^ MacLeod, Charlotte, The Plain Old Man, New York: Doubleday, 1985. See "The Sorcerer Plot", for an excerpt from the book's introduction reprinted at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 22 July 2020
106. ^ Frommer, Sara Hoskinson. Murder and Sullivan: A Joan Spencer Mystery, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0312155956
107. ^ Crutcher, Wendy. Review of Death of a Pooh-Bah, The Mystery Reader
108. ^ Morrell, Roberta. Vengeance Dire (2001) ISBN 0954164504
109. ^ Greenwood, Kerry. Ruddy Gore, Allen & Unwin, 2004 ISBN 1741143144
110. ^ Neel, Janet. Death's Bright Angel, (1988), St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0312025688
111. ^ Twain, Mark The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg, The man that corrupted Hadleyburg, and other essays and stories, p. 45, Harper, 1900
112. ^ White, Michael. Isaac Asimov: A Life of the Grand Master of Science Fiction, p. 83, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005 ISBN 0-7867-1518-9
113. ^ Asimov, Isaac (Fall 1978). "Fair Exchange?". Asimov's SF Adventure Magazine (Davis Publications, Inc.): pp. 56. 
114. ^ Posters from several G&S-themed films
115. ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Return of Gilbert and Sullivan (Film, 1950)", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, accessed 2 June 2009
116. ^ scene from The Magic Box, 1951
117. ^ Shepherd, Marc. 1926 Mikado at A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography
118. ^ From the G&S Discography
119. ^ Sullivan, Dan. "The Mikado (1967)". The New York Times, 15 March 1967, accessed 22 March 2010
120. ^ Track listing for Chariots of Fire, IMDB database. Retrieved on 18 July 2008
121. ^ IMDB listing for the film
122. ^ Information about the film at the G&S Discography
123. ^ Soundtrack information for The White Countess
124. ^ Track listing for Star Trek: Insurrection, IMDB database. Retrieved on 18 July 2008
125. ^ Track listing for The Good Shepherd, IMDB database. Retrieved on 18 July 2008
126. ^ Perry, Michelle P. "Light-hearted, happy entertainment from HMS Pinafore", The Tech, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 12 October 1990. Retrieved 18 July 2008
127. ^ Track listing for Peter Pan (2003), IMDB database. Retrieved on 18 July 2008
128. ^ Explanation of context of "When I Was a Lad" in Peter Pan (2003), IMDB dabase. Retrieved on 18 July 2008
129. ^ "G&S Pop culture references", MUGSS website. Retrieved on 29 July 2008
130. ^ Krafsur, Richard P., Kenneth White Munden and American Film Institute (eds.) I Could Go On Singing in The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1961–1970, p. 514, Berkeley: University of California Press (1997) ISBN 0-520-20970-2
131. ^ The Tallyman soundtrack information
132. ^ Muppet Wiki's G&S page
133. ^ "Home & Away 0098 Part 1". Home and Away Episodes, accessed April 22, 2010
134. ^ "Millennium Episode Profile of 'The Mikado'". Millennium-This Is Who We Are, Graham P. Smith, accessed 16 August 2010
135. ^ Sorkin, Aaron (December 2003). "'West Wing' Tips". Los Angeles Magazine: p. 42. http://books.google.com/books?id=cF0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42. 
136. ^ Donna Bowman (2010-05-10). "How I Met Your Mother "Robots Vs. Wrestlers"". The AV Club. The Onion. http://www.avclub.com/articles/robots-vs-wrestlers,41021/. Retrieved 2010-05-12. 
137. ^ Arnold, p. 16; Bradley (2005), p. 14
138. ^ Arbuckle, Ian DVD Review: Animaniacs - Volume 1, Chud.com. Retrieved on 5 August 2008
139. ^ "Episode guide – The Thin White Line", Planet Family Guy
140. ^ "Episode guide – Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story", Planet Family Guide (2006). Retrieved on 18 July 2008
141. ^ The episode was first broadcast on 28 March 1986, the last episode of Season 2. "Mr. Belevedere: The Play", soundtrack details at the IMDB database, accessed 19 October 2009
142. ^ "The West Wing episode summary – And It's Surely to Their Credit", TV.com, CNET Networks, Inc
143. ^ "A Producer's Lot". TV.com, accessed March 14, 2011
144. ^ "The Understudy". Episode Summary, TV.com, accessed 26 July 2011
145. ^ See examples of American print advertisements using G&S characters and themes here and here.
146. ^ Jones, p. 8
147. ^ Illustrated book of parodies of Gilbert's lyrics advertising Guinness stout, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive
148. ^ See these pages describing G&S trading cards used in advertising: Mikado cards and Pinafore cards
149. ^ Player's Cigarette Cards (1925), The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 11 March 2006, accessed 30 May 2009
150. ^ Cannon, John and Brian Jones. "Gilbert & Sullivan Postcards", The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 24 June 2008, accessed 30 May 2009
151. ^ Bradley (2005), p. 167
152. ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Al Goodman G&S Recordings", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 27 August 2002
153. ^ Shepherd, Marc. "The Bell Telephone Hour Mikado (1960)", A Gilbert and Sullivan Discography, 22 November 2000

References

• Arnold, David L. G. (2003). ""Use a pen, Sideshow Bob: The Simpsons and the Threat of High Culture". In Alberti, John. Leaving Springfield: The Simpsons and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814328490. 
• Bradley, Ian (2005). Oh Joy! Oh Rapture!: The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195167007. 
• Bordman, Gerald. American Operetta: From H. M. S. Pinafore to Sweeney Todd OUP 1981.
• Coward, Noel (1953). The Noel Coward Song Book, London: Methuen
• Cellier, François and Cunningham Bridgeman (1914). Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & sons, ltd.  This book is available online at Google books. Retrieved on 25 November 2009.
• Dillard Philip H. How quaint the ways of paradox! Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. (1991) ISBN 0-8108-2445-0
• Ganzl, Kurt. Ganzl's Book of the Broadway Musical: 75 Favorite Shows, from H.M.S. Pinafore to Sunset Boulevard, 1995 Schirmer/Simon & Schuster ISBN 0-02-870832-6
• Lamb, Andrew. "From Pinafore to Porter: United States-United Kingdom Interactions in Musical Theater, 1879-1929" in American Music, Vol. 4, No. 1, British-American Musical Interactions (Spring, 1986), pp. 34–49 University of Illinois Press.
• Lockett, Bernard (2007). Here's a State of Things, Melrose Books, Ely ISBN 1-905226-96-9
• Murray, William (1990). The Getaway Blues, Bantam ISBN 0553070290
• Reed, John (2006). Nothing Whatever to Grumble At: His Story, as told to Cynthia Morey. London: Xlibris Corporation.  ISBN 1-4257-0256-2
• Suart, Richard and Smyth, A.S.H. They’d none of ‘em be missed, Pallas Athene. ISBN 1-84368-36-X

External links

• Links to reviews and analysis of numerous recordings of "G&S Derived Works"
• The Gilbert and Sullivan Parody Archive
• Gilbert & Sullivan song parodies
• MUGSS' list of G&S cultural references