Karelians

Infobox Ethnic group
group = Karelias


population = 504,000
region1 = RUS
pop1 = c 140,000 [official Russian records, see Minahan pp. 369]
ref1 =
region2 = FIN
pop2 = c 140,000 [Finnish records of people born in Karelia, the areas ceded to the USSR after WWII, John Benjamins pp. 122]
ref2 =
region3 =
pop3 =
ref3 =
region4 =
pop4 =
ref4 =
region5 =
pop5 =
ref5 =
region6 =
pop6 =
ref6 =
region7 =
pop7 =
ref7 =
region8 =
pop8 =
ref8 =
region9 =
pop9 =
ref9 =
region10 =
pop10 =
ref10 =
languages = Karelian (Ludic Olonets), Finnish, Russian
religions =
related = Finns, Ingrian Finns, Veps, Votes, Estonians, Livonians, Setos
footnotes =

The Karelians (also Karels) are descendants of Baltic Finns whose historic homeland Karelia is divided between Finland's counties North Karelia and South Karelia, and Republic of Karelia in Russia

Over the centuries Karelians have become dispersed in several distinct subgroups. The largest groups are North Karelians living in Republic of Karelia and the South Karelians in the Tver, Novgorod and in the Leningrad Oblast of Russian federation. The subgroups of South Karelians, the Tikhvin Karels and Valdai Karels numbered between 90,000-100,000 are considered assimilated and speak Russian as their first language.

The North Kareians include the Olonets and the Ludes , speakers of Olonets Karelian language and Ludic language live in the Republic of Karelia . [cite book |title=Language Death and Language Maintenance |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location= |isbn=9789027247520 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JdzVePSApMgC&pg=PA121 ]

The modern Karelian literary language is identical in its written form to Finnish language and has maintained the Latin alphabet used in the Russian Federation.

The Karelians are mostly Russian Orthodox, while the related Finns and Ingrian Finns to the west are Protestant Lutherans.

History

Since the 13th century the Karelians have lived in the tension between the East and the West, between Eastern Orthodoxy and Western Catholicism, later Lutheranism. Some Karelians were Christianized and subdued by Sweden, others by Novgorod or Russia. Thus Karelia was split into two different and often hostile groups. The Kingdom of Sweden held Western Karelia and Karelian Isthmus but Central, Northern and Eastern Karelia were under the Russian rule. In the 17th century the tension between the Lutheran Swedish government and Orthodox Karelians triggered a mass migration from Swedish Karelia into the region of Tver in Russia, forming the Tver-Karelian minority. People from Savonia moved to Karelia in large numbers.

By 19th century the cultural and lingual differences between Finns and Karelians were so thin that several linguists including Elias Lönrot went of Central and Eastern Karelia to gather folklore that Finns seemed to have partially lost by that time. Since that time however the differences seem to have grown as Finns boosted their identity whereas the East Karelians were struggling to preserve their cultural and lingual heritage.

When Finland gained its independence in 1917 only a small fraction of the Orthodox Karelians lived in the Finnish Karelia. The lands were mainly populated by Finnish Karelians of Lutheran background. Finland lost most of this area to the Soviet Union in World War II, when over 400,000 people were evacuated over Finland's new border from the Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia and, to a lesser degree, from the main part of East Karelia that had been held by Finland 1941–1944.

The Finnish Karelians are Finns. The main dialectical division among the Finns, that between the East Finnish and West Finnish dialects, defines the Savonians and the Finnish Karelians as "East Finnish."

The Russian Karelians, living in the Republic of Karelia, are nowadays rapidly being absorbed into the Russian population. This process began several decades ago. For example, it has been estimated that even between the 1959 and 1970 Soviet censuses, nearly 30 percent of those who were enumerated as Karelian by self-identification in 1959 changed their self-identification to Russian 11 years later. [Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Estimating Russification of Ethnic Identity among Non-Russians in the USSR," "Demography" 20 (November, 1983): 461-489.]

Many of the evacuees have emigrated, mainly to Sweden, to Australia and to North America. A large share of the over 70,000 Finnish war children that were evacuated from Finland, chiefly to Sweden and Denmark, came from Karelian families that had lost their homes due to the Winter War. A fifth of these children remained abroad and many more re-emigrated later.

Language

The Karelian language is closely related to the Finnish language, and particularly by Finnish linguists seen as a dialect of Finnish, although the variety spoken in East Karelia is usually seen as a proper language. [http://www.kotus.fi/verkkojulkaisut/julk129/karjalat_kartta1.shtml]

The dialect spoken in the South Karelian region of Finland belongs to the South Eastern dialects of the Finnish language. The dialect spoken in the Karelian Isthmus before World War II and the Ingrian dialect were also part of this dialect group. [http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/kaakkois.html] The dialect that is spoken in North Karelia is considered to be one of the Savonian dialects. [http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/savolais.html]

Religion

The Russian Karelians are Eastern Orthodox Christians. Most Finnish Karelians are Lutherans.

Demographics

Significant enclaves of Karelians exist in the Tver oblast of Russia, resettled after Russia's defeat in 1617 against Sweden — in order to escape the peril of forced conversion to Lutheranism in Swedish Karelia and because the Russians promised tax deductions the Orthodox Karelians mass migrated there. Olonets (Anus) is the only city in Russia where the Karelians form a majority (60% of the population).

Culture

The Karelian culture and language was a major inspiration for the Fennoman movement, and the unification of East Karelia with independent Finland (Greater Finland) was a major political issue in 20th century Finland.

References

ee also

*Sami
*Kola Norwegians
*Tornedalians
*Ingrians
*Skogfinner
*Sweden Finns
*Finland-Swedes
*Kvens
*Kalevala

External links

* [http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/karelians.shtml Russian Karelians] (The Peoples of the Red Book)
* [http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/karjala.html Many Karelias] (Official Virtual Finland page)