Foreign relations of Colombia

Colombia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Colombia

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Colombia seeks diplomatic and commercial relations with all countries, regardless of their ideologies or political or economic systems. For this reason, the Colombian economy is very open, relying on international trade and following the guidelines given by the international law.

Regional relations remain good despite occasional issues with neighbors, especially regarding spillover from Colombia's armed conflict, including cross-border guerrilla crossings, the flow of refugees, and the spread of drug crops. These issues are of particular concern to the bordering countries of Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. For example, Ecuador has closed its main border crossing with Colombia every night since August 2002, when evidence emerged that Colombian guerrillas and paramilitaries were asserting control over Ecuador's border communities. On May 1, 2004, Ecuador placed further stringent visa restrictions on Colombians seeking to enter Ecuador. Relations with Nicaragua and Venezuela have been strained over territorial disputes. Bilateral committees are negotiating the dispute with Venezuela over waters in the Gulf of Venezuela. Other issues with Venezuela include the presence of illegal undocumented Colombians in Venezuela, and activities of Colombian narcotics traffickers, and Venezuela's support for the Guerrillas in Colombia.

Background

In 1969, Colombia formed what is now the Andean Community along with Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru (Venezuela joined in 1973, and Chile left in 1976).

In the 1980s, Colombia broadened its bilateral and multilateral relations, joining the Contadora Group, the Group of Eight (now the Rio Group), and the Non-Aligned Movement, which it chaired from 1994 until September 1998. In addition, it has signed free trade agreements with Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela.

Colombia has traditionally played an active role in the United Nations and the Organization of American States and in their subsidiary agencies. Former President César Gaviria became Secretary General of the OAS in September 1994 and was reelected in 1999. Colombia was a participant in the December 1994 and April 1998 Summits of the Americas and followed up on initiatives developed at the summit by hosting two post-summit, ministerial-level meetings on trade and science and technology.

Colombia regularly participates in international fora, including CICAD, the Organization of American States' body on money laundering, chemical controls, and drug abuse prevention. Although the Colombian Government ratified the 1988 UN Convention on Narcotics in 1994—the last of the Andean governments to do so—it took important reservations, notably to the anti-money-laundering measures, asset forfeiture and confiscation provisions, maritime interdiction, and extradition clauses. Colombia subsequently withdrew some of its reservations, most notably a reservation on extradition.

International relations

Disputes – international

Maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; territorial disputes with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andrés y Providencia and Quita Sueño Bank. The United States disputes sovereignty with Colombia over the Serranilla Bank and the Bajo Nuevo Bank. Quita Sueño Bank is claimed by the United States to be a submerged reef, and thus does not recognize the sovereignty of any nation over the bank.

Membership of international organizations

Membership in International Organizations: The major organizations in which Colombia is a member include: the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, Andean Pact, Caribbean Development Bank, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Group of 3, Group of 11, Group of 24, Group of 77, Inter-American Development Bank, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Chamber of Commerce, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Criminal Police Organization, International Development Association, International Finance Corporation, International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Labour Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Maritime Satellite Organization, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Olympic Committee, International Organization for Migration, International Organization for Standardization, International Telecommunication Union, International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, International Trade Union Confederation, Latin American Economic System, Latin American Integration Association, Latin Union, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of American States (OAS), Permanent Court of Arbitration, Rio Group, United Nations (UN), UN Conference on Trade and Development, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UN Industrial Development Organization, UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, Universal Postal Union, World Confederation of Labour, World Federation of Trade Unions, World Health Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization, and World Trade Organization. An OAS observer has monitored the government's peace process with the paramilitaries, lending the negotiations much-needed international credibility. The United States helps Colombia secure favorable treatment from the IMF.

Major international treaties

Defense treaties to which Colombia is a party include the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance of 1947 (the Rio Treaty). Regional treaties include the Andean Pact, now known as the Andean Community, which also includes Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru, the bodies and institutions making up the Andean Integration System (AIS). Colombia has signed free-trade agreements with Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela. The country has a strong bilateral trade agreement with Venezuela. The Uribe administration strongly favors extending these bilateral trade agreements across the hemisphere. Trade agreements include the Agreement on Trade, Economic, and Technical Cooperation Between the Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom) and the Government of the Republic of Colombia. Colombia has also signed and ratified 105 international treaties or agreements relating to the environment. These include the Antarctic Treaty and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, and Wetlands. It has signed, but not ratified, the Antarctic-Environmental Protocol and conventions on Law of the Sea and Marine Dumping. Colombia also has signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Tlatelolco Treaty. By 1975 signatories to the 1974 Declaration of Ayacucho, of which Colombia was one, had decided on limitations to nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.

Colombia is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States-military (as covered under Article 98).

Latin America

Argentina

• Formal diplomatic relations started in 1823-03-03
• Argentina has an embassy in Bogotá
• Colombia has an embassy in Buenos Aires.^[1]
• Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States, Latin American Economic System, Latin American Integration Association, Rio Group and Union of South American Nations.
• (Spanish) List of Treaties ruling the relations Argentina and Colombia (Argentine Foreign Ministry

Ecuador

Main article: Colombia–Ecuador relations

Present-day Colombia and Ecuador trace back established official diplomatic relations to December, 1831 with the signing of the Treaty of Pasto, in which both countries recognized each other as sovereign states. The Ecuadorean diplomatic mission in New Granada (Colombia) did not open until 1837. It wasn't until 1939 that Ecuador raised the diplomatic mission's status to an official Embassy. Colombia did the same the following year in 1940.^[2]

Mexico

• Colombia has an embassy in Mexico City.^[3]
• Mexico has an embassy in Bogotá.^[4]
• Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States and of the G3 Free Trade Agreement.

Nicaragua

Main article: Colombia–Nicaragua relations

The relationship between the two Latin American countries has evolved amid conflicts over the San Andrés y Providencia Islands located in the Caribbean sea close to the Nicaraguan shoreline and the maritime boundaries covering 150,000 km² (57,915 sq mi) that included the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the banks of Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and Quitasueño as well as the arbitrarily designed 82nd meridian west which Colombia claims as a border but which the International Court has sided with Nicaragua in disavowing.^[5]

Paraguay

• Formal diplomatic relations started in 1880-06-05
• Colombia has an embassy in Asunción
• Paraguay has an embassy in Bogotá.
• Both countries are full members of Union of South American Nations, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, Rio Group, Group of 77, Latin American Economic System and Latin American Integration Association.
• Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Colombia

Venezuela

Main article: Colombia–Venezuela relations

The relationship has developed since the early 16th century, when Spanish empire colonizers created the Province of Santa Marta (now Colombia)^{[unreliable source?][6]} and the Province of New Andalucia (now Venezuela).^[7] The countries share a history for achieving their independence under Simón Bolívar and becoming one nation—the Gran Colombia—which dissolved in the 19th century.^[8] Following then, the overall relationship between the two countries has vacillated between cooperation and bilateral struggle.

Relations with the United States

Main article: Colombia – United States relations

US President Bill Clinton and daughter Chelsea during a visit to Cartagena, Colombia, where they were greeted by a Vallenato children group.

During the last fifty years, different American governments and their representatives have become involved in Colombian affairs through the implementation of policies concerned with the above issues. Some critics of current US policies in Colombia, such as Law Professor John Barry, consider that US influences have catalyzed internal conflicts and substantially expanded the scope and nature of human rights abuses in Colombia.^[9] Supporters, such as Under Secretary of State Marc Grossman, consider that the U.S. has promoted respect for human rights and the rule of law in Colombia, in addition to the fight against drugs and terrorism.^[10]

Embassy of Colombia in Washington, D.C.

The country traditionally has had good relations with the United States. Relations were strained during the presidency of Ernesto Samper (1994–98) due to accusations of receiving illegal campaign funding from the Cali Cartel. Relations between the two countries greatly improved during the Pastrana administration (1998–2002). In January 2000, the Clinton administration pledged more than US$1 billion of mainly military assistance to Colombia to assist the antidrug component of President Pastrana's strategy known as Plan Colombia.

Relations with the United States became a foreign policy priority for the Uribe administration, and President Uribe is an important ally in George W. Bush's "War on Terrorism". In March 2002, in response to a request from Bush, the U.S. Congress lifted restrictions on U.S. assistance to Colombia to allow it to be used for counterinsurgency in addition to antidrug operations. U.S. support for Colombia's antidrug-trafficking efforts included slightly more than US$2.5 billion between 2000 and 2004, as compared with only about US$300 million in 1998. In addition to the challenge posed to the United States by Colombian drug trafficking, illegal Colombian immigrants in the United States are an issue in U.S.-Colombian relations. An estimated one million illegal Colombian immigrants were in the United States by 1999. In early 2003, Colombia ranked among the top seven countries in the world exporting illegal aliens to the United States.

Europe

Under the Uribe administration, Colombia's relations with the European Union (EU) have been cordial. Representatives of the EU have been critical of Colombia's antiguerrilla and antidrug strategies in several respects. The EU is particularly concerned about the potential for increased human rights abuses within Colombia at the hands of both government forces and illegal armed groups, and it has continued to distance itself from Plan Colombia. The EU is in favor of a negotiated solution to the nation's internal conflict. EU aid to Colombia has mainly consisted of social, economic and development investments.

In 2004, the EU as an entity did not offer unrestricted support for the Uribe government's peace initiative with paramilitaries, citing concerns over the possible lack of a credible and comprehensive peace strategy and its application, but it did approve 2 million USD in aid for the process. Individual EU members such Sweden, Italy, Germany and the Netherlands also provided limited support on their own. [1]

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Austria	1920	See Austria–Colombia relations Austrian honorary consulates existed in Bogotá and Barranquilla since about 1870.[11] Austria has an embassy in Bogotá and 5 honorary consulates (in Barranquilla, Cali, Cartagena, Medellín and San Andrés).[12] Colombia has an embassy in Vienna.[13] In February/March 1980, Austrian Ambassador Edgar Selzer was held hostage in the Dominican embassy siege in Bogotá.[14] Austria Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties (in German only)
Belgium		Belgium has an embassy in Bogotá[15] Colombia has an embassy in Brussels[16]
Czech Republic		Colombia is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Vienna.([17] Austria).[18] The Czech Republic has an embassy in Bogotá and 3 consulates (in Barranquilla, Cartagena and Medellín).[19] The first connections between Czech lands and the area of current Colombia occurred in the times of colonial era, during missionary activities of Jesuits in that area.[20] In 1860/1870s the Czech botanist Benedikt Roezl discovered the cycad plant Zamia roezlii on the Pacific coast in Colombia. The plant is named after him. In 1922 began the consulary acivities between Czechoslovakia and Colombia. Since 1926 the Colombian consul had his seat in Prague. In 1935 both countries agreed to interchange the ambassadors.[20] In 2008, during his visit in Colombia, the Czech Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek negotiated a possible sale of the combat aircrafts Aero L-159 Alca with Colombian President Álvaro Uribe.[21][22] (English) (Spanish) Colombia-Czech Chamber of Commerce (Czech) Bilateral treaties between Colombia and the Czech Republic from 1973 to 2009 (Czech) CZ PRES agency opens its activity in Colombia (Czech) Detailed information about cooperation between Colombia and the Czech Republic at BusinessInfo.cz
Denmark		Colombia is represented in Denmark through its embassy in Stockholm (Sweden). Denmark has 1 consulate in Bogotá.[23]
France	1892-05-30	See Colombia–France relations Officially the relations between Colombian and France began on May 30, 1892 with the signature of an agreement intended to establish French nationals in Colombia, increase commerce and navigation between the two nations.[24]
Greece		Colombia is represented in Greece through its embassy in Rome, it has an honorary consulate in Athens.[25] Greece is represented in Colombia through its embassy in Caracas, it has two honorary conuslate (Bogotá and Cartagena).
Ireland		See Colombia–Ireland relations Colombia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom. Ireland is represented in Colombia through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico and an honorary consulate in Bogotá. The Irish have a long relationship with Colombia dating back to involvement by Irish volunteers in the Colombian wars of independence. Colombia underwent a dispute with Ireland over the return of three Irish citizens, known as the Colombia Three. The men were first convicted due to their use of false passports and, after an appeal by the prosecution, of providing training to Colombian guerrillas. They escaped while on bail and the Irish government and media are aware of their presence in Ireland.
Italy		Colombia has an embassy in Rome and a general consulate in Milan.[26] Italy has an embassy in Bogotá and 4 honorary consulates (in Barranquilla, Cali, Cartagena and Medellín).[27] Both countries are full members of the Latin Union.
Kosovo		Colombia recognized Kosovo on August 6, 2008.[28]
Montenegro		Colombia recognized Montenegro on September, 30 2006 and established diplomatic relations on August 12, 2011.[29]
Russia	1935	See Colombia–Russia relations Colombia has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Bogotá.
Spain		The replacement of Spanish right-wing Prime Minister José María Aznar by left-wing José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero in March 2004 prompted Spain to distance itself ideologically and politically from the earlier support that Aznar had offered to the Colombian government, while still maintaining cordial diplomatic relations.
United Kingdom		Colombia has an embassy in London.[30][31] The United Kingdom have an embassy in Bogotá and 3 honorary consulates (in Cali, Cartagena and Medellín).[32] See also Colombians in the United Kingdom British Foreign and Commonwealth Office about the relation with Colombia

Rest of world

Canada

Main article: Canada–Colombia relations

Full direct diplomatic relations were established in 1953, with the exchange of the first ambassadors. Canada has an embassy in Bogotá. Colombia has an embassy in Ottawa and 2 Consulates-General (in Montreal and Toronto). Both countries are full members of the Organization of American States.

India

Main article: Colombia–India relations

The relationship between the two countries has been gradually increasing with more frequent diplomatic visits to promote political, commercial cultural and academic exchanges. Colombia is currently the commercial point of entry into Latin America for Indian companies.^[33]

Israel

In the mid 1950s both countries officially established diplomatic relations and set up embassies in Bogotá and Tel Aviv respectively.^[34] Relations improved tremendously in 1988 when major trade agreements were signed between Israel and Colombia.

Japan

Main article: Colombia–Japan relations

The relationship was officially established in 1908, only interrupted between 1942 and 1954 with the surge of World War II. Relations are mostly based on commercial trade that has favored Japan interests, cultural exchanges and technological and philanthropic aid to Colombia.^[35]

Libya

On August 22, 2011 Colombia officially recognized the National Transitional Council as the only legitimate representative of the Libyan people.

South Korea

• Formal diplomatic relations started in 1962-03-10
• Colombia sent more than 1,000 men to help South Korea during the Korean War.
• Colombia has an embassy in Seoul.
• South Korea has an embassy in Bogotá.^[36]
• Colombian Ministry of Foreign Relations: direction of Colombian representation in South Korea
• South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Colombia

Transnational issues

Illicit drugs

Illicit producer of coca, opium poppies, and cannabis:

• In 1998, Colombia was estimated to be the world's leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 1998 – 1,101 km² (425 sq mi), a 28% increase over 1997).
• As such, Colombia was also estimated to be the world's largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; a supplier of cocaine to the US and other international drug markets, and an important supplier of heroin to the US market.
• In 1998, cultivation of opium in remained steady at 66 km² (25 sq mi); potential production of opium in 1997 – 66 metric tons, a 5% increase over 1996;
• Colombia maintains an active U.S.-backed aerial eradication program.

Narcotics & Terrorism

By the 1990s, Colombia had become the world's leading supplier of refined cocaine and a growing source for heroin. More than 90% of the cocaine that entered in the 1990s the United States was produced, processed, or transshipped in Colombia. The cultivation of coca reduced between 1995 and 1999 from 3,020 to 1,100 km² (425 sq mi), primarily in areas where government control is more active.

Despite the death of Medellín cartel drug kingpin Pablo Escobar in 1993 and the arrests of major Cali cartel leaders in 1995 and 1996, Colombian drug cartels remain among the most sophisticated criminal organizations in the world, controlling cocaine processing, international wholesale distribution chains, and markets. In 1999 Colombian police arrested over 30 narcotraffickers, most of them extraditable, in "Operation Millennium" involving extensive international cooperation. More arrests were made in a following "Operation Millennium II."

Colombia is engaged in a broad range of narcotics control activities. Through aerial spraying of herbicide and manual eradication, Colombia has attempted to keep coca, opium poppy, and cannabis cultivation from expanding. The government has committed itself to the eradication of all illicit crops, interdiction of drug shipments, and financial controls to prevent money laundering. Alternative development programs were introduced in 1999.

Corruption and intimidation by traffickers complicate the drug-control efforts of the institutions of government. Colombia passed revised criminal procedures code in 1993 that permits traffickers to surrender and negotiate lenient sentences in return for cooperating with prosecutors. In December 1996 and February 1997, however, the Colombian Congress passed legislation to toughen sentencing, asset forfeiture, and money-laundering penalties.

In November 1997, the Colombian Congress amended the constitution to permit the extradition of Colombian nationals, albeit not retroactively. In late 1999, President Pastrana authorized the first extradition in almost 10 years of a Colombian trafficker to stand trial for U.S. crimes. Three such extraditions to the United States have taken place, the most recent in August 2000, with cases against others pending in Colombian courts. Under the Pastrana administration, Plan Colombia was developed and implemented with U.S. backing.

In 2005, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimated that some 860 km² (332 sq mi) were under cultivation. [2]

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Colombia
• List of diplomatic missions of Colombia
• Security issues in Colombia

References

1. ^ "Colombian embassy in Buenos Aires" (in Spanish). http://www.embajadacolombia.int.ar/. 
2. ^ (Spanish) mmrree.gov.ec diplomatic relations of Colombia and Ecuador
3. ^ Colombian embassy in Mexico City (in Spanish only)
4. ^ Mexican embassy in Bogotá (in Spanish only)
5. ^ LA Times: Border tensions rise in Central & South America
6. ^ (Spanish) Roa, Alberto Saldarriaga. "Fundación de Santa Marta". Colombialink.com. http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_historia/02_la_conquista/0010_fundacion_santamarta.html. Retrieved 2007-11-25. 
7. ^ (Spanish) Ruano, Maru. "Cumaná". Catholic.net. http://es.catholic.net/escritoresactuales/499/1119/articulo.php?id=11565. Retrieved 2007-11-26. 
8. ^ Mabry, Donald J. "Gran Colombia and the United Provinces of Central America". Historical Text Archive. http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=354. Retrieved 2007-11-26. 
9. ^ John Barry, From Drug War to Dirty War: Plan Colombia and the U.S. Role in Human Rights Violations in Colombia, 12 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 161, 164 (Spring, 2002).
10. ^ Marc Grossman. Subsecretario de Estado para Asuntos Políticos. Universidad de Georgetown. Conferencia Uniendo esfuerzos por Colombia. US Embassy of Colombia (September 2, 2002). Available at http://bogota.usembassy.gov/wwwsmg13.shtml. Retrieved on March 27, 2006. (Spanish) (English version available)
11. ^ "Bilaterale Beziehungen" (in German). Austrian Embassy in Bogotá. http://www.bmeia.gv.at/botschaft/bogota/bilaterale-beziehungen.html. Retrieved 2009-04-01. 
12. ^ Austrian embassy in Bogotá (in German and Spanish only)
13. ^ Colombian embassy in Vienna
14. ^ "Diplomacy's Dark Hours". TIME. 1980-03-17. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950386-2,00.html. Retrieved 2009-04-01. 
15. ^ Belgian embassy in Bogotá (in Spanish)
16. ^ Colombian embassy in Brussels
17. ^ Czech embassy in Bogotá (in Czech and Spanish only)
18. ^ Colombian embassy in Vienna (also accredited to the Czech Republic)
19. ^ http://czech-republic.visahq.com/embassy/Colombia/
20. ^ ^{a b} "Předseda vlády M. Topolánek v Kolumbii pozval prezidenta A.Uriba na návštěvu ČR". Vláda České republiky (Czech Government – official website). http://www.vlada.cz/cz/media-centrum/aktualne/predseda-vlady-m--topolanek-v-kolumbii-pozval-prezidenta-a-uriba-na-navstevu-cr-35211/. Retrieved 2009-05-13.  (Czech)
21. ^ "PM Topolánek visits Colombia". Radio Prague – News. http://www.radio.cz/en/news/104078. Retrieved 2009-05-14. 
22. ^ "Topolánek chce Kolumbii prodat česká bitevní letadla". Novinky.cz. http://www.novinky.cz/ekonomika/140057-topolanek-chce-kolumbii-prodat-ceska-bitevni-letadla.html. Retrieved 2009-05-14.  (Czech)
23. ^ http://www.embassiesabroad.com/embassies-of/Denmark#4549
24. ^ (French) La France en Colombie: Relations franco-colombiennes » Relations politiques » Présentation et historique
25. ^ Colombian embassy in Rome (Representation of Colombia in Greece)
26. ^ Colombian embassy in Rome (in Italian and Spanish only)
27. ^ Italian embassy in Bogotá (in Italian and Spanish only)
28. ^ "EL MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES DE COLOMBIA DECLARA QUE RECONOCE A LA REPUBLICA DE KOSOVO" (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colombia. 2008-08-06. http://www.cancilleria.gov.co/WebContentManager/Repositorys/site0/06AGO08KOSOVO.pdf. 
29. ^ establece relaciones diplomáticas con Montenegro in Spanish only)
30. ^ Colombian embassy in London
31. ^ Colombian consulate in London
32. ^ British embassy in Bogotá
33. ^ (Spanish) Colombian ministry of foreign affairs: Colombia-India relations Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Accessed December 14, 2007.
34. ^ (Spanish) Israeli embassy in Colombia: Israel and Colombia
35. ^ (Spanish) Colombian embassy in Japan
36. ^ South Korean embassy in Bogotá

•  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.