Chuvash people

Chuvashes
Чăвашсем

Row 1: P. Yegorov  • N. Bichurin  • I. Yakovlev Row 2: N. Nikolsky  • K. Ivanov  • Şeşpĕl Mišši Row 3: A. Nikolayev  • G. Aygi  • N. Pavlova
Total population
up to 2 million
Regions with significant populations
Russia 1,637,094 [1]  Kazakhstan 22,305 [2]  Ukraine 10,593 [3]  Uzbekistan 10,074 [4]  Turkmenistan 2,281 [5]  Belarus 2,242 [6]  Moldova 1,204 [7]  Kyrgyzstan 848 [8]  Latvia 752 [9]  Georgia 542 [10]  Estonia 495 [11]  Azerbaijan 489 [12]
Languages
Chuvash
Religion
† Orthodox Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Suvars Volga Tatars, Volga Bulgars

Chuvash diaspora in Volga Federal District

The Chuvash people (Chuvash: Чăвашсем; Russian: Чуваши) are a Turkic ethnic group, native to an area stretching from the Volga Region to Siberia. Most of them live in Republic of Chuvashia and surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout all Russia.

Etymology

There is no universally accepted etymology of the word Chuvash. However, there are two main theories that try to explain it.

Suvar

According to one theory, "Chuvash" is a Shaz-Turkic adaptation of Lir-Turkic Suvar, an ethnonym of people that are widely considered to be the ancestors of modern Chuvashes. Compare Lir-Turkic Chuvash: huran to Shaz-Turkic Tatar: qazan (cauldron).

Jăvaš

Another theory suggests that the word "Chuvash" may be derived from Common Turkic jăvaš ("friendly", "peaceful") as opposed to şarmăs ("warlike").

Origin

There are rival schools of thought on the origin of Chuvash people. One is that they originated from a mixing between the Turkic Suar and Sabir tribes of Volga Bulgaria with local Mari tribes. Another is that the Chuvash are a remainder of the pre-Volga Bulgar population of the Volga region, merged with Scythians, Volga Bulgars and Mari.

Subgroups

Chuvash people are divided into two main groups: Virjal or Turi (Chuvash: вирьял, тури; upper) and Anatri (Chuvash: анатри; lower). The latter also have their own subgroups: Anat jenci (Chuvash: анат енчи; mid-lower) and Hirti (Chuvash: хирти; steppe).

History

The Turkic ancestors of the Chuvash people are believed to have come from central Siberia, where they lived in the Irtysh basin (between the Tian Shan and Altay) from at least the end of the third millennium BC.^[13] In the beginning of the first century AD, the Bulgars started moving west through Zhetysu and the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan, reaching the North Caucasus in 2nd-3rd centuries AD. There they established several states (Old Bulgaria on the Black Sea coast and the Suvar Duchy in modern-day Daghestan) and came into contact with various Iranic peoples.

Old Bulgaria broke up in the second half of the 7th century after a series of successful Khazar invasions. Some of it's population fled north, to the Volga-Kama region, where they established Volga Bulgaria, which eventually became extremely wealthy; its capital being the 4th largest city in the world. Shortly after that, the Suvar Duchy was forced to become a vassal state of Khazaria. About half a century later, the Suvars took part in the Khazar-Arab Wars of 732-737.

Culture

They speak the Chuvash language and have some pre-Christian traditions. In addition to the Chuvash language,^[14] many Chuvash people also use the Russian and Tatar languages.

Religion

Chuvash people are predominantly Orthodox Christians and belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. They retain some pre-Christian traditions in their cultural activities.

See also

• List of Chuvashes
• Chuvash Wikipedia
• ChuvashTet

References

1. ^ 2002 Russian Census (Russian)
2. ^ 1989 Soviet Census in Kazakh SSR (Russian)
3. ^ 2001 Ukrainian Census (Russian)
4. ^ Atlas of Uzbekistan's Ethnic Minorities (Russian)
5. ^ 1989 Soviet Census in Turkmen SSR (Russian)
6. ^ 1999 Belarusian Census (Russian)
7. ^ 1989 Soviet Census in Moldavian SSR (Russian)
8. ^ 1999 Kyrgyzstani Census (Russian)
9. ^ [1] (Latvian)
10. ^ 1989 Soviet Census in Georgian SSR (Russian)
11. ^ 2000 Estonian Census (English)
12. ^ 1989 Soviet Census in Azerbaijan SSR (Russian)
13. ^ History of Chuvash people (Russian)
14. ^ http://www.cv-haval.org/ru/node/54 Эктор Алос-и-Фонт. Оценка языковой политики в Чувашии