New London, Connecticut

City of New London
—  City  —
Downtown on the west bank of the Thames River
Seal
Nickname(s): The Whaling City
Motto: Mare Liberum
Location within New London County, Connecticut
Coordinates: 41°21′20″N 72°05′58″W / 41.35556°N 72.09944°W / 41.35556; -72.09944
Country	USA
State	Connecticut
Region	Southeastern Connecticut
NECTA	Norwich-New London
County	New London County
Settled	1646 (Pequot Plantation)
Named	1658 (New London)
Incorporated (city)	1784
Government
– Type	Council-manager
– City council	Robert M. Pero, Mayor Adam Sprecace, Dep. Mayor Rev. Wade A. Hyslop Martin T. Olsen Michael E. Passero John Russell Michael Buscetto III
– City Manager	Martin Berliner
– Supt. of Schools	Nicholas A. Fischer
Area
– City	10.76 sq mi (27.9 km2)
– Land	5.54 sq mi (14.3 km2)
– Water	5.23 sq mi (13.5 km2)
– Urban	123.03 sq mi (318.66 km2)
Elevation	56 ft (17 m)
Population (2010)
– City	27,620
– Density	4,985/sq mi (1,824/km2)
– Metro	274,055
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
– Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code	06320
Area code(s)	860
FIPS code	09-52280
GNIS feature ID	0209237
Website	City of New London

New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States. It is located at the mouth of the Thames River (pronounced as to rhyme with 'James', unlike the river of the same spelling in London, the capital of England, which is pronounced to rhyme with 'hems') in New London County, southeastern Connecticut.

Once a major whaling port before becoming home to other shipping and manufacturing industries, the city has gradually lost its commercial and industrial heart.^[1] The city is home to Connecticut College, Mitchell College, the United States Coast Guard Academy, and The Williams School. New London Harbor is home port to the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Chinook and the Coast Guard's tall ship Eagle.

New London had a population of 27,620 at the 2010 census. The Norwich-New London metropolitan area (NECTA^[2]) includes twenty-one towns^[3] and 274,055 people.^[4]

History

View of New London in 1854

Historic United Church of Christ on State Street in New London – side photo taken from Citizens Bank

The area was called Nameaug by the Pequot Indians. John Winthrop, Jr. founded the first English settlement here in 1646, making it about the 13th town settled in Connecticut. Inhabitants informally named it Pequot after the tribe. The Connecticut General Assembly wanted to name the town Faire Harbour, but the citizens protested, declaring that they would prefer it to be called Nameaug. The legislature relented, and on March 10, 1658 the town was officially named after London, England.

The harbor was considered to be the best deep water harbor on Long Island Sound,^[5] and consequently New London became a base of American naval operations during the Revolutionary War. Famous New Londoners during the American Revolution include Nathan Hale, William Coit, Richard Douglass, Thomas & Nathaniel Shaw, Gen.Samuel Parsons, Printer Timothy Green, Reverend Seabury. New London was raided & nearly burned to the ground on September 6, 1781 Battle of Groton Heights, by Norwich Native Benedict Arnold in the attempts to destroy the colonial privateer fleet and storage of goods and naval stores within the city. Often noted that this raid on New London and Groton was to divert General Washington and the French Army under Rochambeau from their march on Yorktown, Virginia. The main defensive fort for New London, Fort Griswold, located across the Thames River in Groton, was well known by Arnold who sold its secrets to the British fleet so they could avoid its artillery fire. Ft. Griswold was attacked and the British suffered great casualties before eventually storming the fort and slaughtering many of the militia who defended the fort. All told more than 52 British soldiers and 83 militia were killed and more than 142 British and 39 militia were wounded, many mortally. New London suffered more than 6 militia killed and 24 wounded while Arnold and the British and Hessian raiding party suffered an equal amount.^[6]

• 

  The Richard Douglass House on Green Street

• 

  Citizen's Bank in New London

• 

  Another view of downtown New London

• 

  State Street (ca. 1920)

• 

  Eugene O'Neill Drive in New London

Connecticut's independent legislature, in its January session of 1784, made New London one of the first two cities (along with New Haven) brought from de facto to formalized incorporations.

For several decades beginning in the early 19th century, New London was the second busiest whaling port after New Bedford, Massachusetts in the world. The wealth that whaling brought into the city furnished the capital to fund much of the city's present architecture.

The New Haven and New London Railroad connected New London by rail to New Haven and points beyond by the 1850s. The Springfield and New London Railroad connected New London to Springfield, Massachusetts by the 1870s.

The family of Nobel and Pulitzer-Prize playwright Eugene O'Neill, and most of his own first 26 years, were intimately connected to New London. He lived for years there, and as an adult was employed and wrote his first seven or eight plays in the city. (A major O'Neill archive is located at Connecticut College there, and a family home there is a museum and Registered National Landmark operated by the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center.) Dutch's Tavern on Green Street was a favorite watering hole of Eugene O'Neill and still stands today.

Kelo v. New London, Supreme Court case

On February 22, 2005, the United States Supreme Court decided in Kelo v. City of New London, that the city may seize privately owned real property under eminent domain so that it could be used for private economic development, deciding the tax revenue from the private development satisfied the requirement for public interest for eminent domain.

In spite of the city's legal victory, the project never got off the ground. The city's chosen redeveloper was not able to get financing for the project. Even though the city expended over eighty million dollars acquiring and demolishing homes, the area where the taken homes once stood is now vacant. In November, 2009, Pfizer, which was to be the primary beneficiary of the redevelopment, announced that they instead are closing their facility adjacent to the site and moving those operations across the Thames River to their site in Groton.^[7][8] The New London campus was sold to General Dynamics in 2010.

Towns created from New London

When established, New London originally had a larger land area. Towns set off since include:

• Groton in 1705
  • Ledyard (originally North Groton) created from a part of Groton in 1836
• Montville in 1786
  • Salem created from parts of Montville, Colchester and Lyme in 1819
• Waterford in 1801
  • East Lyme created from parts of Waterford and Lyme in 1839

Geography

49% of New London's area is water.

In terms of land area, New London is one of the smallest cities in Connecticut. Of the whole 10.76 square miles (27.9 km²), nearly half is water; 5.54 square miles (14.3 km²) is land.^[9]

The town and city of New London are coextensive. Between 1705 and 1801 sections of the original town were ceded to form newer towns. The towns of Groton, Ledyard, Montville, and Waterford; and portions of Salem and East Lyme; now occupy what had earlier been the outlying area of New London.^[10]

New London is bounded on the west and north by the town of Waterford, on the east by the Thames River and Groton, and on the south by Long Island Sound.

The geographic coordinates of the state superior courthouse in New London are 41°21′20″N 72°5′58″W / 41.35556°N 72.09944°W / 41.35556; -72.09944.^[11]

Principal communities

• Downtown
• Ocean Beach

Other minor communities and geographic features are: Bates Woods Park, Fort Trumbull, Glenwood Park, Green's Harbor Beach, Mitchell's Woods, Pequot Colony, Riverside Park, Old Town Mill.

Transportation

New London Union Station

Royal Caribbean's Explorer of the Seas passing USCG Barque Eagle

By land, New London is almost exactly midway between New York City and Boston. The major seaboard interstate highway, I-95, passes through the city, and New London's Amtrak station is on the passenger rail Northeast Corridor. The city of Worcester, Massachusetts is 74 miles (119 km) northward, principally via Interstate 395, and the Connecticut capital, Hartford, is 53 miles (85 km) to the northwest and reachable via several different state highways (principally CT-2 and CT-9). New Haven is 47 miles (76 km) to the west along I-95.

New London Union Station is served by Amtrak's Northeast Regional and Acela Express regional rail services, plus Shore Line East (SLE) commuter rail service. Downtown New London is also served by local taxi companies, regional Southeast Area Transit buses, interstate Greyhound Lines buses, the Cross Sound Ferry to Long Island, the Fishers Island Ferry District, and in summer by the Block Island Express ferry. In 2010, the Estuary Transit District began public transit service between the New London transportation center and Old Saybrook.

The Groton-New London Airport is located in neighboring Groton, and two major airports – T. F. Green and Bradley International Airport are within 75 minutes driving time, as is the smaller Tweed New Haven Regional Airport.

Rail freight is by the Providence & Worcester Railroad and the New England Central Railroad. Seagoing cargo at the State Pier is handled by Logistec Corporation.

New London is also occasionally visited by cruise ships.^[12]

Demographics

Historical populations
Census	Pop.		%±
1800	5,150		—
1810	3,238		−37.1%
1820	3,330		2.8%
1830	6,335		90.2%
1840	5,519		−12.9%
1850	8,991		62.9%
1860	10,115		12.5%
1870	9,576		−5.3%
1880	10,537		10.0%
1890	13,757		30.6%
1900	17,548		27.6%
1910	19,659		12.0%
1920	25,688		30.7%
1930	29,640		15.4%
1940	30,456		2.8%
1950	30,551		0.3%
1960	34,182		11.9%
1970	31,630		−7.5%
1980	28,842		−8.8%
1990	28,540		−1.0%
2000	25,671		−10.1%
2010	27,620		7.6%
U.S. Decennial Census

Population since 1810

2006–08 estimates

According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, non-Hispanic whites made up 54.6% of New London's population. Non-Hispanic blacks made up 14.0% of the population. Asians of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.6% of the city's population. Multiracial individuals of non-Hispanic origin made up 4.3% of the population; people of mixed black and white ancestry made up 1.7% of the population. In addition, people of mixed black and Native American ancestry made up 1.0% of the population. People of mixed white and Native American ancestry made up 0.7% of the population; those of mixed white and Asian ancestry made up 0.4% of the populace. Hispanics and Latinos made up 21.9% of the population, of which 13.8% were Puerto Rican.^[13]

The top five largest European ancestry groups were Italian (10.5%), Irish (9.7%), German (7.4%), English (6.8%) and Polish (5.0%)

According to the survey, 74.4% of people over the age of 5 spoke only English at home. Approximately 16.0% of the population spoke Spanish at home.^[14]

2000 census

As of the census^[15] of 2000, there were 25,671 people, 10,181 households, and 5,385 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,635.5 per square mile (1,789.8 /km²). There were 11,560 housing units at an average density of 2,087.4 per square mile (805.9 /km²). The racial makeup of the city was 63.49% White, 19.71% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 18.64% African American, 0.88% Native American, 2.12% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 9.13% from other races, and 5.67% from two or more races.

There were 10,181 households out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.4% were married couples living together, 17.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city the population was spread out with 22.8% under the age of 18, 17.6% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,809, and the median income for a family was $38,942. Males had a median income of $31,405 versus $25,426 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,437. About 13.4% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.5% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Municipal Building on State Street in New London

Ballot on New London voting machine

New London has a form of government centering on a professional city manager and elected city council. Distinct town and city government structures formerly existed, and technically continue. However, they now govern exactly the same territory, and have elections on the same ballot on Election Day in November, the first Tuesday after the first Monday, of odd-numbered years; the officials of town and city interact essentially as do the officials of a single town or city who have different but related responsibilities and powers.

Notable residents

Lyman Allyn Art Museum, designed by Charles A. Platt

• Eliphalet Adams, clergyman
• Peter C. Assersen, Rear Admiral in the United States Navy
• James Avery, politician and military commander
• Nathan Belcher, congressman
• Frank B. Brandegee, congressman and senator
• Amy Brenneman, actress
• Henry Burbeck, brigadier general
• Daniel Burrows, congressman
• Magic Dick, musician
• David Dorfman, choreographer
• Richard Douglass, cooper and soldier
• Larry Elgart, musician
• John Ellis, baseball player
• Richard P. Freeman, congressman
• L. Patrick Gray, lawyer and Watergate figure
• Nathan Hale, schoolmaster and patriot
• Doc Hammer, multimedium artist and co-creater of the Venture Brothers
• Glenne Headly, actress
• Barkley L. Hendricks, painter
• Susette Kelo, lead plaintiff, Kelo v. City of New London
• Sarah Kemble Knight, diarist, teacher and businesswoman
• John Law, congressman
• Bryan F. Mahan, congressman
• John McCain, senator and Republican presidential nominee (lived in New London as a child when his father, John S. McCain, Jr., worked at the naval submarine base)
• Thomas Miner, diarist
• Eugene O'Neill, playwright
• Walter Palmer, founder
• Elias Perkins, congressman
• Edward Clark Potter, sculptor
• Art Quimby, basketball player
• Dawn Robinson, singer
• Dudley Saltonstall, naval officer
• Samuel Seabury, bishop
• Benjamin Stark, senator
• Ron Suresha, author and editor
• Casandra Ventura, singer
• John Winthrop, the Younger, statesman and founder

See also: Connecticut College people.

Culture

Literature

Entrance to New London Historic Waterfront District

Gold Star Bridge from a city pier

• Hempstead, Joshua (1998) [1901]. Diary of Joshua Hempstead: a record of life in colonial New London, Connecticut, 1711–1758. New London: New London County Historical Society. pp. 750 pages. ISBN 0-9607744-3-2. 

• Gerba, Janet Burnett (1995) [1995]. With no little regrett [sic]: an historical novel based on The journal of Madam Knight. Rutland, Vt: Colonial American Press. pp. 275 pages. ISBN 0-9647752-0-4. 

• King, Matthew (2003). The New London State of Mind. New London: WhaleheadKing.com. 

• King, Matthew (2005). Why Not New London?. New London: WhaleheadKing.com. 

• King, Matthew (2006). New London Eel Stew. New London: WhaleheadKing.com. 

• Knight, Sarah Kemble (1992) [1825]. The journal of Madam Knight, 1704. Chester, Ct: Applewood Books. pp. 72 pages. ISBN 1-5570911-5-3. 

• O'Neill, Eugene (1933). Ah, Wilderness!. 

• O'Neill, Eugene (1956) [1941]. Long Day's Journey Into Night. 

• Stone, Clifford (1976) [1976]. The Great Sunflower: A Novel. Seattle: Vanguard Press. ISBN 0-8149-0775-X. 

• Shasha, Mark (1992) [1992]. Night of the Moonjellies. New York: Simon&Schuster. ISBN 1930900163. 

• Twain, Mark (1892). "A Curious Experience". Merry Tales. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co. 

Local music

For a small community, the music scene in New London is unusually diverse, with a respected symphony orchestra, a military wind ensemble, and a local tradition of R&B and rock-n-roll. Notable artists and ensembles include:

• Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1946 and led by Toshiyuki Shimada, who is also conductor of the Yale Symphony Orchestra in New Haven.
• The Idlers of the United States Coast Guard Academy, an all-male vocal group specializing in sea chantys and patriotic music.
• United States Coast Guard Band, founded in 1925 with the assistance of John Philip Sousa. Stationed at the United States Coast Guard Academy and attracting talented musicians from all parts of the country, the band is the official musical representative of the nation's oldest continuous seagoing service.
• The Can Kickers, a folk punk band.
• Cassie, a Pop, Hip-Hop, R&B singer.
• Dawn Robinson, a R&B singer.

New London is home to one of the larger music festivals on the East Coast, the I AM Festival which features notable acts from the city's growing independent music scene along with national acts. The event is organized by New London Music Festival and booked by Sean Murray and Rich Martin. Past acts include Rye Coalition, Jay Reatard, Girl Talk, Deerhoof, MC Chris and Rainer Maria.^[16] The Rock Fix is another popular annual musical showcase sponsored by independent label Cosmodemonic Telegraph and held in conjunction with the annual Hygienic Art Show. Locals keep up to date on the city's music and arts scene at WailingCity.com.

New London from the harbor

Sites of interest

From the waterfront in New London ferry service is available to Fishers Island.

Downtown New London (2009)

Royal Hotel downtown

Civil War Monument in downtown New London

• Ye Antientist Burial Ground
• Hygienic Arts
• Connecticut College Arboretum
• Flock Theatre
• Fort Griswold (Groton)
• Fort Trumbull
• Garde Arts Center
• Connecticut Landmarks – Joshua Hempsted House (1678)
• List of Registered Historic Places in New London
• Lyman Allyn Art Museum
• Monte Cristo Cottage & Eugene O'Neill Theater Center (Waterford)
• Ocean Beach Park
• Olde Town Mill (1650)
• New London County Historical Society – Shaw-Perkins Mansion (1758)
• New London Maritime Society – U.S. Custom House (1833), landing site of Amistad (1839)
• Winthrop Mill

References

Connecticut portal

1. ^ Downey, Kirstin. "Nation & World | Supreme Court ruling due on use of eminent domain". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002283981_scotus22.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 
2. ^ "About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas". Census.gov. August 19, 2008. http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/aboutmetro.html. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 
3. ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
4. ^ "CBSA 01". Census.gov. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metropop/2005/cbsa-01-fmt.xls. 
5. ^ "1911 Encyclopedia Britannica". 1911encyclopedia.org. September 4, 2006. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/New_London. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 
6. ^ "The Battle of Groton Heights & Burning of New London". Battleofgrotonheights.com. August 31, 2006. http://www.battleofgrotonheights.com. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 
7. ^ "Pfizer and Kelo's Ghost Town". The Wall Street Journal: p. A20. November 11, 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704402404574527513453636326.html. "Pfizer bugs out, long after the land grab." 
8. ^ "A 'wrong turn': From giddy optimism to stunning disappointment". The Day. November 11, 2009. http://www.theday.com/article/20091111/BIZ02/311119888. 
9. ^ "New London County, Connecticut – County Subdivision and Place". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-tree_id=4001&-amp;-format=ST-7%7CST-7S&-amp;-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_caller=geoselect&-context=gct&-amp;-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_ST7&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_ST7&-redoLog=true&-amp;-_lang=en%20U.S.%20Census%20Bureau&-_lang=en&-geo_id=05000US09011&-CONTEXT=gct&-format=CO-2&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-amp;-tree_id=4001&-amp;-geo_id=04000US09&-amp;-context=gct&-amp;-CONTEXT=gct. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 
10. ^ [2]^{[dead link]}
11. ^ "New London Courthouse". Geographic Names Information System, U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:209237. 
12. ^ 2010. Connecticut's Port of New London. The Connecticut Cruise Ship Task Force, Inc.
13. ^ "New London city, Connecticut – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0952280&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 
14. ^ "New London city, Connecticut – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0952280&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 
15. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
16. ^ US. "Official I AM Festival Myspace Page". Myspace.com. http://www.myspace.com/iamfestival. Retrieved October 28, 2011. 

Further reading

View of New London in 1813

• Caulkins, Frances Manwaring (1985) [1852]. History of New London Connecticut from the first survey of the coast in 1612 to 1852. New London: New London County Historical Society. ISBN 0-8328-0008-2. 

• Holloway, Charles Molyneux (December 1886). "Historic New London". The New England Magazine 5 (26): 119–141. http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=AFJ3026-0005-26. Retrieved October 8, 2006. 

• Powell, Walter L. (December 2000). Murder or Mayhem?: Benedict Arnold's New London, Connecticut Raid, 1781. Thomas Publications. ISBN 1-57747-059-1. 

• Ruddy, John J. (May 1, 1998). New London. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-4619-4. 

• Stone, Gregory N. (June 2000). The Day Paper. The Story of One of America's Last Independent Newspapers. New London: The Day Publishing Company. ISBN 0-9672028-0-9. 

• Richter, Robert A. (2001). "Touring Eugene O'Neill's New London". eOneill.com. Connecticut College. http://www.eoneill.com/library/touring/contents.htm. Retrieved October 19, 2006. "Due to urban renewal in the 1960s, Bradley Street no longer exists, but during O'Neill's day it hummed with activity. At the turn of the last century traveling salesmen reported that New London had 'the liveliest, most wide-open red-light district between New York and Boston.' Bradley Street was the district's hub, even though the New London Police Headquarters was located here." 

• Ruddy, John J. (September 2000). Reinventing New London. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0480-7. 

• Starr, William Holt (1876). A Centennial Historical Sketch of the Town of New London. New London: G.E. Starr. OCLC 5956004. 

• Benedict, Jeff (2009). Little Pink House: A True Story of Defiance and Courage. One Woman's Historic Battle Against Eminent Domain. New York: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-54444-3. 

External links

• City of New London, Connecticut
• New London Public Library
• New London Main Street
• Greater Mystic, Connecticut Region
• Chart Room – selected historic maps of New London since 1614
• Connecticut Storytelling Center – Connecticut College
• Connecticut East Tourism – Connecticut Commission on Culture & Tourism
• WailingCity.Com – New London's Online Music & Arts Zine
• – New London Local Dining Guide, run by The College Voice
• Amistad: Seeking Freedom in Connecticut – National Park Service
• The Richard Douglass House

Coordinates: 41°21′15″N 72°06′04″W / 41.354069°N 72.10104°W / 41.354069; -72.10104