Communist Party of India (Maoist)

Communist Party of India (Maoist)
Not to be confused with Communist Party of India or Communist Party of India (Marxist).
For other uses, see Naxalism.
Communist Party of India (Maoist)
Leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao
Founded 21 September 2004
Ideology Maoism
Communism
Anti-Revisionism
Political position Far-left
Website
People's March
Politics of India
Political parties
Elections

The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a Maoist political party in India which aims to overthrow the government of India through violent means.[1] It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the People's War, and the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). The merger was announced to the public on October 14 the same year. In the merger a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile People's War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao, alias "Ganapathi", as General Secretary.[2]

The CPI (Maoist) are often referred to as Naxalites in reference to the Naxalbari insurrection conducted by radical Maoists in West Bengal in 1967.

They claim to be fighting for the rights of the tribes in the forest belt around central India. That region contains deposits of minerals[3] which are of interest to mining companies like Tata and Essar, and there have been numerous human rights violations of the tribal people at the hands of government agencies.[4] [5]

Naxals have been charged by the government with running an extortion economy in the guise of a popular revolution, extorting vast amounts of money from local branches of mining companies and other businesses.[6][7][8] They have been involved in several cases of blowing up schools and railway tracks, and accused of keeping the areas under their control away from modernity and development, so they can impose their will on the uneducated rural populace.[6][9][10][11][12]

In 2006, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh referred to the Naxalites as "the single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country."[6][13] The Indian government, led by the United Progressive Alliance, banned the CPI (Maoist) under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) as a terrorist organisation [14] on 22 June 2009. As of June 2010, the Indian government has identified 83 districts in nine states as "Naxal-hit".[15]

Contents

Ideology

Communism in India
Indicom.PNG

Communist Party of India
AITUC - AIKS - AIYF
AISF - NFIW - BKMU

Communist Party of India (Marxist)

CITU - AIKS - DYFI
SFI - AIDWA - GMP

Communist Ghadar Party of India
Naxalbari uprising
Communist Party of India (M-L)
Liberation - New Democracy
Janashakti - PCC - 2nd CC
Red Flag - Class Struggle
Communist Party of India (Maoist)

Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
AIUTUC - AIMSS
AIDYO - AIDSO

M. N. Roy
Abani Mukherji
A. K. Gopalan
P. Krishna Pillai
P. C. Joshi
P. Sundarayya
Ajoy Ghosh
K. Damodaran
E. M. S. Namboodiripad
Chandra Rajeshwar Rao Azhikodan Raghavan
Bhupesh Gupta V. S. Achuthanandan
E. K. Nayanar
Guru Radha Kishan
B. T. Ranadive
Charu Majumdar
Jyoti Basu
S. A. Dange
Shibdas Ghosh
E. K. Imbichi Bava
T. Nagi Reddy

Tebhaga movement
CCOMPOSA
Telangana Rebellion
Comrades Association
Communist Party of French India

Communism
World Communist Movement
Communism Portal

This box: view · talk · edit
Part of the Politics series on
Maoism
Mao Zedong
 
Hammer and sickle red on transparent.svg Communism Portal
Politics portal
v · d · e
Communist parties
Hammer and sickle and red star
v · d · e

According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal, the two factions of the Party adhered to differing strands of communism prior to their 2004 merger, although "both organizations shared their belief in the 'annihilation of class enemies' and in extreme violence as a means to secure organizational goals." The People's War Group (PWG) maintained a Marxist-Leninist stance while the MCC took a Maoist stance. After the merger, the PWG secretary of Andhra Pradesh announced that the newly formed CPI-Maoist would follow Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its "ideological basis guiding its thinking in all spheres of its activities." Included in this ideology is a commitment to "protracted armed struggle" to undermine and to seize power from the state.[2]

The ideology of the merged group is contained in a "Party Programme." In the document, the Maoists denounce globalization as a war on the people by market fundamentalists and the caste system as a form of social oppression.[16]

The Communist Party of India (Maoist) claim that they are conducting a "people's war", a strategic approach developed by Mao Zedong during the guerrilla warfare phase of the Communist Party of China. Their eventual objective is to install a "people’s government" via a New Democratic Revolution.

The party also views Islamist militancy as a struggle towards national liberation against imperialism, rather than as a clash of civilizations, and condones it as having parallel goals to the group's own. In the words of deputy leader Koteshwar Rao, or Kishanji: "The Islamic upsurge should not be opposed, as it is basically anti-US and anti-imperialist in nature. We, therefore, want it to grow."[16] Although it is an extreme left wing political organisation it considers the democratic left parties in India as "class enemies" and has killed some of their supporters in the western part of West Bengal.[citation needed]

Location

Currently the Party has a presence in remote regions of Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh, as well as in Bihar and the tribal-dominated areas in the borderlands of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Orissa. The CPI (Maoist) aims to consolidate its power in this area and establish a Compact Revolutionary Zone from which to advance the people's war in other parts of India.[2] A 2005 Frontline cover story called the Bhamragad Taluka, where the Madia Gond Adivasis live, the heart of the Naxalite-affected region in Maharashtra.[17]

Organization

The current general secretary of the party is Muppala Lakshmana Rao, who uses the alias "Ganapati". The highest decision making body of the party is the Politburo, comprising thirteen or fourteen[18]) members, six of whom were killed or arrested between 2007-10. Amongst those arrested, Kobad Ghandy is the senior-most member.[19] Other arrested Politburo members include Pramod Mishra, Ashutosh Tudu, and Amitabha Bagchi.[18] Cherukuri Rajkumar, alias "Azad", the spokesperson for the party, who was gunned down in Andhra Pradesh, was another Politburo member.[18]

Prashant Bose, alias "Kishan-da", Mallojula Koteswara Rao, alias "Kishenji",[20] and Katakam Sudarshan, alias Anand, are the three most prominent members of the Politburo. Kishenji and Anand currently head the Eastern Regional Bureau and the Central Regional Bureau of the party respectively.[21] The Central Committee of the party, which takes command from the Politburo and passes on the information to its members, has 32 members. The party hierarchy consists of the Regional Bureaus, which look after two or three states each, the State Committees, the Zonal Committees, the District Committees, and the "dalams" (armed squads).[19]

The military wings of the founding organisations, the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (the military wing of the MCCI) and the People's Guerrilla Army (the military wing of the PW), also underwent a merger. The name of the unified military organisation is the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army. P.V. Ramana, of the Observer Research Foundation in Delhi, estimates the Naxilities' current strength at 9,000-10,000 armed fighters, with access to about 6,500 firearms.[22] Other estimates by Indian intelligence officials and Maoist leaders suggest that the rebel ranks in India number between 10,000 and 20,000, with at least 50,000 active supporters.[6][23]

Strategy

Governance tactics

In their efforts to intimidate and consolidate control, the Naxalites tax local villagers, extort businesses, abduct and kill "class enemies" such as government officials and police officers, and regulate the flow of aid and goods.[6] To help fill their ranks, the Maoists force each family under their domain to supply one family member, and threaten those who resist with violence.[24]

The organisation has been holding "Public Courts", which have been described as kangaroo courts,[25][26] against their opponents. These "courts" function in the areas under de-facto Maoist control.[27] The Maoists have also taken care to demolish government institutions under their de facto jurisdiction.[28]

Military tactics

The Party retains the tactics of its predecessor, the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People's War, of rejecting parliamentary democracy and capturing political power through protracted armed struggle based on guerrilla warfare. This strategy entails building up bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones, and then into "liberated zones", in addition to encircling cities.

The military hardware used by Maoists, as indicated through a number of seizures, include RDX cable wires, gelatine sticks, detonators, country-made weapons, INSAS rifles, AK-47s, SLRs, and improvised explosive devices. According to MHA reports, as of October 2008, the CRPF has seized over 6,000 kilograms (13,000 lb) of explosives in Bihar and 893 kilograms (1,970 lb) in Jharkhand. Security forces also recovered codex wire in Jharkhand; this is a highly potent explosive with a blast-range of up to 720 metres (2,360 ft), which has so far been used only by modern national armies.[29]

Funding

The funding for the Maoists comes from abductions, extortion and by setting up unofficial administrations to collect taxes in rural areas where official government appears absent.[6][30][31]

Poppy cultivation is another major source of funding for Maoists in the Ghagra area of Gumla district in Jharkhand and in parts of Gumla, Kishanganj and Purnia districts in Bihar. Security forces claim that opium fields are hidden among maize crops. Reports from Debagarh district in Orissa indicate that the Naxals also support hemp cultivation to help fund their activities.[31]

Legal status

The party is regarded as a "left-wing extremist entity" and a terrorist outfit by the Indian government. Several of their members have been arrested under the now-defunct Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act.[2][32] The group is officially banned by the state governments of Orissa,[33] Chattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh, among others. The party has protested these bans.[34] On 22 June 2009, the central home ministry, keeping in mind the growing unlawful activities by the group, banned it under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).[35] Earlier, the union home minister, P. Chidambaram had asked the West Bengal Chief Minister, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, to ban the Maoists following the Lalgarh Violence.[36]

Following the ban, the Maoists are liable for arrest under the UAPA. After the ban, they are barred from holding rallies, public meetings and demonstrations, and their offices, if any, will be sealed and their bank accounts frozen.[citation needed]

Controversies

Opposition

The Party are regarded as a serious security threat and the Indian government is taking countermeasures, pulling the affected states together to coordinate their response. It says it will combine improved policing with socio-economic measures to defuse grievances that fuel the Maoist cause.[24] In 2005, Chattisgarh State sponsored an anti-Maoist movement called the Salwa Judum. The group, which the BBC alleges is "government backed", [37] an allegation rejected by the government as biased and Indophobic,[38][39] has come under criticism from pro-Maoist activist groups[40] for "perpetrating atrocities and abuse against women",[41] using child soldiers,[27] and the looting of property and destruction of homes.[41] These allegations were addressed and rejected by a fact-finding commission of the National Human Rights Commission of India, appointed by the Supreme Court of India, who determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribes against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.[42][43] The camps are guarded by police officers, paramilitary forces and Salwa Judum activists[24][27] empowered with the official title "special police officer."[27][44]

Killing of a Hindu monk in Orissa in 2008

In transcripts made available to PTI on October 5, 2008, the prominent Maoist leader Sabyasachi Panda, alias "Sunil", mentioned that there was pressure from both Christians and Dalits to eliminate VHP leader Laxmanananda Saraswati, noting that most of the cadre members and supporters in Orissa belonged to the Christian community and not tribes, unlike in other states where the tribes form the biggest support base of the Maoists. He admitted that the Maoists had, for the first time, intervened in a religious dispute, by killing Saraswati.[45][46]

International connections

The CPI (Maoist) maintains dialogue with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) who control most of Nepal in the Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organizations of South Asia (CCOMPOSA), according to several intelligence sources and think tanks.[2] These links are, however, denied by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)[47]

While under detention in June 2009, a suspected Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) operative indicated that the LeT and the CPI (Maoist) had attempted to coordinate activities in Jharkhand state.[48] Latest reports[when?] indicate that the Maoist Communist Party of the Philippines, Southeast Asia’s longest-lived communist insurgent group, has been reported to have engaged in training activities for guerrilla warfare with Indian Maoists.[49]

The Indian Maoists deny operational links with foreign groups, such as the Nepalese Maoists, but do claim comradeship.[50] Some members of the Indian government accept this,[51] while others argue that operational links do exist, with training coming from Sri-Lankan Maoists and small arms from China.[52] China denies, and is embarrassed by, any suggestion that it supports foreign Maoist rebels, citing improvements in relations between India and China, including movement towards resolving their border disputes. Maoists in Nepal, India, and the Philippines are less reticent about their shared goals.[53]

Timeline of violent activities

Main article: Timeline of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency

2005

  • February: the CPI (Maoist) kills seven policemen and a civilian, and injures many more during a mass attack on a school building in Venkatammanahalli village, Pavgada, Tumkur, Karnataka.[54][55]
  • August: Maoists conduct kidnappings in the Dantewada district of Chhattisgarh. This follows violent incidents in the same region in 2004, when 50 policemen and about 300 villagers were killed in the Dantewada district and over 50,000 villagers were forced into relief camps to escape the Maoists.[56]
  • August 17: the government of Andhra Pradesh outlaws the Communist Party of India (Maoist) and various mass organizations close to it, and begins to arrest suspected members and sympathizers days afterwards. Those arrested include former emissaries at the 2004 peace talks.
  • November 13: CPI (Maoist) fighters attack Jehanabad in Bihar, freeing 250 captured comrades and taking twenty imprisoned right wing paramilitaries captive, executing their leader. They also detonate several bombs in the town.[57] A prison guard is also reported killed.

2006

  • February 28: Maoists attack anti-Maoist protesters in Erraboru village in Chhattisgarh using landmines, killing 25 people.[58]
  • July 16: Maoists attack a relief camp in the Dantewada district, killing 29, and kidnapping several villagers.[59]
  • October 18: women belonging to Maoist guerrilla forces blast four government buildings in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. The day before, over a dozen armed cadres of the group, with support from male colleagues, blocked traffic on the Antagarh-Koylibera Road in the Kanker district, near the city of Raipur. They also detonated explosives inside four buildings, including two schools, in Kanker.[60] This incident occurred two days after a major leader of the party's operations in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, Kone Kedandam, surrendered to authorities in the town of Srikakulam.[61]
  • December 2: At least fourteen Indian policemen are killed by Maoists in a landmine ambush near the town of Bokaro, 80 miles (130 km) from Ranchi, the capital of the State of Jharkhand.[62]

2007

  • March 4: Maoists shoot dead Sunil Mahato, a member of the parliament of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) party from Jharkhand state.[63]
  • March 5: Maoists shoot dead a member of the local Mandal Praja Parishad (MPP)) in Andhra Pradesh, while he was inspecting a road construction project in Mahabubnagar district.[64]
  • March 6: the CPI (Maoist) claim responsibility for the Mahato assassination, although JMM members of the Jharkhand state cabinet, including the Chief Minister, subsequently announce that a state police investigation is under way into the authenticity of this claim. Police reportedly believe that political rivals of Mahato, including organized criminal groups, may have been behind the assassination.[65]
  • March 15: 300 to 350 CPI (Maoist) cadres attack a police base camp in the rebel stronghold of Dantewada, in Chhattisgarh state. Fifty-four persons, including fifteen personnel of the Chhattishgarh Armed Forces, are killed. The remaining victims are tribal youths belonging to the Salwa Judum, designated as Special Police Officers (SPOs), and roped in to combat the Maoists. Eleven others are injured. The attack, which lasted nearly two-and-a-half hours, is spearheaded by the "State Military Commission (Maoist)", consisting of about a hundred armed Naxalites.[66]
  • November: reports emerge that the anti-SEZ movement in Nandigram in West Bengal has been infiltrated by Naxalites since February; the reports quote unnamed intelligence sources.[67] Police also find weapons belonging to Maoists near Nandigram.

2008

  • The Hindu newspaper reports that a Maoist, named Pratik Shah, killed a man and publicly cannibalized him in Malkangiri district of Orissa to terrorize villagers. The alleged incident occurred in Bandiguda on August 14, 2007.[68]
  • June 29: CPI forces attack a boat on the Chitrakonda reservoir in Orissa carrying members of an anti-Naxalite police force. The boat sinks, killing 33 policemen, while 28 survive.[69][70]
  • July 16: A landmine hits a police van in Malkangiri district, killing 21 policemen.[71]

2009

  • February 23: Maoists kill a contractor and set ablaze a police post at Govindpalli of Malkangiri.[72][73]
  • April 13: Ten paramilitary troops are killed in eastern Orissa.[74]
  • October 6: Police inspector Francis Induwar is beheaded by Maoists in Jharkhand.[75] This action has been compared to the tactics of the Islamist Taliban of Pakistan-Afghanistan[76][77]
  • October 8: About 150 Maoists ambush a police patrol and kill seventeen policemen in Gadchiroli, Maharashtra[78]

2010

  • February 16: Silda camp attack
  • February 18: Twelve villagers are killed and nine injured in indiscriminate firing by Maoists in Jamui district of Bihar. The dead include three women and one child.[79] Twenty five village houses are also burned down.[80]
  • February 20: Maoists kill a village guard by slitting his throat.[81]
  • April 6: At least 82 CRPF and district force personnel are killed when a large group of Naxals ambush them in the Mukrana forests of Chhattisgarh's Dantewada district.[82]
  • May 17: Maoist rebels blow up bus in the Dantewada district, killing 35.[83]
  • May 27: At least 145 people are killed after a train derails in an apparent Maoist attack in West Bengal.[84][85]
  • June 29: At least 26 CRPF personnel are killed when Maoists attack a road opening party in Narayanpur district.[86]
  • December 25: Attack in eastern India, killing nine people.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ridge, Mian (2009-10-29). "Maoists' hijacking of Indian train reveals new audacity". The Christian Science Monitor (The Christian Science Monitor). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maoists-looking-at-armed-overthrow-of-state-by-2050/articleshow/5648742.cms. Retrieved 2009-12-14. 
  2. ^ a b c d e "Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist)". South Asia Terrorism Portal. Institute for Conflict Management. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/CPI_M.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-19. 
  3. ^ Chhattisgarh state - Mining
  4. ^ India: Chattisgarh government detains human rights defender http://asiapacific.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200132007?open&of=ENG-IND
  5. ^ Amnesty report http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA20/020/2009/en/b8c369ab-b496-40fc-8d17-6ff70005e1cb/asa200202009en.html
  6. ^ a b c d e f Robinson, Simon (2008-05-29). "India's Secret War". Time Magazine (Time Inc.). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1810169-1,00.html. 
  7. ^ Naxal extortion economy: Rs 2000 crore a year
  8. ^ 5 suspected Naxals held for extortion
  9. ^ Naxals blow up school in Aurangabad
  10. ^ Naxals blow up school in Dantewada
  11. ^ Orissa:Naxals blow up 4 school buildings
  12. ^ Naxals blow up rail tracks, school in Jharkhand
  13. ^ "India's Naxalite Rebellion: The red heart of India". The Economist (London: The Economist Newspaper Limited). 2009-11-05. http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14820724. Retrieved 2010-01-30. 
  14. ^ http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292
  15. ^ "Red terror: Over 10,000 people killed in last 5 years". Yahoo India News (Yahoo). 2010-06-25. http://in.news.yahoo.com/48/20100625/804/tnl-red-terror-over-10-000-people-killed_1.html. Retrieved 2010-06-25. [dead link]
  16. ^ a b Anand, Vinod (2009). "Naxalite ideology, strategy and tactics" (PDF). Studies & Comments 9 - Security in South Asia: Conventional and Unconventional Factors of Destabilization (Munich: Hanns Seidel Foundation) 9: 19–32. http://www.hss.de/uploads/tx_ddceventsbrowser/SC-9_South-Asia_01.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-19. 
  17. ^ Guerilla zone, Frontline, 22(21), Oct. 08 - 21, 2005 DIONNE BUNSHA in Gadchiroli
  18. ^ a b c Bhattacharya,, Snigdhendu (March 21, 2010). "‘Will take revenge if Azad is harmed’". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/hyderabad/Will-take-revenge-if-Azad-is-harmed/Article1-521496.aspx. Retrieved 8 April 2010. 
  19. ^ a b Mohan, Vishwa (7 April 2010). "A band of eight that calls the shots". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-band-of-eight-that-calls-the-shots/articleshow/5768610.cms. Retrieved 7 April 2010. [dead link]
  20. ^ Basak, Sanjay (28 February 2010). "Kishenji calling: Wrong number". Deccan Chronicle. http://www.deccanchronicle.com/360-degree/kishenji-calling-wrong-number-906. Retrieved 7 April 2010. 
  21. ^ Bhattacharya,, Snigdhendu (March 23, 2010). "Confusion in Maoist ranks over bandh date". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata/Confusion-in-Maoist-ranks-over-bandh-date/522190/Article1-522145.aspx. Retrieved 7 April 2010. 
  22. ^ A spectre haunting India, the Economist Volume 380 Number 8491 August 19th-25th 2006
  23. ^ Sengupta, Somini (2006-04-16). "In India, Maoist Guerrillas Widen 'People's War'". New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/13/world/asia/13maoists.html?ei=5088&en=b397a84735c2f9cb&ex=1302580800&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2010-01-28. 
  24. ^ a b c "Caught between Rebels and Vigilantes". Reuters Alertnet (Reuters). 2008-08-27. http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL=/db/crisisprofiles/IN_MAO.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-30. 
  25. ^ The Telegraph, Calcutta, 14 April 2010
  26. ^ Deccan Chronicle, 27 August 2009
  27. ^ a b c d "The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign." (PDF). Asian Centre for Human Rights (New Delhi: Asian Centre for Human Rights): 42. 2006. http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-12. 
  28. ^ Maoists use guns to enforce poverty Daily Pioneer - November 1, 2009
  29. ^ The Telegraph, 16 October 2008
  30. ^ Zissis, Carin (2008-11-27). "Backgrounder: Terror Groups in India". www.cfr.org. Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/publication/12773/terror_groups_in_india.html. Retrieved 2010-01-29. 
  31. ^ a b Srivastava, Devyani (2009). "Terrorism & Armed Violence in India". IPCS Special Report (Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies) 71: 7–11. http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/SR71-Final.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-26. 
  32. ^ Article on CPI_M,MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
  33. ^ Eastern Indian state bans communist rebel group,The China Post
  34. ^ Maoists plan stir,The Hindu
  35. ^ "Centre bans CPI (Maoist), declares it a terror organisation". Zee News. http://www.zeenews.com/news541260.html. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
  36. ^ "Centre declares Maoists a terrorist organisation". Times of India. 2009-06-22. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Govt-declares-Maoists-terrorists/articleshow/4687881.cms. Retrieved 2009-06-22. 
  37. ^ "Indian state 'backing vigilantes'". BBC News (BBC). 2008-07-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7505252.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-12. 
  38. ^ Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill Indian Express, Apr 01, 2008.
  39. ^ SC raps Chattisgarh on Salwa Judum Rediff.com, March 31, 2008.
  40. ^ dnaIndia
  41. ^ a b "Report recommends withdrawal of Salwa Judum". The Hindu (The Hindu Group). 2007-01-19. http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/19/stories/2007011905501300.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-12. 
  42. ^ 'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary' The Economic Times, Oct 6, 2008.
  43. ^ DNAIndia
  44. ^ "Child Soldiers in Chhattisgarh: Issues, Challenges and FFDA’s Response". Other India Press. 2007-07-29. http://www.otherindia.org/dev/images/stories/feda_child.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-12. 
  45. ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/05orissa1.htm
  46. ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-05/india/27938513_1_orissa-s-rayagada-bjp-leaders-maoists
  47. ^ "Nepali Maoists Deny Ongoing Links with Indian Counterparts" by Jason Motlagh, World Politics Review. 6/12/08[dead link]
  48. ^ Madni revealed LeT links with Maoists: Police - India - The Times of India
  49. ^ RP Reds now train Maoist rebs in India - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos
  50. ^ Naxalites hosted Nepalese Maoist leader in Kolkata
  51. ^ Chennai Centre for China Studies - B.Raman, Cabinet Secretariat (retd), Govt. of India
  52. ^ India probes Maoists' foreign links - Asia Times - Nov 11, 2009
  53. ^ Nepal Maoists, India & China - by B.Raman
  54. ^ 6 cops killed in Naxal attack[dead link], Deccan Herald
  55. ^ Naxal attack Another cop succumbs[dead link],Deccan Herald
  56. ^ [1],Hindustan Times
  57. ^ Naxalites lay siege to Jehanabad 25 killed in Maoist attack, The Hindu, November 14, 2005
  58. ^ 25 killed in Maoist attack ,The Hindu, March 1, 2006
  59. ^ 29 killed, 250 missing in Chattisgarh naxal attack,Hindustan Times
  60. ^ [2][dead link]
  61. ^ [3], New Kerala.com, October 18, 2006
  62. ^ 'Maoists' kill 14 Indian police', BBC, December 2, 2006
  63. ^ [4][dead link]
  64. ^ [5][dead link]
  65. ^ Jharkhand ministers suspect non-Maoist hand in MP's killing, RxPG News, May 17, 2007
  66. ^ Naxalites massacre policemen in Chhattisgarh, The Hindu, March 16, 2007
  67. ^ "Reports see Maoist Hand in Nandigram", Monideepa Bannerjie, New Delhi Television, November 8, 2007.
  68. ^ "A cannibal act to strike terror". The Hindu (Chennai (Madras): The Hindu). 2008-01-15. http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011559051600.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-30. "Bhubaneswar: In a bid to terrorise villagers last August, a Maoist killed a man suspecting him to be a police informer and ate his flesh in full view of the public in Malkangiri district of Orissa. Superintendent of Police Satish Kumar Gajbhiye said the incident, which took place at Bandiguda, on August 14, 2007, came to light only on Sunday, during a community policing programme. “The villagers told me that Bhagat, commander of the Paplur Dalam, killed Mukunda Madhi in public view and ate his flesh to terrorise others,” he told PTI on the phone. Mukunda’s hapless family was among the onlookers, none of whom opened his mouth for fear of his life, Mr. Gajbhiye said. — PTI" 
  69. ^ MHA spokesperson on Wednesday's Naxal incident in Orissa, The Cheers news agecny, July 17, 2008
  70. ^ Naxal movement entering mobile warfare phase, Merinews, July 3, 2008
  71. ^ 21 Orissa policemen feared killed by Maoists, Express India, July 16, 2008
  72. ^ Maoist kills contractor, sets fire in police post at Govindpalli of Malkangiri, Orissa Diary, February 23, 2009
  73. ^ Contractor Prasanna Kumar Swain hacked to death, The Hindu, February 23, 2009
  74. ^ Troops die in India Maoist attack, BBC News Online, April 13, 2009
  75. ^ Maoists behead abducted cop, Times of India, 6 October 2009[dead link]
  76. ^ Maoist ape Taliban tactics- TIMESNOW.tv - Latest Breaking News, Big News Stories, News Videos
  77. ^ Naxals behead kidnapped cop, Taliban style
  78. ^ Massive hunt on for Maoists who massacred 17 cops - India - The Times of India
  79. ^ Maoists kill 12 in brutal assault on Bihar village
  80. ^ Maoist attack Bihar village, 9 dead[dead link]
  81. ^ Maoists kill village guard in Malkangiri district[dead link]
  82. ^ "73 security personnel killed in Maoist ambush". Times of India (Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.). 2010-04-06. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-killed-as-Maoists-ambush-CRPF-team/articleshow/5765722.cms. Retrieved 2010-04-06. 
  83. ^ "35 killed after Maoist rebels blow up bus in India". Telegraph U.K. (London). 2010-05-17. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7733949/35-killed-after-Maoist-rebels-blow-up-bus-in-India.html. Retrieved 2010-05-19. 
  84. ^ The Hindu : News / National : 79 killed as goods train rams Maoist-derailed coaches
  85. ^ "'Maoist sabotage' kills 65 on train in eastern India". BBC News. 2010-05-28. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10178967.stm. 
  86. ^ Sharma, Supriya (2010-06-29). "27 CRPF personnel killed in Maoists attack in Chhattisgarh". Times of India (Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26-CRPF-personnel-killed-in-Maoists-attack-in-Chhattisgarh/articleshow/6106846.cms. Retrieved 2010-06-29. 

External links

v · d · eNaxalite-Maoist insurgency

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) — infobox Nepalese Political Party party name = Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) devanagari name = नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी) party leader = Prachanda colorcode = Red foundation = 1994 headquarters = Kathmandu ideology = Communism, Marxism… …   Wikipedia

  • Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) — Eine Familie in einem von der KPN(M) beherrschten Tal Die Kommunistische Partei Nepals (Maoistisch) KPN(M) (nepali: नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (माओवादी) , nepāl kamyuniṣṭ pārṭī (māobādī), Nepal Kamyunisht Parti (Maobadi); englisch: Communist Party… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari — Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Naxalbari is an underground Maoist political party in India. The party has its roots partially in the Maoist Unity Centre, CPI(ML) and partially in the group of Rauf in Andhra Pradesh. MUC, CPI(ML) was… …   Wikipedia

  • Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Naxalbari — is an underground Maoist political party in India. The party has its roots partially in the Maoist Unity Centre, CPI(ML) and partially in the group of Rauf in Andhra Pradesh.MUC, CPI(ML) was formed when Kerala Communist Party and Maharashtra… …   Wikipedia

  • Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation — Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation Leader Dipankar Bhattacharya …   Wikipedia

  • Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy — Party flag Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) New Democracy is a communist political party in India. The party was founded as a breakaway from the CPI(ML) of Chandra Pulla Reddy in 1988. The all India general secretary of this party is… …   Wikipedia

  • Communist Party of India (Marxist) — CPIM redirects here. For other uses, see CPIM (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Communist Party of India or Communist Party of India (Maoist). Communist Party of India (Marxist) Secretary …   Wikipedia

  • Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) People's War — Infobox Indian Political Party party name = Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) People s War party secretary = Kondapalli Seetharamaiah (until 1991), Muppala Lakshman Rao (1991 2004) foundation = 1980 ideology = Marxism Leninism Maoism… …   Wikipedia

  • Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) — Communism in India Communist Party of India AITUC AIKS AIYF AISF NFIW BKMU Communist Party of India (Marxist) …   Wikipedia

  • Communist Party of India — Coordinates: 28°37′54.01″N 77°14′17.15″E / 28.6316694°N 77.2380972°E / 28.6316694; 77.2380972 Not t …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”