Fort Michilimackinac

Fort Michilimackinac
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Michigan State Historic Site
Location:	Near Mackinac Bridge, Mackinaw City, Michigan
Coordinates:	45°47′12″N 84°44′9.52″W / 45.78667°N 84.7359778°W / 45.78667; -84.7359778Coordinates: 45°47′12″N 84°44′9.52″W / 45.78667°N 84.7359778°W / 45.78667; -84.7359778
Built:	1681
Governing body:	Mackinac Island State Park Commission
NRHP Reference#:	66000395[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP:	October 15, 1966[1]
Designated NHL:	October 9, 1960[3]
Designated MSHS:	February 18, 1956[2]

Fort Michilimackinac was an 18th century French, and later British, fort and trading post in the Great Lakes of North America. Built around 1715, it was located along the southern shore of the strategic Straits of Mackinac connecting Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, at the northern tip of the lower peninsula of the present-day state of Michigan in the United States. The site of the fort in present-day Mackinaw City is a National Historic Landmark and is now preserved as an open-air historical museum.

History

The primary purpose of the fort was not military, but rather as a link in the French trading post system that stretched from the Mississippi River through the Illinois Country to the St. Lawrence River. The fort served as a supply depot for traders in the western Great Lakes.

The French had first established a presence in the Straits of Mackinac in 1671 when Father Marquette established the Jesuit St. Ignace Mission at present-day St. Ignace. In 1683, they augmented the mission with Fort de Buade. In 1688 they established a mission at Sault Ste. Marie. In 1701, Sieur de Cadillac moved the French garrison to Fort Detroit and closed the mission. By 1715, however, the French built Fort Michilimackinac to re-establish a presence along the Straits of Mackinac, with several modifications and expansions to the palisade walls over the decades.

The French relinquished the fort, along with their territory in Canada, to the British in 1761 following their loss in the French and Indian War. Although the British continued to operate the fort as a major trading post, French civilians were allowed to live their normal lives with French traditions and to worship at St. Anne's Catholic Church. Other civilian residents during the British military occupation included métis (French-Ojibwe) and British fur traders, some of which resided within the fort in the southeastern row house.^[4]

The Ojibwe in the region resented British policies as harsh. On June 2, 1763, as part of the larger movement known as Pontiac's Rebellion, a group of Ojibwe staged a game of baaga'adowe (lacrosse) outside the fort as a ruse to gain entrance. After gaining entrance to the fort, they killed most of the British inhabitants and held the fort for a year before the British retook it with the provision to offer more and better gifts to the native inhabitants of the area.

The British eventually deemed the wooden fort on the mainland too vulnerable to attack, and in 1781 they built Fort Mackinac, a limestone fort on nearby Mackinac Island. The buildings were dismantled and moved piece by piece over water in the summer and ice in winter to the island over the course of two years. Patrick Sinclair, the lieutenant governor of Michilimackinac, ordered the remains of Fort Michilimackinac destroyed after the move.

Today

The fort grounds were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960. It is a popular tourist attraction as part of Colonial Michilimackinac State Park in Mackinaw City, a major section of the Mackinac State Historic Parks. Interpreters, both paid and volunteer, help bring the history to life, with music, live demonstrations and reenactments, including musket and cannon firing demonstrations. The site has numerous reconstructed historical wooden structures. It is considered one of the most extensively excavated early French archaeological sites in the United States.

The fort grounds also contain the foot of the Mackinac Bridge, Old Mackinac Point Light, which is an 1892 lighthouse, and a day-use park with a view of the Mackinac Bridge and Mackinac Island.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. 
2. ^ State of Michigan (2009). "Fort Michilimackinac". http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/1264.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2010. 
3. ^ "Fort Michilimackinac". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=273&ResourceType=Site. Retrieved June 27, 2008. 
4. ^ "At the Crossroads: Michilimackinac During the American Revolution". Mackinac Island State Park Commission. http://www.mackinacparks.com/history/index.aspx?l=0,1,4,36,396,424. Retrieved September 13, 2010. 

Further reading

• Farmer, Silas. (1884) (Jul 1969) The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated: a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annuals of Wayne County, in various formats at Open Library.

External links

• Michilimackinac.com Michilimackinac – A short history of the word.
• Colonial Michilimackinac official site
• Fort Michilimackinac Pageant
• Visiting Colonial Fort Michilimackinac
• Michigan Historical Markers: Fort Michilimackinac
• Marriage records and 1741 drawing of Fort Michilimackinac

New France portal

• Michigan.gov: Fort Michilimackinac
• Video documentary on Michilimackinac